File Coverage

regcomp.c

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	526	1475	35.6
branch	289	1302	22.2
condition			n/a
subroutine			n/a
pod			n/a
total	815	2777	29.3

/* Extended regular expression matching and search library.
   Copyright (C) 2002-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   This file is part of the GNU C Library.
   Contributed by Isamu Hasegawa .

   The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
   License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
   version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

   The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
   Lesser General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
   License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
   .  */

/* memset calls are left as they are: they are ok from Perl memory pool point of view IMHO */

/* static */ reg_errcode_t re_compile_internal (pTHX_ regex_t *preg, const char * pattern,
                                                size_t length, reg_syntax_t syntax, bool is_utf8);
static void re_compile_fastmap_iter (pTHX_ regex_t *bufp,
				     const re_dfastate_t *init_state,
				     char *fastmap);
static reg_errcode_t init_dfa (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, size_t pat_len, bool is_utf8);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
static void free_charset (pTHX_ re_charset_t *cset);
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
static void free_workarea_compile (pTHX_ regex_t *preg);
static reg_errcode_t create_initial_state (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
static void optimize_utf8 (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa);
#endif
static reg_errcode_t analyze (pTHX_ regex_t *preg);
static reg_errcode_t preorder (pTHX_ bin_tree_t *root,
			       reg_errcode_t (fn (pTHX_ void *, bin_tree_t *)),
			       void *extra);
static reg_errcode_t postorder (pTHX_ bin_tree_t *root,
				reg_errcode_t (fn (pTHX_ void *, bin_tree_t *)),
				void *extra);
static reg_errcode_t optimize_subexps (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node);
static reg_errcode_t lower_subexps (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node);
static bin_tree_t *lower_subexp (pTHX_ reg_errcode_t *err, regex_t *preg,
				 bin_tree_t *node);
static reg_errcode_t calc_first (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node);
static reg_errcode_t calc_next (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node);
static reg_errcode_t link_nfa_nodes (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node);
static Idx duplicate_node (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, Idx org_idx, unsigned int constraint);
static Idx search_duplicated_node (pTHX_ const re_dfa_t *dfa, Idx org_node,
				   unsigned int constraint);
static reg_errcode_t calc_eclosure (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa);
static reg_errcode_t calc_eclosure_iter (pTHX_ re_node_set *new_set, re_dfa_t *dfa,
					 Idx node, bool root);
static reg_errcode_t calc_inveclosure (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa);
static Idx fetch_number (pTHX_ re_string_t *input, re_token_t *token,
			 reg_syntax_t syntax);
static int peek_token (pTHX_ re_token_t *token, re_string_t *input,
			reg_syntax_t syntax) internal_function;
static bin_tree_t *parse (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg,
			  reg_syntax_t syntax, reg_errcode_t *err);
static bin_tree_t *parse_reg_exp (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg,
				  re_token_t *token, reg_syntax_t syntax,
				  Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err);
static bin_tree_t *parse_branch (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg,
				 re_token_t *token, reg_syntax_t syntax,
				 Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err);
static bin_tree_t *parse_expression (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg,
				     re_token_t *token, reg_syntax_t syntax,
				     Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err);
static bin_tree_t *parse_sub_exp (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg,
				  re_token_t *token, reg_syntax_t syntax,
				  Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err);
static bin_tree_t *parse_dup_op (pTHX_ bin_tree_t *dup_elem, re_string_t *regexp,
				 re_dfa_t *dfa, re_token_t *token,
				 reg_syntax_t syntax, reg_errcode_t *err);
static bin_tree_t *parse_bracket_exp (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, re_dfa_t *dfa,
				      re_token_t *token, reg_syntax_t syntax,
				      reg_errcode_t *err);
static reg_errcode_t parse_bracket_element (pTHX_ bracket_elem_t *elem,
					    re_string_t *regexp,
					    re_token_t *token, int token_len,
					    re_dfa_t *dfa,
					    reg_syntax_t syntax,
					    bool accept_hyphen);
static reg_errcode_t parse_bracket_symbol (pTHX_ bracket_elem_t *elem,
					  re_string_t *regexp,
					  re_token_t *token);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
static reg_errcode_t build_equiv_class (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset,
					re_charset_t *mbcset,
					Idx *equiv_class_alloc,
					const unsigned char *name);
static reg_errcode_t build_charclass (pTHX_ RE_TRANSLATE_TYPE trans,
				      bitset_t sbcset,
				      re_charset_t *mbcset,
				      Idx *char_class_alloc,
				      const char *class_name,
				      reg_syntax_t syntax);
#else  /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
static reg_errcode_t build_equiv_class (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset,
					const unsigned char *name);
static reg_errcode_t build_charclass (pTHX_ RE_TRANSLATE_TYPE trans,
				      bitset_t sbcset,
				      const char *class_name,
				      reg_syntax_t syntax);
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
static bin_tree_t *build_charclass_op (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa,
				       RE_TRANSLATE_TYPE trans,
				       const char *class_name,
				       const char *extra,
				       bool non_match, reg_errcode_t *err);
static bin_tree_t *create_tree (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa,
				bin_tree_t *left, bin_tree_t *right,
				re_token_type_t type);
static bin_tree_t *create_token_tree (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa,
				      bin_tree_t *left, bin_tree_t *right,
				      const re_token_t *token);
static bin_tree_t *duplicate_tree (pTHX_ const bin_tree_t *src, re_dfa_t *dfa);
static void free_token (pTHX_ re_token_t *node);
static reg_errcode_t free_tree (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node);
static reg_errcode_t mark_opt_subexp (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node);

/* This table gives an error message for each of the error codes listed
   in regex.h.  Obviously the order here has to be same as there.
   POSIX doesn't require that we do anything for REG_NOERROR,
   but why not be nice?  */

static const char __re_error_msgid[] =
  {
#define REG_NOERROR_IDX	0
    gettext_noop ("Success")	/* REG_NOERROR */
    "\0"
#define REG_NOMATCH_IDX (REG_NOERROR_IDX + sizeof "Success")
    gettext_noop ("No match")	/* REG_NOMATCH */
    "\0"
#define REG_BADPAT_IDX	(REG_NOMATCH_IDX + sizeof "No match")
    gettext_noop ("Invalid regular expression") /* REG_BADPAT */
    "\0"
#define REG_ECOLLATE_IDX (REG_BADPAT_IDX + sizeof "Invalid regular expression")
    gettext_noop ("Invalid collation character") /* REG_ECOLLATE */
    "\0"
#define REG_ECTYPE_IDX	(REG_ECOLLATE_IDX + sizeof "Invalid collation character")
    gettext_noop ("Invalid character class name") /* REG_ECTYPE */
    "\0"
#define REG_EESCAPE_IDX	(REG_ECTYPE_IDX + sizeof "Invalid character class name")
    gettext_noop ("Trailing backslash") /* REG_EESCAPE */
    "\0"
#define REG_ESUBREG_IDX	(REG_EESCAPE_IDX + sizeof "Trailing backslash")
    gettext_noop ("Invalid back reference") /* REG_ESUBREG */
    "\0"
#define REG_EBRACK_IDX	(REG_ESUBREG_IDX + sizeof "Invalid back reference")
    gettext_noop ("Unmatched [ or [^")	/* REG_EBRACK */
    "\0"
#define REG_EPAREN_IDX	(REG_EBRACK_IDX + sizeof "Unmatched [ or [^")
    gettext_noop ("Unmatched ( or \\(") /* REG_EPAREN */
    "\0"
#define REG_EBRACE_IDX	(REG_EPAREN_IDX + sizeof "Unmatched ( or \\(")
    gettext_noop ("Unmatched \\{") /* REG_EBRACE */
    "\0"
#define REG_BADBR_IDX	(REG_EBRACE_IDX + sizeof "Unmatched \\{")
    gettext_noop ("Invalid content of \\{\\}") /* REG_BADBR */
    "\0"
#define REG_ERANGE_IDX	(REG_BADBR_IDX + sizeof "Invalid content of \\{\\}")
    gettext_noop ("Invalid range end")	/* REG_ERANGE */
    "\0"
#define REG_ESPACE_IDX	(REG_ERANGE_IDX + sizeof "Invalid range end")
    gettext_noop ("Memory exhausted") /* REG_ESPACE */
    "\0"
#define REG_BADRPT_IDX	(REG_ESPACE_IDX + sizeof "Memory exhausted")
    gettext_noop ("Invalid preceding regular expression") /* REG_BADRPT */
    "\0"
#define REG_EEND_IDX	(REG_BADRPT_IDX + sizeof "Invalid preceding regular expression")
    gettext_noop ("Premature end of regular expression") /* REG_EEND */
    "\0"
#define REG_ESIZE_IDX	(REG_EEND_IDX + sizeof "Premature end of regular expression")
    gettext_noop ("Regular expression too big") /* REG_ESIZE */
    "\0"
#define REG_ERPAREN_IDX	(REG_ESIZE_IDX + sizeof "Regular expression too big")
    gettext_noop ("Unmatched ) or \\)") /* REG_ERPAREN */
  };

static const size_t __re_error_msgid_idx[] =
  {
    REG_NOERROR_IDX,
    REG_NOMATCH_IDX,
    REG_BADPAT_IDX,
    REG_ECOLLATE_IDX,
    REG_ECTYPE_IDX,
    REG_EESCAPE_IDX,
    REG_ESUBREG_IDX,
    REG_EBRACK_IDX,
    REG_EPAREN_IDX,
    REG_EBRACE_IDX,
    REG_BADBR_IDX,
    REG_ERANGE_IDX,
    REG_ESPACE_IDX,
    REG_BADRPT_IDX,
    REG_EEND_IDX,
    REG_ESIZE_IDX,
    REG_ERPAREN_IDX
  };

/* Entry points for GNU code.  */

/* re_compile_pattern is the GNU regular expression compiler: it
   compiles PATTERN (of length LENGTH) and puts the result in BUFP.
   Returns 0 if the pattern was valid, otherwise an error string.

   Assumes the 'allocated' (and perhaps 'buffer') and 'translate' fields
   are set in BUFP on entry.  */

#ifdef _LIBC
const char *
re_compile_pattern (pTHX_ pattern, length, bufp, is_utf8)
    const char *pattern;
    size_t length;
    struct re_pattern_buffer *bufp;
    bool is_utf8;
#else /* size_t might promote */
const char *
re_compile_pattern (pTHX_ const char *pattern, size_t length,
		    struct re_pattern_buffer *bufp, bool is_utf8)
#endif
{
  reg_errcode_t ret;

  /* And GNU code determines whether or not to get register information
     by passing null for the REGS argument to re_match, etc., not by
     setting no_sub, unless RE_NO_SUB is set.  */
  bufp->no_sub = !!(re_syntax_options & RE_NO_SUB);

  /* Match anchors at newline.  */
  bufp->newline_anchor = 1;

  ret = re_compile_internal (aTHX_ bufp, pattern, length, re_syntax_options, is_utf8);

  if (!ret)
    return NULL;
  return gettext (__re_error_msgid + __re_error_msgid_idx[(int) ret]);
}
#ifdef _LIBC
weak_alias (__re_compile_pattern, re_compile_pattern)
#endif

/* Set by 're_set_syntax' to the current regexp syntax to recognize.  Can
   also be assigned to arbitrarily: each pattern buffer stores its own
   syntax, so it can be changed between regex compilations.  */
/* This has no initializer because initialized variables in Emacs
   become read-only after dumping.  */
reg_syntax_t re_syntax_options;


/* Specify the precise syntax of regexps for compilation.  This provides
   for compatibility for various utilities which historically have
   different, incompatible syntaxes.

   The argument SYNTAX is a bit mask comprised of the various bits
   defined in regex.h.  We return the old syntax.  */

reg_syntax_t
re_set_syntax (pTHX_ reg_syntax_t syntax)
{
  reg_syntax_t ret = re_syntax_options;

  re_syntax_options = syntax;
  return ret;
}
#ifdef _LIBC
weak_alias (__re_set_syntax, re_set_syntax)
#endif

int
re_compile_fastmap (pTHX_ struct re_pattern_buffer *bufp)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = bufp->buffer;
  char *fastmap = bufp->fastmap;

  memset (fastmap, '\0', sizeof (char) * SBC_MAX);
  re_compile_fastmap_iter (aTHX_ bufp, dfa->init_state, fastmap);
  if (dfa->init_state != dfa->init_state_word)
    re_compile_fastmap_iter (aTHX_ bufp, dfa->init_state_word, fastmap);
  if (dfa->init_state != dfa->init_state_nl)
    re_compile_fastmap_iter (aTHX_ bufp, dfa->init_state_nl, fastmap);
  if (dfa->init_state != dfa->init_state_begbuf)
    re_compile_fastmap_iter (aTHX_ bufp, dfa->init_state_begbuf, fastmap);
  bufp->fastmap_accurate = 1;
  return 0;
}
#ifdef _LIBC
weak_alias (__re_compile_fastmap, re_compile_fastmap)
#endif

static inline void
__attribute__ ((always_inline))
re_set_fastmap (pTHX_ char *fastmap, bool icase, int ch)
{
  fastmap[ch] = 1;
  if (icase)
    fastmap[rpl__tolower (ch)] = 1;
}

/* Helper function for re_compile_fastmap.
   Compile fastmap for the initial_state INIT_STATE.  */

static void
re_compile_fastmap_iter (pTHX_ regex_t *bufp, const re_dfastate_t *init_state,
			 char *fastmap)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = bufp->buffer;
  Idx node_cnt;
  bool icase = (dfa->mb_cur_max == 1 && (bufp->syntax & RE_ICASE));
  for (node_cnt = 0; node_cnt < init_state->nodes.nelem; ++node_cnt)
    {
      Idx node = init_state->nodes.elems[node_cnt];
      re_token_type_t type = dfa->nodes[node].type;

      if (type == CHARACTER)
	{
	  re_set_fastmap (aTHX_ fastmap, icase, dfa->nodes[node].opr.c);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
	  if ((bufp->syntax & RE_ICASE) && dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
	    {
	      unsigned char buf[MB_LEN_MAX];
	      unsigned char *p;
	      rpl__wchar_t wc;
	      rpl__mbstate_t state;

	      p = buf;
	      *p++ = dfa->nodes[node].opr.c;
	      while (++node < dfa->nodes_len
		     &&	dfa->nodes[node].type == CHARACTER
		     && dfa->nodes[node].mb_partial)
		*p++ = dfa->nodes[node].opr.c;
	      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
	      if (rpl__mbrtowc (&wc, (const char *) buf, p - buf,
			     &state) == p - buf
		  && (rpl__wcrtomb ((char *) buf, rpl__towlower (wc), &state)
		      != (size_t) -1))
		re_set_fastmap (aTHX_ fastmap, false, buf[0]);
	    }
#endif
	}
      else if (type == SIMPLE_BRACKET)
	{
	  int i, ch;
	  for (i = 0, ch = 0; i < BITSET_WORDS; ++i)
	    {
	      int j;
	      bitset_word_t w = dfa->nodes[node].opr.sbcset[i];
	      for (j = 0; j < BITSET_WORD_BITS; ++j, ++ch)
		if (w & ((bitset_word_t) 1 << j))
		  re_set_fastmap (aTHX_ fastmap, icase, ch);
	    }
	}
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      else if (type == COMPLEX_BRACKET)
	{
	  re_charset_t *cset = dfa->nodes[node].opr.mbcset;
	  Idx i;

# ifdef _LIBC
	  /* See if we have to try all bytes which start multiple collation
	     elements.
	     e.g. In da_DK, we want to catch 'a' since "aa" is a valid
		  collation element, and don't catch 'b' since 'b' is
		  the only collation element which starts from 'b' (and
		  it is caught by SIMPLE_BRACKET).  */
	      if (_NL_CURRENT_WORD (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_NRULES) != 0
		  && (cset->ncoll_syms || cset->nranges))
		{
		  const int32_t *table = (const int32_t *)
		    _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_TABLEMB);
		  for (i = 0; i < SBC_MAX; ++i)
		    if (table[i] < 0)
		      re_set_fastmap (aTHX_ fastmap, icase, i);
		}
# else
              /* For _PERL_I18N we do not use the fastmap -; */
# endif /* _LIBC */

	  /* See if we have to start the match at all multibyte characters,
	     i.e. where we would not find an invalid sequence.  This only
	     applies to multibyte character sets; for single byte character
	     sets, the SIMPLE_BRACKET again suffices.  */
	  if (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1
	      && (cset->nchar_classes || cset->non_match || cset->nranges
# if (defined(_LIBC) || defined(_PERL_I18N))
		  || cset->nequiv_classes
# endif /* _LIBC */
		 ))
	    {
	      unsigned char c = 0;
	      do
		{
		  rpl__mbstate_t mbs;
		  memset (&mbs, 0, sizeof (mbs));
		  if (rpl__mbrtowc (NULL, (char *) &c, 1, &mbs) == (size_t) -2)
		    re_set_fastmap (aTHX_ fastmap, false, (int) c);
		}
	      while (++c != 0);
	    }

	  else
	    {
	      /* ... Else catch all bytes which can start the mbchars.  */
	      for (i = 0; i < cset->nmbchars; ++i)
		{
		  char buf[256];
		  rpl__mbstate_t state;
		  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (state));
		  if (rpl__wcrtomb (buf, cset->mbchars[i], &state) != (size_t) -1)
		    re_set_fastmap (aTHX_ fastmap, icase, *(unsigned char *) buf);
		  if ((bufp->syntax & RE_ICASE) && dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
		    {
		      if (rpl__wcrtomb (buf, rpl__towlower (cset->mbchars[i]), &state)
			  != (size_t) -1)
			re_set_fastmap (aTHX_ fastmap, false, *(unsigned char *) buf);
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
      else if (type == OP_PERIOD
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
	       || type == OP_UTF8_PERIOD
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
	       || type == END_OF_RE)
	{
	  memset (fastmap, '\1', sizeof (char) * SBC_MAX);
	  if (type == END_OF_RE)
	    bufp->can_be_null = 1;
	  return;
	}
    }
}

/* Entry point for POSIX code.  */
/* regcomp takes a regular expression as a string and compiles it.

   PREG is a regex_t *.  We do not expect any fields to be initialized,
   since POSIX says we shouldn't.  Thus, we set

     'buffer' to the compiled pattern;
     'used' to the length of the compiled pattern;
     'syntax' to RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_EXTENDED if the
       REG_EXTENDED bit in CFLAGS is set; otherwise, to
       RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC;
     'newline_anchor' to REG_NEWLINE being set in CFLAGS;
     'fastmap' to an allocated space for the fastmap;
     'fastmap_accurate' to zero;
     're_nsub' to the number of subexpressions in PATTERN.

   PATTERN is the address of the pattern string.

   CFLAGS is a series of bits which affect compilation.

     If REG_EXTENDED is set, we use POSIX extended syntax; otherwise, we
     use POSIX basic syntax.

     If REG_NEWLINE is set, then . and [^...] don't match newline.
     Also, regexec will try a match beginning after every newline.

     If REG_ICASE is set, then we considers upper- and lowercase
     versions of letters to be equivalent when matching.

     If REG_NOSUB is set, then when PREG is passed to regexec, that
     routine will report only success or failure, and nothing about the
     registers.

   It returns 0 if it succeeds, nonzero if it doesn't.  (See regex.h for
   the return codes and their meanings.)  */

int
regcomp (pTHX_ regex_t *_Restrict_ preg, const char *_Restrict_ pattern, int cflags, bool is_utf8)
{
  reg_errcode_t ret;
  reg_syntax_t syntax = ((cflags & REG_EXTENDED) ? RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_EXTENDED
			 : RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC);

  preg->buffer = NULL;
  preg->allocated = 0;
  preg->used = 0;

  /* Try to allocate space for the fastmap.  */
  re_malloc (preg->fastmap, char, SBC_MAX);
  if (BE (preg->fastmap == NULL, 0))
    return REG_ESPACE;

  syntax |= (cflags & REG_ICASE) ? RE_ICASE : 0;

  /* If REG_NEWLINE is set, newlines are treated differently.  */
  if (cflags & REG_NEWLINE)
    { /* REG_NEWLINE implies neither . nor [^...] match newline.  */
      syntax &= ~RE_DOT_NEWLINE;
      syntax |= RE_HAT_LISTS_NOT_NEWLINE;
      /* It also changes the matching behavior.  */
      preg->newline_anchor = 1;
    }
  else
    preg->newline_anchor = 0;
  preg->no_sub = !!(cflags & REG_NOSUB);
  preg->translate = NULL;

  ret = re_compile_internal (aTHX_ preg, pattern, strlen (pattern), syntax, is_utf8);

  /* POSIX doesn't distinguish between an unmatched open-group and an
     unmatched close-group: both are REG_EPAREN.  */
  if (ret == REG_ERPAREN)
    ret = REG_EPAREN;

  /* We have already checked preg->fastmap != NULL.  */
  if (BE (ret == REG_NOERROR, 1))
    /* Compute the fastmap now, since regexec cannot modify the pattern
       buffer.  This function never fails in this implementation.  */
    (void) re_compile_fastmap (aTHX_ preg);
  else
    {
      /* Some error occurred while compiling the expression.  */
      re_free (preg->fastmap);
      preg->fastmap = NULL;
    }

  return (int) ret;
}
#ifdef _LIBC
weak_alias (__regcomp, regcomp)
#endif

/* Returns a message corresponding to an error code, ERRCODE, returned
   from either regcomp or regexec.   We don't use PREG here.  */

size_t
regerror (pTHX_ int errcode, const regex_t *_Restrict_ preg, char *_Restrict_ errbuf, size_t errbuf_size)
{
  const char *msg;
  size_t msg_size;

  if (BE (errcode < 0
	  || errcode >= (int) (sizeof (__re_error_msgid_idx)
			       / sizeof (__re_error_msgid_idx[0])), 0))
    /* Only error codes returned by the rest of the code should be passed
       to this routine.  If we are given anything else, or if other regex
       code generates an invalid error code, then the program has a bug.
       Dump core so we can fix it.  */
    abort ();

  msg = gettext (__re_error_msgid + __re_error_msgid_idx[errcode]);

  msg_size = strlen (msg) + 1; /* Includes the null.  */

  if (BE (errbuf_size != 0, 1))
    {
      size_t cpy_size = msg_size;
      if (BE (msg_size > errbuf_size, 0))
	{
	  cpy_size = errbuf_size - 1;
	  errbuf[cpy_size] = '\0';
	}
      Copy (msg, errbuf, cpy_size, char);
    }

  return msg_size;
}
#ifdef _LIBC
weak_alias (__regerror, regerror)
#endif


#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
/* This static array is used for the map to single-byte characters when
   UTF-8 is used.  Otherwise we would allocate memory just to initialize
   it the same all the time.  UTF-8 is the preferred encoding so this is
   a worthwhile optimization.  */
static const bitset_t utf8_sb_map =
{
  /* Set the first 128 bits.  */
# if defined __GNUC__ && !defined __STRICT_ANSI__
  [0 ... 0x80 / BITSET_WORD_BITS - 1] = BITSET_WORD_MAX
# else
#  if 4 * BITSET_WORD_BITS < ASCII_CHARS
#   error "bitset_word_t is narrower than 32 bits"
#  elif 3 * BITSET_WORD_BITS < ASCII_CHARS
  BITSET_WORD_MAX, BITSET_WORD_MAX, BITSET_WORD_MAX,
#  elif 2 * BITSET_WORD_BITS < ASCII_CHARS
  BITSET_WORD_MAX, BITSET_WORD_MAX,
#  elif 1 * BITSET_WORD_BITS < ASCII_CHARS
  BITSET_WORD_MAX,
#  endif
  (BITSET_WORD_MAX
   >> (SBC_MAX % BITSET_WORD_BITS == 0
       ? 0
       : BITSET_WORD_BITS - SBC_MAX % BITSET_WORD_BITS))
# endif
};
#endif


static void
free_dfa_content (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa)
{
  Idx i, j;

  if (dfa->nodes)
    for (i = 0; i < dfa->nodes_len; ++i)
      free_token (aTHX_ dfa->nodes + i);
  re_free (dfa->nexts);
  for (i = 0; i < dfa->nodes_len; ++i)
    {
      if (dfa->eclosures != NULL)
	re_node_set_free (dfa->eclosures + i);
      if (dfa->inveclosures != NULL)
	re_node_set_free (dfa->inveclosures + i);
      if (dfa->edests != NULL)
	re_node_set_free (dfa->edests + i);
    }
  re_free (dfa->edests);
  re_free (dfa->eclosures);
  re_free (dfa->inveclosures);
  re_free (dfa->nodes);

  if (dfa->state_table)
    for (i = 0; i <= dfa->state_hash_mask; ++i)
      {
	struct re_state_table_entry *entry = dfa->state_table + i;
	for (j = 0; j < entry->num; ++j)
	  {
	    re_dfastate_t *state = entry->array[j];
	    free_state (aTHX_ state);
	  }
	re_free (entry->array);
      }
  re_free (dfa->state_table);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (dfa->sb_char != utf8_sb_map)
    re_free (dfa->sb_char);
#endif
  re_free (dfa->subexp_map);
#ifdef DEBUG
  re_free (dfa->re_str);
#endif

  re_free (dfa);
}


/* Free dynamically allocated space used by PREG.  */

void
regfree (pTHX_ regex_t *preg)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  if (BE (dfa != NULL, 1))
    {
      lock_fini (dfa->lock);
      free_dfa_content (aTHX_ dfa);
    }
  preg->buffer = NULL;
  preg->allocated = 0;

  re_free (preg->fastmap);
  preg->fastmap = NULL;

  re_free (preg->translate);
  preg->translate = NULL;
}
#ifdef _LIBC
weak_alias (__regfree, regfree)
#endif

/* Entry points compatible with 4.2 BSD regex library.  We don't define
   them unless specifically requested.  */

#if defined _REGEX_RE_COMP || defined _LIBC

/* BSD has one and only one pattern buffer.  */
static struct re_pattern_buffer re_comp_buf;

char *
# ifdef _LIBC
/* Make these definitions weak in libc, so POSIX programs can redefine
   these names if they don't use our functions, and still use
   regcomp/regexec above without link errors.  */
weak_function
# endif
re_comp (s)
     const char *s;
{
  reg_errcode_t ret;
  char *fastmap;

  if (!s)
    {
      if (!re_comp_buf.buffer)
	return gettext ("No previous regular expression");
      return 0;
    }

  if (re_comp_buf.buffer)
    {
      fastmap = re_comp_buf.fastmap;
      re_comp_buf.fastmap = NULL;
      __regfree (&re_comp_buf);
      memset (&re_comp_buf, '\0', sizeof (re_comp_buf));
      re_comp_buf.fastmap = fastmap;
    }

  if (re_comp_buf.fastmap == NULL)
    {
      /* re_comp_buf.fastmap = (char *) malloc (SBC_MAX); */
      Newx(re_comp_buf.fastmap, SBC_MAX, char);
      if (re_comp_buf.fastmap == NULL)
	return (char *) gettext (__re_error_msgid
				 + __re_error_msgid_idx[(int) REG_ESPACE]);
    }

  /* Since 're_exec' always passes NULL for the 'regs' argument, we
     don't need to initialize the pattern buffer fields which affect it.  */

  /* Match anchors at newlines.  */
  re_comp_buf.newline_anchor = 1;

  ret = re_compile_internal (aTHX_ &re_comp_buf, s, strlen (s), re_syntax_options, is_utf8);

  if (!ret)
    return NULL;

  /* Yes, we're discarding 'const' here if !HAVE_LIBINTL.  */
  return (char *) gettext (__re_error_msgid + __re_error_msgid_idx[(int) ret]);
}

#ifdef _LIBC
libc_freeres_fn (free_mem)
{
  __regfree (&re_comp_buf);
}
#endif

#endif /* _REGEX_RE_COMP */

/* Internal entry point.
   Compile the regular expression PATTERN, whose length is LENGTH.
   SYNTAX indicate regular expression's syntax.  */

/* static */ reg_errcode_t
re_compile_internal (pTHX_ regex_t *preg, const char * pattern, size_t length,
		     reg_syntax_t syntax, bool is_utf8)
{
  reg_errcode_t err = REG_NOERROR;
  re_dfa_t *dfa;
  re_string_t regexp;

  /* Initialize the pattern buffer.  */
  preg->fastmap_accurate = 0;
  preg->syntax = syntax;
  preg->not_bol = preg->not_eol = 0;
  preg->used = 0;
  preg->re_nsub = 0;
  preg->can_be_null = 0;
  preg->regs_allocated = REGS_UNALLOCATED;

  /* Initialize the dfa.  */
  dfa = preg->buffer;
  if (BE (preg->allocated < sizeof (re_dfa_t), 0))
    {
      /* If zero allocated, but buffer is non-null, try to realloc
	 enough space.  This loses if buffer's address is bogus, but
	 that is the user's responsibility.  If ->buffer is NULL this
	 is a simple allocation.  */
      if (preg->buffer == NULL) {
        re_malloc (preg->buffer, re_dfa_t, 1);
      } else {
        re_realloc (preg->buffer, re_dfa_t, 1);
      }
      dfa = preg->buffer;
      preg->allocated = sizeof (re_dfa_t);
    }
  preg->used = sizeof (re_dfa_t);

  err = init_dfa (aTHX_ dfa, length, is_utf8);
  if (BE (err == REG_NOERROR && lock_init (dfa->lock) != 0, 0))
    err = REG_ESPACE;
  if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    {
      free_dfa_content (aTHX_ dfa);
      preg->buffer = NULL;
      preg->allocated = 0;
      return err;
    }
#ifdef DEBUG
  /* Note: length+1 will not overflow since it is checked in init_dfa.  */
  re_malloc (dfa->re_str, char, length + 1);
  strncpy (dfa->re_str, pattern, length + 1);
#endif

  err = re_string_construct (aTHX_ ®exp, pattern, length, preg->translate,
			     (syntax & RE_ICASE) != 0, dfa);
  if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    {
    re_compile_internal_free_return:
      free_workarea_compile (aTHX_ preg);
      re_string_destruct (aTHX_ ®exp);
      lock_fini (dfa->lock);
      free_dfa_content (aTHX_ dfa);
      preg->buffer = NULL;
      preg->allocated = 0;
      return err;
    }

  /* Parse the regular expression, and build a structure tree.  */
  preg->re_nsub = 0;
  dfa->str_tree = parse (aTHX_ ®exp, preg, syntax, &err);
  if (BE (dfa->str_tree == NULL, 0))
    goto re_compile_internal_free_return;

  /* Analyze the tree and create the nfa.  */
  err = analyze (aTHX_ preg);
  if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    goto re_compile_internal_free_return;

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  /* If possible, do searching in single byte encoding to speed things up.  */
  if (dfa->is_utf8 && !(syntax & RE_ICASE) && preg->translate == NULL)
    optimize_utf8 (aTHX_ dfa);
#endif

  /* Then create the initial state of the dfa.  */
  err = create_initial_state (aTHX_ dfa);

  /* Release work areas.  */
  free_workarea_compile (aTHX_ preg);
  re_string_destruct (aTHX_ ®exp);

  if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    {
      lock_fini (dfa->lock);
      free_dfa_content (aTHX_ dfa);
      preg->buffer = NULL;
      preg->allocated = 0;
    }

  return err;
}

/* Initialize DFA.  We use the length of the regular expression PAT_LEN
   as the initial length of some arrays.  */

static reg_errcode_t
init_dfa (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, size_t pat_len, bool is_utf8)
{
  __re_size_t table_size;
#ifndef _LIBC
#ifndef _PERL_I18N
  const char *codeset_name;
#endif
#endif
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  size_t max_i18n_object_size = MAX (sizeof (rpl__wchar_t), sizeof (rpl__wctype_t));
#else
  size_t max_i18n_object_size = 0;
#endif
  size_t max_object_size =
    MAX (sizeof (struct re_state_table_entry),
	 MAX (sizeof (re_token_t),
	      MAX (sizeof (re_node_set),
		   MAX (sizeof (regmatch_t),
			max_i18n_object_size))));

  memset (dfa, '\0', sizeof (re_dfa_t));

  /* Force allocation of str_tree_storage the first time.  */
  dfa->str_tree_storage_idx = BIN_TREE_STORAGE_SIZE;

  /* Avoid overflows.  The extra "/ 2" is for the table_size doubling
     calculation below, and for similar doubling calculations
     elsewhere.  And it's <= rather than <, because some of the
     doubling calculations add 1 afterwards.  */
  if (BE (MIN (IDX_MAX, SIZE_MAX / max_object_size) / 2 <= pat_len, 0))
    return REG_ESPACE;

  dfa->nodes_alloc = pat_len + 1;
  re_malloc (dfa->nodes, re_token_t, dfa->nodes_alloc);

  /*  table_size = 2 ^ ceil(log pat_len) */
  for (table_size = 1; ; table_size <<= 1)
    if (table_size > pat_len)
      break;

  re_calloc(dfa->state_table, struct re_state_table_entry, table_size);
  /* Note: isn't the original mixing number of elements and element size ? */
  /* dfa->state_table = calloc (sizeof (struct re_state_table_entry), table_size); */
  dfa->state_hash_mask = table_size - 1;

  dfa->mb_cur_max = rpl__MB_CUR_MAX;
#ifdef _LIBC
  if (dfa->mb_cur_max == 6
      && strcmp (_NL_CURRENT (LC_CTYPE, _NL_CTYPE_CODESET_NAME), "UTF-8") == 0)
    dfa->is_utf8 = 1;
  dfa->map_notascii = (_NL_CURRENT_WORD (LC_CTYPE, _NL_CTYPE_MAP_TO_NONASCII)
		       != 0);
#else
  /* We require that input coming from perl will say if it Perl's utf-8 or not */
  /* Note that perl's utf-8 is not official UTF-8, but a superset of the latest */
#ifndef _PERL_I18N
  codeset_name = nl_langinfo (CODESET);
  if ((codeset_name[0] == 'U' || codeset_name[0] == 'u')
      && (codeset_name[1] == 'T' || codeset_name[1] == 't')
      && (codeset_name[2] == 'F' || codeset_name[2] == 'f')
      && strcmp (codeset_name + 3 + (codeset_name[3] == '-'), "8") == 0)
#endif
    dfa->is_utf8 = is_utf8;

  /* We check exhaustively in the loop below if this charset is a
     superset of ASCII.  */
  dfa->map_notascii = 0;
#endif

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
    {
      if (dfa->is_utf8)
	dfa->sb_char = (re_bitset_ptr_t) utf8_sb_map;
      else
	{
	  int i, j, ch;

          re_calloc(dfa->sb_char, bitset_word_t, BITSET_WORDS);
	  /* dfa->sb_char = (re_bitset_ptr_t) calloc (sizeof (bitset_t), 1); */
	  if (BE (dfa->sb_char == NULL, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;

	  /* Set the bits corresponding to single byte chars.  */
	  for (i = 0, ch = 0; i < BITSET_WORDS; ++i)
	    for (j = 0; j < BITSET_WORD_BITS; ++j, ++ch)
	      {
		rpl__wint_t wch = rpl__btowc (ch);
		if (wch != rpl__WEOF)
		  dfa->sb_char[i] |= (bitset_word_t) 1 << j;
# ifndef _LIBC
		if (rpl__isascii (ch) && wch != ch)
		  dfa->map_notascii = 1;
# endif
	      }
	}
    }
#endif

  if (BE (dfa->nodes == NULL || dfa->state_table == NULL, 0))
    return REG_ESPACE;
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Initialize WORD_CHAR table, which indicate which character is
   "word".  In this case "word" means that it is the word construction
   character used by some operators like "\<", "\>", etc.  */

static void
internal_function
init_word_char (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa)
{
  int i = 0;
  int j;
  int ch = 0;
  dfa->word_ops_used = 1;
  if (BE (dfa->map_notascii == 0, 1))
    {
      bitset_word_t bits0 = 0x00000000;
      bitset_word_t bits1 = 0x03ff0000;
      bitset_word_t bits2 = 0x87fffffe;
      bitset_word_t bits3 = 0x07fffffe;
      if (BITSET_WORD_BITS == 64)
	{
	  dfa->word_char[0] = bits1 << 31 << 1 | bits0;
	  dfa->word_char[1] = bits3 << 31 << 1 | bits2;
	  i = 2;
	}
      else if (BITSET_WORD_BITS == 32)
	{
	  dfa->word_char[0] = bits0;
	  dfa->word_char[1] = bits1;
	  dfa->word_char[2] = bits2;
	  dfa->word_char[3] = bits3;
	  i = 4;
	}
      else
        goto general_case;
      ch = 128;

      if (BE (dfa->is_utf8, 1))
	{
	  memset (&dfa->word_char[i], '\0', (SBC_MAX - ch) / 8);
	  return;
	}
    }

 general_case:
  for (; i < BITSET_WORDS; ++i)
    for (j = 0; j < BITSET_WORD_BITS; ++j, ++ch)
      if (rpl__isalnum (ch) || ch == '_')
	dfa->word_char[i] |= (bitset_word_t) 1 << j;
}

/* Free the work area which are only used while compiling.  */

static void
free_workarea_compile (pTHX_ regex_t *preg)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  bin_tree_storage_t *storage, *next;
  for (storage = dfa->str_tree_storage; storage; storage = next)
    {
      next = storage->next;
      re_free (storage);
    }
  dfa->str_tree_storage = NULL;
  dfa->str_tree_storage_idx = BIN_TREE_STORAGE_SIZE;
  dfa->str_tree = NULL;
  re_free (dfa->org_indices);
  dfa->org_indices = NULL;
}

/* Create initial states for all contexts.  */

static reg_errcode_t
create_initial_state (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa)
{
  Idx first, i;
  reg_errcode_t err;
  re_node_set init_nodes;

  /* Initial states have the epsilon closure of the node which is
     the first node of the regular expression.  */
  first = dfa->str_tree->first->node_idx;
  dfa->init_node = first;
  err = re_node_set_init_copy (aTHX_ &init_nodes, dfa->eclosures + first);
  if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    return err;

  /* The back-references which are in initial states can epsilon transit,
     since in this case all of the subexpressions can be null.
     Then we add epsilon closures of the nodes which are the next nodes of
     the back-references.  */
  if (dfa->nbackref > 0)
    for (i = 0; i < init_nodes.nelem; ++i)
      {
	Idx node_idx = init_nodes.elems[i];
	re_token_type_t type = dfa->nodes[node_idx].type;

	Idx clexp_idx;
	if (type != OP_BACK_REF)
	  continue;
	for (clexp_idx = 0; clexp_idx < init_nodes.nelem; ++clexp_idx)
	  {
	    re_token_t *clexp_node;
	    clexp_node = dfa->nodes + init_nodes.elems[clexp_idx];
	    if (clexp_node->type == OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP
		&& clexp_node->opr.idx == dfa->nodes[node_idx].opr.idx)
	      break;
	  }
	if (clexp_idx == init_nodes.nelem)
	  continue;

	if (type == OP_BACK_REF)
	  {
	    Idx dest_idx = dfa->edests[node_idx].elems[0];
	    if (!re_node_set_contains (aTHX_ &init_nodes, dest_idx))
	      {
		reg_errcode_t merge_err
                  = re_node_set_merge (aTHX_ &init_nodes, dfa->eclosures + dest_idx);
		if (merge_err != REG_NOERROR)
		  return merge_err;
		i = 0;
	      }
	  }
      }

  /* It must be the first time to invoke acquire_state.  */
  dfa->init_state = re_acquire_state_context (aTHX_ &err, dfa, &init_nodes, 0);
  /* We don't check ERR here, since the initial state must not be NULL.  */
  if (BE (dfa->init_state == NULL, 0))
    return err;
  if (dfa->init_state->has_constraint)
    {
      dfa->init_state_word = re_acquire_state_context (aTHX_ &err, dfa, &init_nodes,
						       CONTEXT_WORD);
      dfa->init_state_nl = re_acquire_state_context (aTHX_ &err, dfa, &init_nodes,
						     CONTEXT_NEWLINE);
      dfa->init_state_begbuf = re_acquire_state_context (aTHX_ &err, dfa,
							 &init_nodes,
							 CONTEXT_NEWLINE
							 | CONTEXT_BEGBUF);
      if (BE (dfa->init_state_word == NULL || dfa->init_state_nl == NULL
	      || dfa->init_state_begbuf == NULL, 0))
	return err;
    }
  else
    dfa->init_state_word = dfa->init_state_nl
      = dfa->init_state_begbuf = dfa->init_state;

  re_node_set_free (&init_nodes);
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
/* If it is possible to do searching in single byte encoding instead of UTF-8
   to speed things up, set dfa->mb_cur_max to 1, clear is_utf8 and change
   DFA nodes where needed.  */

static void
optimize_utf8 (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa)
{
  Idx node;
  int i;
  bool mb_chars = false;
  bool has_period = false;

  for (node = 0; node < dfa->nodes_len; ++node)
    switch (dfa->nodes[node].type)
      {
      case CHARACTER:
	if (dfa->nodes[node].opr.c >= ASCII_CHARS)
	  mb_chars = true;
	break;
      case ANCHOR:
	switch (dfa->nodes[node].opr.ctx_type)
	  {
	  case LINE_FIRST:
	  case LINE_LAST:
	  case BUF_FIRST:
	  case BUF_LAST:
	    break;
	  default:
	    /* Word anchors etc. cannot be handled.  It's okay to test
	       opr.ctx_type since constraints (for all DFA nodes) are
	       created by ORing one or more opr.ctx_type values.  */
	    return;
	  }
	break;
      case OP_PERIOD:
	has_period = true;
	break;
      case OP_BACK_REF:
      case OP_ALT:
      case END_OF_RE:
      case OP_DUP_ASTERISK:
      case OP_OPEN_SUBEXP:
      case OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP:
	break;
      case COMPLEX_BRACKET:
	return;
      case SIMPLE_BRACKET:
	/* Just double check.  */
	{
	  int rshift = (ASCII_CHARS % BITSET_WORD_BITS == 0
			? 0
			: BITSET_WORD_BITS - ASCII_CHARS % BITSET_WORD_BITS);
	  for (i = ASCII_CHARS / BITSET_WORD_BITS; i < BITSET_WORDS; ++i)
	    {
	      if (dfa->nodes[node].opr.sbcset[i] >> rshift != 0)
		return;
	      rshift = 0;
	    }
	}
	break;
      default:
	abort ();
      }

  if (mb_chars || has_period)
    for (node = 0; node < dfa->nodes_len; ++node)
      {
	if (dfa->nodes[node].type == CHARACTER
	    && dfa->nodes[node].opr.c >= ASCII_CHARS)
	  dfa->nodes[node].mb_partial = 0;
	else if (dfa->nodes[node].type == OP_PERIOD)
	  dfa->nodes[node].type = OP_UTF8_PERIOD;
      }

  /* The search can be in single byte locale.  */
  dfa->mb_cur_max = 1;
  dfa->is_utf8 = 0;
  dfa->has_mb_node = dfa->nbackref > 0 || has_period;
}
#endif

/* Analyze the structure tree, and calculate "first", "next", "edest",
   "eclosure", and "inveclosure".  */

static reg_errcode_t
analyze (pTHX_ regex_t *preg)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  reg_errcode_t ret;

  /* Allocate arrays.  */
  re_malloc (dfa->nexts, Idx, dfa->nodes_alloc);
  re_malloc (dfa->org_indices, Idx, dfa->nodes_alloc);
  re_malloc (dfa->edests, re_node_set, dfa->nodes_alloc);
  re_malloc (dfa->eclosures, re_node_set, dfa->nodes_alloc);
  if (preg->re_nsub > 0) {
    re_malloc (dfa->subexp_map, Idx, preg->re_nsub);
  } else {
    dfa->subexp_map = NULL;
  }
  if (dfa->subexp_map != NULL)
    {
      Idx i;
      for (i = 0; i < preg->re_nsub; i++)
	dfa->subexp_map[i] = i;
      preorder (aTHX_ dfa->str_tree, optimize_subexps, dfa);
      for (i = 0; i < preg->re_nsub; i++)
	if (dfa->subexp_map[i] != i)
	  break;
      if (i == preg->re_nsub)
	{
	  re_free (dfa->subexp_map);
	  dfa->subexp_map = NULL;
	}
    }

  ret = postorder (aTHX_ dfa->str_tree, lower_subexps, preg);
  if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    return ret;
  ret = postorder (aTHX_ dfa->str_tree, calc_first, dfa);
  if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    return ret;
  preorder (aTHX_ dfa->str_tree, calc_next, dfa);
  ret = preorder (aTHX_ dfa->str_tree, link_nfa_nodes, dfa);
  if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    return ret;
  ret = calc_eclosure (aTHX_ dfa);
  if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    return ret;

  /* We only need this during the prune_impossible_nodes pass in regexec.c;
     skip it if p_i_n will not run, as calc_inveclosure can be quadratic.  */
  if ((!preg->no_sub && preg->re_nsub > 0 && dfa->has_plural_match)
      || dfa->nbackref)
    {
      re_malloc (dfa->inveclosures, re_node_set, dfa->nodes_len);
      ret = calc_inveclosure (aTHX_ dfa);
    }

  return ret;
}

/* Our parse trees are very unbalanced, so we cannot use a stack to
   implement parse tree visits.  Instead, we use parent pointers and
   some hairy code in these two functions.  */
static reg_errcode_t
postorder (pTHX_ bin_tree_t *root, reg_errcode_t (fn (pTHX_ void *, bin_tree_t *)),
	   void *extra)
{
  bin_tree_t *node, *prev;

  for (node = root; ; )
    {
      /* Descend down the tree, preferably to the left (or to the right
	 if that's the only child).  */
      while (node->left || node->right)
	if (node->left)
	  node = node->left;
	else
	  node = node->right;

      do
	{
	  reg_errcode_t err = fn (aTHX_ extra, node);
	  if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	    return err;
	  if (node->parent == NULL)
	    return REG_NOERROR;
	  prev = node;
	  node = node->parent;
	}
      /* Go up while we have a node that is reached from the right.  */
      while (node->right == prev || node->right == NULL);
      node = node->right;
    }
}

static reg_errcode_t
preorder (pTHX_ bin_tree_t *root, reg_errcode_t (fn (pTHX_ void *, bin_tree_t *)),
	  void *extra)
{
  bin_tree_t *node;

  for (node = root; ; )
    {
      reg_errcode_t err = fn (aTHX_ extra, node);
      if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	return err;

      /* Go to the left node, or up and to the right.  */
      if (node->left)
	node = node->left;
      else
	{
	  bin_tree_t *prev = NULL;
	  while (node->right == prev || node->right == NULL)
	    {
	      prev = node;
	      node = node->parent;
	      if (!node)
		return REG_NOERROR;
	    }
	  node = node->right;
	}
    }
}

/* Optimization pass: if a SUBEXP is entirely contained, strip it and tell
   re_search_internal to map the inner one's opr.idx to this one's.  Adjust
   backreferences as well.  Requires a preorder visit.  */
static reg_errcode_t
optimize_subexps (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = (re_dfa_t *) extra;

  if (node->token.type == OP_BACK_REF && dfa->subexp_map)
    {
      Idx idx = node->token.opr.idx;
      node->token.opr.idx = dfa->subexp_map[idx];
      dfa->used_bkref_map |= 1 << node->token.opr.idx;
    }

  else if (node->token.type == SUBEXP
	   && node->left && node->left->token.type == SUBEXP)
    {
      Idx other_idx = node->left->token.opr.idx;

      node->left = node->left->left;
      if (node->left)
	node->left->parent = node;

      dfa->subexp_map[other_idx] = dfa->subexp_map[node->token.opr.idx];
      if (other_idx < BITSET_WORD_BITS)
	dfa->used_bkref_map &= ~((bitset_word_t) 1 << other_idx);
    }

  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Lowering pass: Turn each SUBEXP node into the appropriate concatenation
   of OP_OPEN_SUBEXP, the body of the SUBEXP (if any) and OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP.  */
static reg_errcode_t
lower_subexps (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  regex_t *preg = (regex_t *) extra;
  reg_errcode_t err = REG_NOERROR;

  if (node->left && node->left->token.type == SUBEXP)
    {
      node->left = lower_subexp (aTHX_ &err, preg, node->left);
      if (node->left)
	node->left->parent = node;
    }
  if (node->right && node->right->token.type == SUBEXP)
    {
      node->right = lower_subexp (aTHX_ &err, preg, node->right);
      if (node->right)
	node->right->parent = node;
    }

  return err;
}

static bin_tree_t *
lower_subexp (pTHX_ reg_errcode_t *err, regex_t *preg, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  bin_tree_t *body = node->left;
  bin_tree_t *op, *cls, *tree1, *tree;

  if (preg->no_sub
      /* We do not optimize empty subexpressions, because otherwise we may
	 have bad CONCAT nodes with NULL children.  This is obviously not
	 very common, so we do not lose much.  An example that triggers
	 this case is the sed "script" /\(\)/x.  */
      && node->left != NULL
      && (node->token.opr.idx >= BITSET_WORD_BITS
	  || !(dfa->used_bkref_map
	       & ((bitset_word_t) 1 << node->token.opr.idx))))
    return node->left;

  /* Convert the SUBEXP node to the concatenation of an
     OP_OPEN_SUBEXP, the contents, and an OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP.  */
  op = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, OP_OPEN_SUBEXP);
  cls = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP);
  tree1 = body ? create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, body, cls, CONCAT) : cls;
  tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, op, tree1, CONCAT);
  if (BE (tree == NULL || tree1 == NULL || op == NULL || cls == NULL, 0))
    {
      *err = REG_ESPACE;
      return NULL;
    }

  op->token.opr.idx = cls->token.opr.idx = node->token.opr.idx;
  op->token.opt_subexp = cls->token.opt_subexp = node->token.opt_subexp;
  return tree;
}

/* Pass 1 in building the NFA: compute FIRST and create unlinked automaton
   nodes.  Requires a postorder visit.  */
static reg_errcode_t
calc_first (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = (re_dfa_t *) extra;
  if (node->token.type == CONCAT)
    {
      node->first = node->left->first;
      node->node_idx = node->left->node_idx;
    }
  else
    {
      node->first = node;
      node->node_idx = re_dfa_add_node (aTHX_ dfa, node->token);
      if (BE (node->node_idx == REG_MISSING, 0))
	return REG_ESPACE;
      if (node->token.type == ANCHOR)
	dfa->nodes[node->node_idx].constraint = node->token.opr.ctx_type;
    }
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Pass 2: compute NEXT on the tree.  Preorder visit.  */
static reg_errcode_t
calc_next (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  switch (node->token.type)
    {
    case OP_DUP_ASTERISK:
      node->left->next = node;
      break;
    case CONCAT:
      node->left->next = node->right->first;
      node->right->next = node->next;
      break;
    default:
      if (node->left)
	node->left->next = node->next;
      if (node->right)
	node->right->next = node->next;
      break;
    }
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Pass 3: link all DFA nodes to their NEXT node (any order will do).  */
static reg_errcode_t
link_nfa_nodes (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = (re_dfa_t *) extra;
  Idx idx = node->node_idx;
  reg_errcode_t err = REG_NOERROR;

  switch (node->token.type)
    {
    case CONCAT:
      break;

    case END_OF_RE:
      assert (node->next == NULL);
      break;

    case OP_DUP_ASTERISK:
    case OP_ALT:
      {
	Idx left, right;
	dfa->has_plural_match = 1;
	if (node->left != NULL)
	  left = node->left->first->node_idx;
	else
	  left = node->next->node_idx;
	if (node->right != NULL)
	  right = node->right->first->node_idx;
	else
	  right = node->next->node_idx;
	assert (REG_VALID_INDEX (left));
	assert (REG_VALID_INDEX (right));
	err = re_node_set_init_2 (aTHX_ dfa->edests + idx, left, right);
      }
      break;

    case ANCHOR:
    case OP_OPEN_SUBEXP:
    case OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP:
      err = re_node_set_init_1 (aTHX_ dfa->edests + idx, node->next->node_idx);
      break;

    case OP_BACK_REF:
      dfa->nexts[idx] = node->next->node_idx;
      if (node->token.type == OP_BACK_REF)
	err = re_node_set_init_1 (aTHX_ dfa->edests + idx, dfa->nexts[idx]);
      break;

    default:
      assert (!IS_EPSILON_NODE (node->token.type));
      dfa->nexts[idx] = node->next->node_idx;
      break;
    }

  return err;
}

/* Duplicate the epsilon closure of the node ROOT_NODE.
   Note that duplicated nodes have constraint INIT_CONSTRAINT in addition
   to their own constraint.  */

static reg_errcode_t
internal_function
duplicate_node_closure (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, Idx top_org_node, Idx top_clone_node,
			Idx root_node, unsigned int init_constraint)
{
  Idx org_node, clone_node;
  bool ok;
  unsigned int constraint = init_constraint;
  for (org_node = top_org_node, clone_node = top_clone_node;;)
    {
      Idx org_dest, clone_dest;
      if (dfa->nodes[org_node].type == OP_BACK_REF)
	{
	  /* If the back reference epsilon-transit, its destination must
	     also have the constraint.  Then duplicate the epsilon closure
	     of the destination of the back reference, and store it in
	     edests of the back reference.  */
	  org_dest = dfa->nexts[org_node];
	  re_node_set_empty (dfa->edests + clone_node);
	  clone_dest = duplicate_node (aTHX_ dfa, org_dest, constraint);
	  if (BE (clone_dest == REG_MISSING, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;
	  dfa->nexts[clone_node] = dfa->nexts[org_node];
	  ok = re_node_set_insert (aTHX_ dfa->edests + clone_node, clone_dest);
	  if (BE (! ok, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;
	}
      else if (dfa->edests[org_node].nelem == 0)
	{
	  /* In case of the node can't epsilon-transit, don't duplicate the
	     destination and store the original destination as the
	     destination of the node.  */
	  dfa->nexts[clone_node] = dfa->nexts[org_node];
	  break;
	}
      else if (dfa->edests[org_node].nelem == 1)
	{
	  /* In case of the node can epsilon-transit, and it has only one
	     destination.  */
	  org_dest = dfa->edests[org_node].elems[0];
	  re_node_set_empty (dfa->edests + clone_node);
	  /* If the node is root_node itself, it means the epsilon closure
	     has a loop.  Then tie it to the destination of the root_node.  */
	  if (org_node == root_node && clone_node != org_node)
	    {
	      ok = re_node_set_insert (aTHX_ dfa->edests + clone_node, org_dest);
	      if (BE (! ok, 0))
	        return REG_ESPACE;
	      break;
	    }
	  /* In case the node has another constraint, append it.  */
	  constraint |= dfa->nodes[org_node].constraint;
	  clone_dest = duplicate_node (aTHX_ dfa, org_dest, constraint);
	  if (BE (clone_dest == REG_MISSING, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;
	  ok = re_node_set_insert (aTHX_ dfa->edests + clone_node, clone_dest);
	  if (BE (! ok, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;
	}
      else /* dfa->edests[org_node].nelem == 2 */
	{
	  /* In case of the node can epsilon-transit, and it has two
	     destinations. In the bin_tree_t and DFA, that's '|' and '*'.   */
	  org_dest = dfa->edests[org_node].elems[0];
	  re_node_set_empty (dfa->edests + clone_node);
	  /* Search for a duplicated node which satisfies the constraint.  */
	  clone_dest = search_duplicated_node (aTHX_ dfa, org_dest, constraint);
	  if (clone_dest == REG_MISSING)
	    {
	      /* There is no such duplicated node, create a new one.  */
	      reg_errcode_t err;
	      clone_dest = duplicate_node (aTHX_ dfa, org_dest, constraint);
	      if (BE (clone_dest == REG_MISSING, 0))
		return REG_ESPACE;
	      ok = re_node_set_insert (aTHX_ dfa->edests + clone_node, clone_dest);
	      if (BE (! ok, 0))
		return REG_ESPACE;
	      err = duplicate_node_closure (aTHX_ dfa, org_dest, clone_dest,
					    root_node, constraint);
	      if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
		return err;
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      /* There is a duplicated node which satisfies the constraint,
		 use it to avoid infinite loop.  */
	      ok = re_node_set_insert (aTHX_ dfa->edests + clone_node, clone_dest);
	      if (BE (! ok, 0))
		return REG_ESPACE;
	    }

	  org_dest = dfa->edests[org_node].elems[1];
	  clone_dest = duplicate_node (aTHX_ dfa, org_dest, constraint);
	  if (BE (clone_dest == REG_MISSING, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;
	  ok = re_node_set_insert (aTHX_ dfa->edests + clone_node, clone_dest);
	  if (BE (! ok, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;
	}
      org_node = org_dest;
      clone_node = clone_dest;
    }
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Search for a node which is duplicated from the node ORG_NODE, and
   satisfies the constraint CONSTRAINT.  */

static Idx
search_duplicated_node (pTHX_ const re_dfa_t *dfa, Idx org_node,
			unsigned int constraint)
{
  Idx idx;
  for (idx = dfa->nodes_len - 1; dfa->nodes[idx].duplicated && idx > 0; --idx)
    {
      if (org_node == dfa->org_indices[idx]
	  && constraint == dfa->nodes[idx].constraint)
	return idx; /* Found.  */
    }
  return REG_MISSING; /* Not found.  */
}

/* Duplicate the node whose index is ORG_IDX and set the constraint CONSTRAINT.
   Return the index of the new node, or REG_MISSING if insufficient storage is
   available.  */

static Idx
duplicate_node (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, Idx org_idx, unsigned int constraint)
{
  Idx dup_idx = re_dfa_add_node (aTHX_ dfa, dfa->nodes[org_idx]);
  if (BE (dup_idx != REG_MISSING, 1))
    {
      dfa->nodes[dup_idx].constraint = constraint;
      dfa->nodes[dup_idx].constraint |= dfa->nodes[org_idx].constraint;
      dfa->nodes[dup_idx].duplicated = 1;

      /* Store the index of the original node.  */
      dfa->org_indices[dup_idx] = org_idx;
    }
  return dup_idx;
}

static reg_errcode_t
calc_inveclosure (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa)
{
  Idx src, idx;
  bool ok;
  for (idx = 0; idx < dfa->nodes_len; ++idx)
    re_node_set_init_empty (dfa->inveclosures + idx);

  for (src = 0; src < dfa->nodes_len; ++src)
    {
      Idx *elems = dfa->eclosures[src].elems;
      for (idx = 0; idx < dfa->eclosures[src].nelem; ++idx)
	{
	  ok = re_node_set_insert_last (aTHX_ dfa->inveclosures + elems[idx], src);
	  if (BE (! ok, 0))
	    return REG_ESPACE;
	}
    }

  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Calculate "eclosure" for all the node in DFA.  */

static reg_errcode_t
calc_eclosure (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa)
{
  Idx node_idx;
  bool incomplete;
#ifdef DEBUG
  assert (dfa->nodes_len > 0);
#endif
  incomplete = false;
  /* For each nodes, calculate epsilon closure.  */
  for (node_idx = 0; ; ++node_idx)
    {
      reg_errcode_t err;
      re_node_set eclosure_elem;
      if (node_idx == dfa->nodes_len)
	{
	  if (!incomplete)
	    break;
	  incomplete = false;
	  node_idx = 0;
	}

#ifdef DEBUG
      assert (dfa->eclosures[node_idx].nelem != REG_MISSING);
#endif

      /* If we have already calculated, skip it.  */
      if (dfa->eclosures[node_idx].nelem != 0)
	continue;
      /* Calculate epsilon closure of 'node_idx'.  */
      err = calc_eclosure_iter (aTHX_ &eclosure_elem, dfa, node_idx, true);
      if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	return err;

      if (dfa->eclosures[node_idx].nelem == 0)
	{
	  incomplete = true;
	  re_node_set_free (&eclosure_elem);
	}
    }
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Calculate epsilon closure of NODE.  */

static reg_errcode_t
calc_eclosure_iter (pTHX_ re_node_set *new_set, re_dfa_t *dfa, Idx node, bool root)
{
  reg_errcode_t err;
  Idx i;
  re_node_set eclosure;
  bool ok;
  bool incomplete = false;
  err = re_node_set_alloc (aTHX_ &eclosure, dfa->edests[node].nelem + 1);
  if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    return err;

  /* This indicates that we are calculating this node now.
     We reference this value to avoid infinite loop.  */
  dfa->eclosures[node].nelem = REG_MISSING;

  /* If the current node has constraints, duplicate all nodes
     since they must inherit the constraints.  */
  if (dfa->nodes[node].constraint
      && dfa->edests[node].nelem
      && !dfa->nodes[dfa->edests[node].elems[0]].duplicated)
    {
      err = duplicate_node_closure (aTHX_ dfa, node, node, node,
				    dfa->nodes[node].constraint);
      if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	return err;
    }

  /* Expand each epsilon destination nodes.  */
  if (IS_EPSILON_NODE(dfa->nodes[node].type))
    for (i = 0; i < dfa->edests[node].nelem; ++i)
      {
	re_node_set eclosure_elem;
	Idx edest = dfa->edests[node].elems[i];
	/* If calculating the epsilon closure of 'edest' is in progress,
	   return intermediate result.  */
	if (dfa->eclosures[edest].nelem == REG_MISSING)
	  {
	    incomplete = true;
	    continue;
	  }
	/* If we haven't calculated the epsilon closure of 'edest' yet,
	   calculate now. Otherwise use calculated epsilon closure.  */
	if (dfa->eclosures[edest].nelem == 0)
	  {
	    err = calc_eclosure_iter (aTHX_ &eclosure_elem, dfa, edest, false);
	    if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	      return err;
	  }
	else
	  eclosure_elem = dfa->eclosures[edest];
	/* Merge the epsilon closure of 'edest'.  */
	err = re_node_set_merge (aTHX_ &eclosure, &eclosure_elem);
	if (BE (err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	  return err;
	/* If the epsilon closure of 'edest' is incomplete,
	   the epsilon closure of this node is also incomplete.  */
	if (dfa->eclosures[edest].nelem == 0)
	  {
	    incomplete = true;
	    re_node_set_free (&eclosure_elem);
	  }
      }

  /* An epsilon closure includes itself.  */
  ok = re_node_set_insert (aTHX_ &eclosure, node);
  if (BE (! ok, 0))
    return REG_ESPACE;
  if (incomplete && !root)
    dfa->eclosures[node].nelem = 0;
  else
    dfa->eclosures[node] = eclosure;
  *new_set = eclosure;
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Functions for token which are used in the parser.  */

/* Fetch a token from INPUT.
   We must not use this function inside bracket expressions.  */

static void
internal_function
fetch_token (pTHX_ re_token_t *result, re_string_t *input, reg_syntax_t syntax)
{
  re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ input, peek_token (aTHX_ result, input, syntax));
}

/* Peek a token from INPUT, and return the length of the token.
   We must not use this function inside bracket expressions.  */

static int
internal_function
peek_token (pTHX_ re_token_t *token, re_string_t *input, reg_syntax_t syntax)
{
  unsigned char c;

  if (re_string_eoi (input))
    {
      token->type = END_OF_RE;
      return 0;
    }

  c = re_string_peek_byte (aTHX_ input, 0);
  token->opr.c = c;

  token->word_char = 0;
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  token->mb_partial = 0;
  if (input->mb_cur_max > 1 &&
      !re_string_first_byte (input, re_string_cur_idx (input)))
    {
      token->type = CHARACTER;
      token->mb_partial = 1;
      return 1;
    }
#endif
  if (c == '\\')
    {
      unsigned char c2;
      if (re_string_cur_idx (input) + 1 >= re_string_length (aTHX_ input))
	{
	  token->type = BACK_SLASH;
	  return 1;
	}

      c2 = re_string_peek_byte_case (aTHX_ input, 1);
      token->opr.c = c2;
      token->type = CHARACTER;
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      if (input->mb_cur_max > 1)
	{
	  rpl__wint_t wc = re_string_wchar_at (aTHX_ input,
					  re_string_cur_idx (input) + 1);
	  token->word_char = IS_WIDE_WORD_CHAR (wc) != 0;
	}
      else
#endif
	token->word_char = IS_WORD_CHAR (c2) != 0;

      switch (c2)
	{
	case '|':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_LIMITED_OPS) && !(syntax & RE_NO_BK_VBAR))
	    token->type = OP_ALT;
	  break;
	case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5':
	case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_BK_REFS))
	    {
	      token->type = OP_BACK_REF;
	      token->opr.idx = c2 - '1';
	    }
	  break;
	case '<':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    {
	      token->type = ANCHOR;
	      token->opr.ctx_type = WORD_FIRST;
	    }
	  break;
	case '>':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    {
	      token->type = ANCHOR;
	      token->opr.ctx_type = WORD_LAST;
	    }
	  break;
	case 'b':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    {
	      token->type = ANCHOR;
	      token->opr.ctx_type = WORD_DELIM;
	    }
	  break;
	case 'B':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    {
	      token->type = ANCHOR;
	      token->opr.ctx_type = NOT_WORD_DELIM;
	    }
	  break;
	case 'w':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    token->type = OP_WORD;
	  break;
	case 'W':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    token->type = OP_NOTWORD;
	  break;
	case 's':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    token->type = OP_SPACE;
	  break;
	case 'S':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    token->type = OP_NOTSPACE;
	  break;
	case '`':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    {
	      token->type = ANCHOR;
	      token->opr.ctx_type = BUF_FIRST;
	    }
	  break;
	case '\'':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_GNU_OPS))
	    {
	      token->type = ANCHOR;
	      token->opr.ctx_type = BUF_LAST;
	    }
	  break;
	case '(':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_BK_PARENS))
	    token->type = OP_OPEN_SUBEXP;
	  break;
	case ')':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NO_BK_PARENS))
	    token->type = OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP;
	  break;
	case '+':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_LIMITED_OPS) && (syntax & RE_BK_PLUS_QM))
	    token->type = OP_DUP_PLUS;
	  break;
	case '?':
	  if (!(syntax & RE_LIMITED_OPS) && (syntax & RE_BK_PLUS_QM))
	    token->type = OP_DUP_QUESTION;
	  break;
	case '{':
	  if ((syntax & RE_INTERVALS) && (!(syntax & RE_NO_BK_BRACES)))
	    token->type = OP_OPEN_DUP_NUM;
	  break;
	case '}':
	  if ((syntax & RE_INTERVALS) && (!(syntax & RE_NO_BK_BRACES)))
	    token->type = OP_CLOSE_DUP_NUM;
	  break;
	default:
	  break;
	}
      return 2;
    }

  token->type = CHARACTER;
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (input->mb_cur_max > 1)
    {
      rpl__wint_t wc = re_string_wchar_at (aTHX_ input, re_string_cur_idx (input));
      token->word_char = IS_WIDE_WORD_CHAR (wc) != 0;
    }
  else
#endif
    token->word_char = IS_WORD_CHAR (token->opr.c);

  switch (c)
    {
    case '\n':
      if (syntax & RE_NEWLINE_ALT)
	token->type = OP_ALT;
      break;
    case '|':
      if (!(syntax & RE_LIMITED_OPS) && (syntax & RE_NO_BK_VBAR))
	token->type = OP_ALT;
      break;
    case '*':
      token->type = OP_DUP_ASTERISK;
      break;
    case '+':
      if (!(syntax & RE_LIMITED_OPS) && !(syntax & RE_BK_PLUS_QM))
	token->type = OP_DUP_PLUS;
      break;
    case '?':
      if (!(syntax & RE_LIMITED_OPS) && !(syntax & RE_BK_PLUS_QM))
	token->type = OP_DUP_QUESTION;
      break;
    case '{':
      if ((syntax & RE_INTERVALS) && (syntax & RE_NO_BK_BRACES))
	token->type = OP_OPEN_DUP_NUM;
      break;
    case '}':
      if ((syntax & RE_INTERVALS) && (syntax & RE_NO_BK_BRACES))
	token->type = OP_CLOSE_DUP_NUM;
      break;
    case '(':
      if (syntax & RE_NO_BK_PARENS)
	token->type = OP_OPEN_SUBEXP;
      break;
    case ')':
      if (syntax & RE_NO_BK_PARENS)
	token->type = OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP;
      break;
    case '[':
      token->type = OP_OPEN_BRACKET;
      break;
    case '.':
      token->type = OP_PERIOD;
      break;
    case '^':
      if (!(syntax & (RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS | RE_CARET_ANCHORS_HERE)) &&
	  re_string_cur_idx (input) != 0)
	{
	  char prev = re_string_peek_byte (aTHX_ input, -1);
	  if (!(syntax & RE_NEWLINE_ALT) || prev != '\n')
	    break;
	}
      token->type = ANCHOR;
      token->opr.ctx_type = LINE_FIRST;
      break;
    case '$':
      if (!(syntax & RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS) &&
	  re_string_cur_idx (input) + 1 != re_string_length (aTHX_ input))
	{
	  re_token_t next;
	  re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ input, 1);
	  peek_token (aTHX_ &next, input, syntax);
	  re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ input, -1);
	  if (next.type != OP_ALT && next.type != OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP)
	    break;
	}
      token->type = ANCHOR;
      token->opr.ctx_type = LINE_LAST;
      break;
    default:
      break;
    }
  return 1;
}

/* Peek a token from INPUT, and return the length of the token.
   We must not use this function out of bracket expressions.  */

static int
internal_function
peek_token_bracket (pTHX_ re_token_t *token, re_string_t *input, reg_syntax_t syntax)
{
  unsigned char c;
  if (re_string_eoi (input))
    {
      token->type = END_OF_RE;
      return 0;
    }
  c = re_string_peek_byte (aTHX_ input, 0);
  token->opr.c = c;

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (input->mb_cur_max > 1 &&
      !re_string_first_byte (input, re_string_cur_idx (input)))
    {
      token->type = CHARACTER;
      return 1;
    }
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */

  if (c == '\\' && (syntax & RE_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_LISTS)
      && re_string_cur_idx (input) + 1 < re_string_length (input))
    {
      /* In this case, '\' escape a character.  */
      unsigned char c2;
      re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ input, 1);
      c2 = re_string_peek_byte (aTHX_ input, 0);
      token->opr.c = c2;
      token->type = CHARACTER;
      return 1;
    }
  if (c == '[') /* '[' is a special char in a bracket exps.  */
    {
      unsigned char c2;
      int token_len;
      if (re_string_cur_idx (input) + 1 < re_string_length (input))
	c2 = re_string_peek_byte (aTHX_ input, 1);
      else
	c2 = 0;
      token->opr.c = c2;
      token_len = 2;
      switch (c2)
	{
	case '.':
	  token->type = OP_OPEN_COLL_ELEM;
	  break;
	case '=':
	  token->type = OP_OPEN_EQUIV_CLASS;
	  break;
	case ':':
	  if (syntax & RE_CHAR_CLASSES)
	    {
	      token->type = OP_OPEN_CHAR_CLASS;
	      break;
	    }
	  /* else fall through.  */
	default:
	  token->type = CHARACTER;
	  token->opr.c = c;
	  token_len = 1;
	  break;
	}
      return token_len;
    }
  switch (c)
    {
    case '-':
      token->type = OP_CHARSET_RANGE;
      break;
    case ']':
      token->type = OP_CLOSE_BRACKET;
      break;
    case '^':
      token->type = OP_NON_MATCH_LIST;
      break;
    default:
      token->type = CHARACTER;
    }
  return 1;
}

/* Functions for parser.  */

/* Entry point of the parser.
   Parse the regular expression REGEXP and return the structure tree.
   If an error occurs, ERR is set by error code, and return NULL.
   This function build the following tree, from regular expression :
	   CAT
	   / \
	  /   \
     EOR

   CAT means concatenation.
   EOR means end of regular expression.  */

static bin_tree_t *
parse (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg, reg_syntax_t syntax,
       reg_errcode_t *err)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  bin_tree_t *tree, *eor, *root;
  re_token_t current_token;
  dfa->syntax = syntax;
  fetch_token (aTHX_ ¤t_token, regexp, syntax | RE_CARET_ANCHORS_HERE);
  tree = parse_reg_exp (aTHX_ regexp, preg, ¤t_token, syntax, 0, err);
  if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
    return NULL;
  eor = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, END_OF_RE);
  if (tree != NULL)
    root = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, eor, CONCAT);
  else
    root = eor;
  if (BE (eor == NULL || root == NULL, 0))
    {
      *err = REG_ESPACE;
      return NULL;
    }
  return root;
}

/* This function build the following tree, from regular expression
   |:
	   ALT
	   / \
	  /   \


   ALT means alternative, which represents the operator '|'.  */

static bin_tree_t *
parse_reg_exp (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg, re_token_t *token,
	       reg_syntax_t syntax, Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  bin_tree_t *tree, *branch = NULL;
  tree = parse_branch (aTHX_ regexp, preg, token, syntax, nest, err);
  if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
    return NULL;

  while (token->type == OP_ALT)
    {
      fetch_token (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax | RE_CARET_ANCHORS_HERE);
      if (token->type != OP_ALT && token->type != END_OF_RE
	  && (nest == 0 || token->type != OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP))
	{
	  branch = parse_branch (aTHX_ regexp, preg, token, syntax, nest, err);
	  if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && branch == NULL, 0))
	    return NULL;
	}
      else
	branch = NULL;
      tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, branch, OP_ALT);
      if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_ESPACE;
	  return NULL;
	}
    }
  return tree;
}

/* This function build the following tree, from regular expression
   :
	CAT
	/ \
       /   \


   CAT means concatenation.  */

static bin_tree_t *
parse_branch (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg, re_token_t *token,
	      reg_syntax_t syntax, Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err)
{
  bin_tree_t *tree, *expr;
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  tree = parse_expression (aTHX_ regexp, preg, token, syntax, nest, err);
  if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
    return NULL;

  while (token->type != OP_ALT && token->type != END_OF_RE
	 && (nest == 0 || token->type != OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP))
    {
      expr = parse_expression (aTHX_ regexp, preg, token, syntax, nest, err);
      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && expr == NULL, 0))
	{
	  if (tree != NULL)
	    postorder (aTHX_ tree, free_tree, NULL);
	  return NULL;
	}
      if (tree != NULL && expr != NULL)
	{
	  bin_tree_t *newtree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, expr, CONCAT);
	  if (newtree == NULL)
	    {
	      postorder (aTHX_ expr, free_tree, NULL);
	      postorder (aTHX_ tree, free_tree, NULL);
	      *err = REG_ESPACE;
	      return NULL;
	    }
	  tree = newtree;
	}
      else if (tree == NULL)
	tree = expr;
      /* Otherwise expr == NULL, we don't need to create new tree.  */
    }
  return tree;
}

/* This function build the following tree, from regular expression a*:
	 *
	 |
	 a
*/

static bin_tree_t *
parse_expression (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg, re_token_t *token,
		  reg_syntax_t syntax, Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  bin_tree_t *tree;
  switch (token->type)
    {
    case CHARACTER:
      tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
      if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_ESPACE;
	  return NULL;
	}
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      if (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
	{
	  while (!re_string_eoi (regexp)
		 && !re_string_first_byte (regexp, re_string_cur_idx (regexp)))
	    {
	      bin_tree_t *mbc_remain;
	      fetch_token (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);
	      mbc_remain = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
	      tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, mbc_remain, CONCAT);
	      if (BE (mbc_remain == NULL || tree == NULL, 0))
		{
		  *err = REG_ESPACE;
		  return NULL;
		}
	    }
	}
#endif
      break;
    case OP_OPEN_SUBEXP:
      tree = parse_sub_exp (aTHX_ regexp, preg, token, syntax, nest + 1, err);
      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
	return NULL;
      break;
    case OP_OPEN_BRACKET:
      tree = parse_bracket_exp (aTHX_ regexp, dfa, token, syntax, err);
      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
	return NULL;
      break;
    case OP_BACK_REF:
      if (!BE (dfa->completed_bkref_map & (1 << token->opr.idx), 1))
	{
	  *err = REG_ESUBREG;
	  return NULL;
	}
      dfa->used_bkref_map |= 1 << token->opr.idx;
      tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
      if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_ESPACE;
	  return NULL;
	}
      ++dfa->nbackref;
      dfa->has_mb_node = 1;
      break;
    case OP_OPEN_DUP_NUM:
      if (syntax & RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_DUP)
	{
	  *err = REG_BADRPT;
	  return NULL;
	}
      /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case OP_DUP_ASTERISK:
    case OP_DUP_PLUS:
    case OP_DUP_QUESTION:
      if (syntax & RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_OPS)
	{
	  *err = REG_BADRPT;
	  return NULL;
	}
      else if (syntax & RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_OPS)
	{
	  fetch_token (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);
	  return parse_expression (aTHX_ regexp, preg, token, syntax, nest, err);
	}
      /* else fall through  */
    case OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP:
      if ((token->type == OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP) &&
	  !(syntax & RE_UNMATCHED_RIGHT_PAREN_ORD))
	{
	  *err = REG_ERPAREN;
	  return NULL;
	}
      /* else fall through  */
    case OP_CLOSE_DUP_NUM:
      /* We treat it as a normal character.  */

      /* Then we can these characters as normal characters.  */
      token->type = CHARACTER;
      /* mb_partial and word_char bits should be initialized already
	 by peek_token.  */
      tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
      if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_ESPACE;
	  return NULL;
	}
      break;
    case ANCHOR:
      if ((token->opr.ctx_type
	   & (WORD_DELIM | NOT_WORD_DELIM | WORD_FIRST | WORD_LAST))
	  && dfa->word_ops_used == 0)
	init_word_char (aTHX_ dfa);
      if (token->opr.ctx_type == WORD_DELIM
	  || token->opr.ctx_type == NOT_WORD_DELIM)
	{
	  bin_tree_t *tree_first, *tree_last;
	  if (token->opr.ctx_type == WORD_DELIM)
	    {
	      token->opr.ctx_type = WORD_FIRST;
	      tree_first = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
	      token->opr.ctx_type = WORD_LAST;
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      token->opr.ctx_type = INSIDE_WORD;
	      tree_first = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
	      token->opr.ctx_type = INSIDE_NOTWORD;
	    }
	  tree_last = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
	  tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree_first, tree_last, OP_ALT);
	  if (BE (tree_first == NULL || tree_last == NULL || tree == NULL, 0))
	    {
	      *err = REG_ESPACE;
	      return NULL;
	    }
	}
      else
	{
	  tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
	  if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
	    {
	      *err = REG_ESPACE;
	      return NULL;
	    }
	}
      /* We must return here, since ANCHORs can't be followed
	 by repetition operators.
	 eg. RE"^*" is invalid or "",
	     it must not be "".  */
      fetch_token (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);
      return tree;
    case OP_PERIOD:
      tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, token);
      if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_ESPACE;
	  return NULL;
	}
      if (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
	dfa->has_mb_node = 1;
      break;
    case OP_WORD:
    case OP_NOTWORD:
      tree = build_charclass_op (aTHX_ dfa, regexp->trans,
				 "alnum",
				 "_",
				 token->type == OP_NOTWORD, err);
      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
	return NULL;
      break;
    case OP_SPACE:
    case OP_NOTSPACE:
      tree = build_charclass_op (aTHX_ dfa, regexp->trans,
				 "space",
				 "",
				 token->type == OP_NOTSPACE, err);
      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
	return NULL;
      break;
    case OP_ALT:
    case END_OF_RE:
      return NULL;
    case BACK_SLASH:
      *err = REG_EESCAPE;
      return NULL;
    default:
      /* Must not happen?  */
#ifdef DEBUG
      assert (0);
#endif
      return NULL;
    }
  fetch_token (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);

  while (token->type == OP_DUP_ASTERISK || token->type == OP_DUP_PLUS
	 || token->type == OP_DUP_QUESTION || token->type == OP_OPEN_DUP_NUM)
    {
      tree = parse_dup_op (aTHX_ tree, regexp, dfa, token, syntax, err);
      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR && tree == NULL, 0))
	return NULL;
      /* In BRE consecutive duplications are not allowed.  */
      if ((syntax & RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_DUP)
	  && (token->type == OP_DUP_ASTERISK
	      || token->type == OP_OPEN_DUP_NUM))
	{
	  *err = REG_BADRPT;
	  return NULL;
	}
    }

  return tree;
}

/* This function build the following tree, from regular expression
   ():
	 SUBEXP
	    |

*/

static bin_tree_t *
parse_sub_exp (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, regex_t *preg, re_token_t *token,
	       reg_syntax_t syntax, Idx nest, reg_errcode_t *err)
{
  re_dfa_t *dfa = preg->buffer;
  bin_tree_t *tree;
  size_t cur_nsub;
  cur_nsub = preg->re_nsub++;

  fetch_token (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax | RE_CARET_ANCHORS_HERE);

  /* The subexpression may be a null string.  */
  if (token->type == OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP)
    tree = NULL;
  else
    {
      tree = parse_reg_exp (aTHX_ regexp, preg, token, syntax, nest, err);
      if (BE (*err == REG_NOERROR && token->type != OP_CLOSE_SUBEXP, 0))
	{
	  if (tree != NULL)
	    postorder (aTHX_ tree, free_tree, NULL);
	  *err = REG_EPAREN;
	}
      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	return NULL;
    }

  if (cur_nsub <= '9' - '1')
    dfa->completed_bkref_map |= 1 << cur_nsub;

  tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, NULL, SUBEXP);
  if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
    {
      *err = REG_ESPACE;
      return NULL;
    }
  tree->token.opr.idx = cur_nsub;
  return tree;
}

/* This function parse repetition operators like "*", "+", "{1,3}" etc.  */

static bin_tree_t *
parse_dup_op (pTHX_ bin_tree_t *elem, re_string_t *regexp, re_dfa_t *dfa,
	      re_token_t *token, reg_syntax_t syntax, reg_errcode_t *err)
{
  bin_tree_t *tree = NULL, *old_tree = NULL;
  Idx i, start, end, start_idx = re_string_cur_idx (aTHX_ regexp);
  re_token_t start_token = *token;

  if (token->type == OP_OPEN_DUP_NUM)
    {
      end = 0;
      start = fetch_number (aTHX_ regexp, token, syntax);
      if (start == REG_MISSING)
	{
	  if (token->type == CHARACTER && token->opr.c == ',')
	    start = 0; /* We treat "{,m}" as "{0,m}".  */
	  else
	    {
	      *err = REG_BADBR; /* {} is invalid.  */
	      return NULL;
	    }
	}
      if (BE (start != REG_ERROR, 1))
	{
	  /* We treat "{n}" as "{n,n}".  */
	  end = ((token->type == OP_CLOSE_DUP_NUM) ? start
		 : ((token->type == CHARACTER && token->opr.c == ',')
		    ? fetch_number (aTHX_ regexp, token, syntax) : REG_ERROR));
	}
      if (BE (start == REG_ERROR || end == REG_ERROR, 0))
	{
	  /* Invalid sequence.  */
	  if (BE (!(syntax & RE_INVALID_INTERVAL_ORD), 0))
	    {
	      if (token->type == END_OF_RE)
		*err = REG_EBRACE;
	      else
		*err = REG_BADBR;

	      return NULL;
	    }

	  /* If the syntax bit is set, rollback.  */
	  re_string_set_index (regexp, start_idx);
	  *token = start_token;
	  token->type = CHARACTER;
	  /* mb_partial and word_char bits should be already initialized by
	     peek_token.  */
	  return elem;
	}

      if (BE ((end != REG_MISSING && start > end)
	      || token->type != OP_CLOSE_DUP_NUM, 0))
	{
	  /* First number greater than second.  */
	  *err = REG_BADBR;
	  return NULL;
	}

      if (BE (RE_DUP_MAX < (end == REG_MISSING ? start : end), 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_ESIZE;
	  return NULL;
	}
    }
  else
    {
      start = (token->type == OP_DUP_PLUS) ? 1 : 0;
      end = (token->type == OP_DUP_QUESTION) ? 1 : REG_MISSING;
    }

  fetch_token (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);

  if (BE (elem == NULL, 0))
    return NULL;
  if (BE (start == 0 && end == 0, 0))
    {
      postorder (aTHX_ elem, free_tree, NULL);
      return NULL;
    }

  /* Extract "{n,m}" to "...{0,}".  */
  if (BE (start > 0, 0))
    {
      tree = elem;
      for (i = 2; i <= start; ++i)
	{
	  elem = duplicate_tree (aTHX_ elem, dfa);
	  tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, elem, CONCAT);
	  if (BE (elem == NULL || tree == NULL, 0))
	    goto parse_dup_op_espace;
	}

      if (start == end)
	return tree;

      /* Duplicate ELEM before it is marked optional.  */
      elem = duplicate_tree (aTHX_ elem, dfa);
      old_tree = tree;
    }
  else
    old_tree = NULL;

  if (elem->token.type == SUBEXP)
    {
      uintptr_t subidx = elem->token.opr.idx;
      postorder (aTHX_ elem, mark_opt_subexp, (void *) subidx);
    }

  tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, elem, NULL,
		      (end == REG_MISSING ? OP_DUP_ASTERISK : OP_ALT));
  if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
    goto parse_dup_op_espace;

/* From gnulib's "intprops.h":
   True if the arithmetic type T is signed.  */
#define TYPE_SIGNED(t) (! ((t) 0 < (t) -1))

  /* This loop is actually executed only when end != REG_MISSING,
     to rewrite {0,n} as ((...?)?)?...  We have
     already created the start+1-th copy.  */
  if (TYPE_SIGNED (Idx) || end != REG_MISSING)
    for (i = start + 2; i <= end; ++i)
      {
	elem = duplicate_tree (aTHX_ elem, dfa);
	tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, elem, CONCAT);
	if (BE (elem == NULL || tree == NULL, 0))
	  goto parse_dup_op_espace;

	tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, NULL, OP_ALT);
	if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
	  goto parse_dup_op_espace;
      }

  if (old_tree)
    tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, old_tree, tree, CONCAT);

  return tree;

 parse_dup_op_espace:
  *err = REG_ESPACE;
  return NULL;
}

/* Size of the names for collating symbol/equivalence_class/character_class.
   I'm not sure, but maybe enough.  */
#define BRACKET_NAME_BUF_SIZE 32

#ifndef _LIBC
  /* Local function for parse_bracket_exp only used in case of NOT _LIBC.
     Build the range expression which starts from START_ELEM, and ends
     at END_ELEM.  The result are written to MBCSET and SBCSET.
     RANGE_ALLOC is the allocated size of mbcset->range_starts, and
     mbcset->range_ends, is a pointer argument since we may
     update it.  */

static reg_errcode_t
internal_function
# ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
build_range_exp (pTHX_ const reg_syntax_t syntax,
                 bitset_t sbcset,
                 re_charset_t *mbcset,
                 Idx *range_alloc,
                 const bracket_elem_t *start_elem,
                 const bracket_elem_t *end_elem)
# else /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
build_range_exp (pTHX_ const reg_syntax_t syntax,
                 bitset_t sbcset,
                 const bracket_elem_t *start_elem,
                 const bracket_elem_t *end_elem)
# endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
{
  unsigned int start_ch, end_ch;
  /* Equivalence Classes and Character Classes can't be a range start/end.  */
  if (BE (start_elem->type == EQUIV_CLASS || start_elem->type == CHAR_CLASS
	  || end_elem->type == EQUIV_CLASS || end_elem->type == CHAR_CLASS,
	  0))
    return REG_ERANGE;

  /* We can handle no multi character collating elements without libc
     support.  */
  if (BE ((start_elem->type == COLL_SYM
	   && strlen ((char *) start_elem->opr.name) > 1)
	  || (end_elem->type == COLL_SYM
	      && strlen ((char *) end_elem->opr.name) > 1), 0))
    return REG_ECOLLATE;

# ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  {
    rpl__wchar_t wc;
    rpl__wint_t start_wc;
    rpl__wint_t end_wc;

    start_ch = ((start_elem->type == SB_CHAR) ? start_elem->opr.ch
		: ((start_elem->type == COLL_SYM) ? start_elem->opr.name[0]
		   : 0));
    end_ch = ((end_elem->type == SB_CHAR) ? end_elem->opr.ch
	      : ((end_elem->type == COLL_SYM) ? end_elem->opr.name[0]
		 : 0));
    start_wc = ((start_elem->type == SB_CHAR || start_elem->type == COLL_SYM)
		? rpl__btowc (start_ch) : start_elem->opr.wch);
    end_wc = ((end_elem->type == SB_CHAR || end_elem->type == COLL_SYM)
	      ? rpl__btowc (end_ch) : end_elem->opr.wch);
    if (start_wc == rpl__WEOF || end_wc == rpl__WEOF)
      return REG_ECOLLATE;
    else if (BE ((syntax & RE_NO_EMPTY_RANGES) && start_wc > end_wc, 0))
      return REG_ERANGE;

    /* Got valid collation sequence values, add them as a new entry.
       However, for !_LIBC we have no collation elements: if the
       character set is single byte, the single byte character set
       that we build below suffices.  parse_bracket_exp passes
       no MBCSET if dfa->mb_cur_max == 1.  */
    if (mbcset)
      {
	/* Check the space of the arrays.  */
	if (BE (*range_alloc == mbcset->nranges, 0))
	  {
	    /* There is not enough space, need realloc.  */
	    Idx new_nranges;

	    /* +1 in case of mbcset->nranges is 0.  */
	    new_nranges = 2 * mbcset->nranges + 1;
	    /* Use realloc since mbcset->range_starts and mbcset->range_ends
	       are NULL if *range_alloc == 0.  */
	    re_realloc (mbcset->range_starts, rpl__wchar_t, new_nranges);
	    re_realloc (mbcset->range_ends, rpl__wchar_t, new_nranges);
	    *range_alloc = new_nranges;
	  }

	mbcset->range_starts[mbcset->nranges] = start_wc;
	mbcset->range_ends[mbcset->nranges++] = end_wc;
      }

    /* Build the table for single byte characters.  */
    for (wc = 0; wc < SBC_MAX; ++wc)
      {
	if (start_wc <= wc && wc <= end_wc)
	  bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, wc);
      }
  }
# else /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  {
    unsigned int ch;
    start_ch = ((start_elem->type == SB_CHAR ) ? start_elem->opr.ch
		: ((start_elem->type == COLL_SYM) ? start_elem->opr.name[0]
		   : 0));
    end_ch = ((end_elem->type == SB_CHAR ) ? end_elem->opr.ch
	      : ((end_elem->type == COLL_SYM) ? end_elem->opr.name[0]
		 : 0));
    if (start_ch > end_ch)
      return REG_ERANGE;
    /* Build the table for single byte characters.  */
    for (ch = 0; ch < SBC_MAX; ++ch)
      if (start_ch <= ch  && ch <= end_ch)
	bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, ch);
  }
# endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  return REG_NOERROR;
}
#endif /* not _LIBC */

#ifndef _LIBC
/* Helper function for parse_bracket_exp only used in case of NOT _LIBC..
   Build the collating element which is represented by NAME.
   The result are written to MBCSET and SBCSET.
   COLL_SYM_ALLOC is the allocated size of mbcset->coll_sym, is a
   pointer argument since we may update it.  */

static reg_errcode_t
internal_function
# ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
build_collating_symbol (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset, re_charset_t *mbcset,
			Idx *coll_sym_alloc, const unsigned char *name)
# else /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
build_collating_symbol (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset, const unsigned char *name)
# endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
{
  size_t name_len = strlen ((const char *) name);
  if (BE (name_len != 1, 0))
    return REG_ECOLLATE;
  else
    {
      bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, name[0]);
      return REG_NOERROR;
    }
}
#endif /* not _LIBC */

/* This function parse bracket expression like "[abc]", "[a-c]",
   "[[.a-a.]]" etc.  */

static bin_tree_t *
parse_bracket_exp (pTHX_ re_string_t *regexp, re_dfa_t *dfa, re_token_t *token,
		   reg_syntax_t syntax, reg_errcode_t *err)
{
#ifdef _LIBC
  const unsigned char *collseqmb;
  const char *collseqwc;
  uint32_t nrules;
  int32_t table_size;
  const int32_t *symb_table;
  const unsigned char *extra;

  /* Local function for parse_bracket_exp used in _LIBC environment.
     Seek the collating symbol entry corresponding to NAME.
     Return the index of the symbol in the SYMB_TABLE,
     or -1 if not found.  */

  auto inline int32_t
  __attribute__ ((always_inline))
  seek_collating_symbol_entry (const unsigned char *name, size_t name_len)
    {
      int32_t elem;

      for (elem = 0; elem < table_size; elem++)
	if (symb_table[2 * elem] != 0)
	  {
	    int32_t idx = symb_table[2 * elem + 1];
	    /* Skip the name of collating element name.  */
	    idx += 1 + extra[idx];
	    if (/* Compare the length of the name.  */
		name_len == extra[idx]
		/* Compare the name.  */
		&& memcmp (name, &extra[idx + 1], name_len) == 0)
	      /* Yep, this is the entry.  */
	      return elem;
	  }
      return -1;
    }

  /* Local function for parse_bracket_exp used in _LIBC environment.
     Look up the collation sequence value of BR_ELEM.
     Return the value if succeeded, UINT_MAX otherwise.  */

  auto inline unsigned int
  __attribute__ ((always_inline))
  lookup_collation_sequence_value (bracket_elem_t *br_elem)
    {
      if (br_elem->type == SB_CHAR)
	{
	  /*
	  if (rpl__MB_CUR_MAX == 1)
	  */
	  if (nrules == 0)
	    return collseqmb[br_elem->opr.ch];
	  else
	    {
	      rpl__wint_t wc = rpl__btowc (br_elem->opr.ch);
	      return __collseq_table_lookup (collseqwc, wc);
	    }
	}
      else if (br_elem->type == MB_CHAR)
	{
	  if (nrules != 0)
	    return __collseq_table_lookup (collseqwc, br_elem->opr.wch);
	}
      else if (br_elem->type == COLL_SYM)
	{
	  size_t sym_name_len = strlen ((char *) br_elem->opr.name);
	  if (nrules != 0)
	    {
	      int32_t elem, idx;
	      elem = seek_collating_symbol_entry (br_elem->opr.name,
						  sym_name_len);
	      if (elem != -1)
		{
		  /* We found the entry.  */
		  idx = symb_table[2 * elem + 1];
		  /* Skip the name of collating element name.  */
		  idx += 1 + extra[idx];
		  /* Skip the byte sequence of the collating element.  */
		  idx += 1 + extra[idx];
		  /* Adjust for the alignment.  */
		  idx = (idx + 3) & ~3;
		  /* Skip the multibyte collation sequence value.  */
		  idx += sizeof (unsigned int);
		  /* Skip the wide char sequence of the collating element.  */
		  idx += sizeof (unsigned int) *
		    (1 + *(unsigned int *) (extra + idx));
		  /* Return the collation sequence value.  */
		  return *(unsigned int *) (extra + idx);
		}
	      else if (sym_name_len == 1)
		{
		  /* No valid character.  Match it as a single byte
		     character.  */
		  return collseqmb[br_elem->opr.name[0]];
		}
	    }
	  else if (sym_name_len == 1)
	    return collseqmb[br_elem->opr.name[0]];
	}
      return UINT_MAX;
    }

  /* Local function for parse_bracket_exp used in _LIBC environment.
     Build the range expression which starts from START_ELEM, and ends
     at END_ELEM.  The result are written to MBCSET and SBCSET.
     RANGE_ALLOC is the allocated size of mbcset->range_starts, and
     mbcset->range_ends, is a pointer argument since we may
     update it.  */

  auto inline reg_errcode_t
  __attribute__ ((always_inline))
  build_range_exp (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset, re_charset_t *mbcset, int *range_alloc,
		   bracket_elem_t *start_elem, bracket_elem_t *end_elem)
    {
      unsigned int ch;
      uint32_t start_collseq;
      uint32_t end_collseq;

      /* Equivalence Classes and Character Classes can't be a range
	 start/end.  */
      if (BE (start_elem->type == EQUIV_CLASS || start_elem->type == CHAR_CLASS
	      || end_elem->type == EQUIV_CLASS || end_elem->type == CHAR_CLASS,
	      0))
	return REG_ERANGE;

      /* FIXME: Implement rational ranges here, too.  */
      start_collseq = lookup_collation_sequence_value (start_elem);
      end_collseq = lookup_collation_sequence_value (end_elem);
      /* Check start/end collation sequence values.  */
      if (BE (start_collseq == UINT_MAX || end_collseq == UINT_MAX, 0))
	return REG_ECOLLATE;
      if (BE ((syntax & RE_NO_EMPTY_RANGES) && start_collseq > end_collseq, 0))
	return REG_ERANGE;

      /* Got valid collation sequence values, add them as a new entry.
	 However, if we have no collation elements, and the character set
	 is single byte, the single byte character set that we
	 build below suffices. */
      if (nrules > 0 || dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
	{
	  /* Check the space of the arrays.  */
	  if (BE (*range_alloc == mbcset->nranges, 0))
	    {
	      /* There is not enough space, need realloc.  */
	      Idx new_nranges;

	      /* +1 in case of mbcset->nranges is 0.  */
	      new_nranges = 2 * mbcset->nranges + 1;
	      re_realloc (mbcset->range_starts, uint32_t, new_nranges);
	      re_realloc (mbcset->range_ends, uint32_t, new_nranges);
	      *range_alloc = new_nranges;
	    }

	  mbcset->range_starts[mbcset->nranges] = start_collseq;
	  mbcset->range_ends[mbcset->nranges++] = end_collseq;
	}

      /* Build the table for single byte characters.  */
      for (ch = 0; ch < SBC_MAX; ch++)
	{
	  uint32_t ch_collseq;
	  /*
	  if (rpl__MB_CUR_MAX == 1)
	  */
	  if (nrules == 0)
	    ch_collseq = collseqmb[ch];
	  else
	    ch_collseq = __collseq_table_lookup (collseqwc, rpl__btowc (ch));
	  if (start_collseq <= ch_collseq && ch_collseq <= end_collseq)
	    bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, ch);
	}
      return REG_NOERROR;
    }

  /* Local function for parse_bracket_exp used in _LIBC environment.
     Build the collating element which is represented by NAME.
     The result are written to MBCSET and SBCSET.
     COLL_SYM_ALLOC is the allocated size of mbcset->coll_sym, is a
     pointer argument since we may update it.  */

  auto inline reg_errcode_t
  __attribute__ ((always_inline))
  build_collating_symbol (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset, re_charset_t *mbcset,
			  Idx *coll_sym_alloc, const unsigned char *name)
    {
      int32_t elem, idx;
      size_t name_len = strlen ((const char *) name);
      if (nrules != 0)
	{
	  elem = seek_collating_symbol_entry (name, name_len);
	  if (elem != -1)
	    {
	      /* We found the entry.  */
	      idx = symb_table[2 * elem + 1];
	      /* Skip the name of collating element name.  */
	      idx += 1 + extra[idx];
	    }
	  else if (name_len == 1)
	    {
	      /* No valid character, treat it as a normal
		 character.  */
	      bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, name[0]);
	      return REG_NOERROR;
	    }
	  else
	    return REG_ECOLLATE;

	  /* Got valid collation sequence, add it as a new entry.  */
	  /* Check the space of the arrays.  */
	  if (BE (*coll_sym_alloc == mbcset->ncoll_syms, 0))
	    {
	      /* Not enough, realloc it.  */
	      /* +1 in case of mbcset->ncoll_syms is 0.  */
	      Idx new_coll_sym_alloc = 2 * mbcset->ncoll_syms + 1;
	      /* Use realloc since mbcset->coll_syms is NULL
		 if *alloc == 0.  */
	      re_realloc (mbcset->coll_syms, int32_t, new_coll_sym_alloc);
	      *coll_sym_alloc = new_coll_sym_alloc;
	    }
	  mbcset->coll_syms[mbcset->ncoll_syms++] = idx;
	  return REG_NOERROR;
	}
      else
	{
	  if (BE (name_len != 1, 0))
	    return REG_ECOLLATE;
	  else
	    {
	      bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, name[0]);
	      return REG_NOERROR;
	    }
	}
    }
#endif

  re_token_t br_token;
  re_bitset_ptr_t sbcset;
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  re_charset_t *mbcset;
  Idx coll_sym_alloc = 0, range_alloc = 0, mbchar_alloc = 0;
  Idx equiv_class_alloc = 0, char_class_alloc = 0;
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  bool non_match = false;
  bin_tree_t *work_tree;
  int token_len;
  bool first_round = true;
#ifdef _LIBC
  collseqmb = (const unsigned char *)
    _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_COLLSEQMB);
  nrules = _NL_CURRENT_WORD (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_NRULES);
  if (nrules)
    {
      /*
      if (rpl__MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
      */
      collseqwc = _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_COLLSEQWC);
      table_size = _NL_CURRENT_WORD (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_SYMB_HASH_SIZEMB);
      symb_table = (const int32_t *) _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE,
						  _NL_COLLATE_SYMB_TABLEMB);
      extra = (const unsigned char *) _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE,
						   _NL_COLLATE_SYMB_EXTRAMB);
    }
#endif
  re_calloc(sbcset, bitset_word_t, BITSET_WORDS);
  /* sbcset = (re_bitset_ptr_t) calloc (sizeof (bitset_t), 1); */
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  re_calloc(mbcset, re_charset_t, 1);
  /* mbcset = (re_charset_t *) calloc (sizeof (re_charset_t), 1); */
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (BE (sbcset == NULL || mbcset == NULL, 0))
#else
  if (BE (sbcset == NULL, 0))
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
    {
      re_free (sbcset);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      re_free (mbcset);
#endif
      *err = REG_ESPACE;
      return NULL;
    }

  token_len = peek_token_bracket (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);
  if (BE (token->type == END_OF_RE, 0))
    {
      *err = REG_BADPAT;
      goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
    }
  if (token->type == OP_NON_MATCH_LIST)
    {
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      mbcset->non_match = 1;
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
      non_match = true;
      if (syntax & RE_HAT_LISTS_NOT_NEWLINE)
	bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, '\n');
      re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ regexp, token_len); /* Skip a token.  */
      token_len = peek_token_bracket (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);
      if (BE (token->type == END_OF_RE, 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_BADPAT;
	  goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	}
    }

  /* We treat the first ']' as a normal character.  */
  if (token->type == OP_CLOSE_BRACKET)
    token->type = CHARACTER;

  while (1)
    {
      bracket_elem_t start_elem, end_elem;
      unsigned char start_name_buf[BRACKET_NAME_BUF_SIZE];
      unsigned char end_name_buf[BRACKET_NAME_BUF_SIZE];
      reg_errcode_t ret;
      int token_len2 = 0;
      bool is_range_exp = false;
      re_token_t token2;

      start_elem.opr.name = start_name_buf;
      ret = parse_bracket_element (aTHX_ &start_elem, regexp, token, token_len, dfa,
				   syntax, first_round);
      if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	{
	  *err = ret;
	  goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	}
      first_round = false;

      /* Get information about the next token.  We need it in any case.  */
      token_len = peek_token_bracket (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);

      /* Do not check for ranges if we know they are not allowed.  */
      if (start_elem.type != CHAR_CLASS && start_elem.type != EQUIV_CLASS)
	{
	  if (BE (token->type == END_OF_RE, 0))
	    {
	      *err = REG_EBRACK;
	      goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	    }
	  if (token->type == OP_CHARSET_RANGE)
	    {
	      re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ regexp, token_len); /* Skip '-'.  */
	      token_len2 = peek_token_bracket (aTHX_ &token2, regexp, syntax);
	      if (BE (token2.type == END_OF_RE, 0))
		{
		  *err = REG_EBRACK;
		  goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
		}
	      if (token2.type == OP_CLOSE_BRACKET)
		{
		  /* We treat the last '-' as a normal character.  */
		  re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ regexp, -token_len);
		  token->type = CHARACTER;
		}
	      else
		is_range_exp = true;
	    }
	}

      if (is_range_exp == true)
	{
	  end_elem.opr.name = end_name_buf;
	  ret = parse_bracket_element (aTHX_ &end_elem, regexp, &token2, token_len2,
				       dfa, syntax, true);
	  if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	    {
	      *err = ret;
	      goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	    }

	  token_len = peek_token_bracket (aTHX_ token, regexp, syntax);

#ifdef _LIBC
	  *err = build_range_exp (aTHX_ sbcset, mbcset, &range_alloc,
				  &start_elem, &end_elem);
#else
# ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
	  *err = build_range_exp (aTHX_ syntax, sbcset,
				  dfa->mb_cur_max > 1 ? mbcset : NULL,
				  &range_alloc, &start_elem, &end_elem);
# else
	  *err = build_range_exp (aTHX_ syntax, sbcset, &start_elem, &end_elem);
# endif
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
	  if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	    goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	}
      else
	{
	  switch (start_elem.type)
	    {
	    case SB_CHAR:
	      bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, start_elem.opr.ch);
	      break;
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
	    case MB_CHAR:
	      /* Check whether the array has enough space.  */
	      if (BE (mbchar_alloc == mbcset->nmbchars, 0))
		{
		  /* Not enough, realloc it.  */
		  /* +1 in case of mbcset->nmbchars is 0.  */
		  mbchar_alloc = 2 * mbcset->nmbchars + 1;
		  /* Use realloc since array is NULL if *alloc == 0.  */
		  re_realloc (mbcset->mbchars, rpl__wchar_t, mbchar_alloc);
		}
	      mbcset->mbchars[mbcset->nmbchars++] = start_elem.opr.wch;
	      break;
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
	    case EQUIV_CLASS:
	      *err = build_equiv_class (aTHX_ sbcset,
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
					mbcset, &equiv_class_alloc,
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
					start_elem.opr.name);
	      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
		goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	      break;
	    case COLL_SYM:
	      *err = build_collating_symbol (aTHX_ sbcset,
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
					     mbcset, &coll_sym_alloc,
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
					     start_elem.opr.name);
	      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
		goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	      break;
	    case CHAR_CLASS:
	      *err = build_charclass (aTHX_ regexp->trans, sbcset,
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
				      mbcset, &char_class_alloc,
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
				      (const char *) start_elem.opr.name,
				      syntax);
	      if (BE (*err != REG_NOERROR, 0))
	       goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	      break;
	    default:
	      assert (0);
	      break;
	    }
	}
      if (BE (token->type == END_OF_RE, 0))
	{
	  *err = REG_EBRACK;
	  goto parse_bracket_exp_free_return;
	}
      if (token->type == OP_CLOSE_BRACKET)
	break;
    }

  re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ regexp, token_len); /* Skip a token.  */

  /* If it is non-matching list.  */
  if (non_match)
    bitset_not (aTHX_ sbcset);

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  /* Ensure only single byte characters are set.  */
  if (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
    bitset_mask (aTHX_ sbcset, dfa->sb_char);

  if (mbcset->nmbchars || mbcset->ncoll_syms || mbcset->nequiv_classes
      || mbcset->nranges || (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1 && (mbcset->nchar_classes
						     || mbcset->non_match)))
    {
      bin_tree_t *mbc_tree;
      int sbc_idx;
      /* Build a tree for complex bracket.  */
      dfa->has_mb_node = 1;
      br_token.type = COMPLEX_BRACKET;
      br_token.opr.mbcset = mbcset;
      mbc_tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, &br_token);
      if (BE (mbc_tree == NULL, 0))
	goto parse_bracket_exp_espace;
      for (sbc_idx = 0; sbc_idx < BITSET_WORDS; ++sbc_idx)
	if (sbcset[sbc_idx])
	  break;
      /* If there are no bits set in sbcset, there is no point
	 of having both SIMPLE_BRACKET and COMPLEX_BRACKET.  */
      if (sbc_idx < BITSET_WORDS)
	{
	  /* Build a tree for simple bracket.  */
	  br_token.type = SIMPLE_BRACKET;
	  br_token.opr.sbcset = sbcset;
	  work_tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, &br_token);
	  if (BE (work_tree == NULL, 0))
	    goto parse_bracket_exp_espace;

	  /* Then join them by ALT node.  */
	  work_tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, work_tree, mbc_tree, OP_ALT);
	  if (BE (work_tree == NULL, 0))
	    goto parse_bracket_exp_espace;
	}
      else
	{
	  re_free (sbcset);
	  work_tree = mbc_tree;
	}
    }
  else
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
    {
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      free_charset (aTHX_ mbcset);
#endif
      /* Build a tree for simple bracket.  */
      br_token.type = SIMPLE_BRACKET;
      br_token.opr.sbcset = sbcset;
      work_tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, &br_token);
      if (BE (work_tree == NULL, 0))
	goto parse_bracket_exp_espace;
    }
  return work_tree;

 parse_bracket_exp_espace:
  *err = REG_ESPACE;
 parse_bracket_exp_free_return:
  re_free (sbcset);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  free_charset (aTHX_ mbcset);
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  return NULL;
}

/* Parse an element in the bracket expression.  */

static reg_errcode_t
parse_bracket_element (pTHX_ bracket_elem_t *elem, re_string_t *regexp,
		       re_token_t *token, int token_len, re_dfa_t *dfa,
		       reg_syntax_t syntax, bool accept_hyphen)
{
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  int cur_char_size;
  cur_char_size = re_string_char_size_at (aTHX_ regexp, re_string_cur_idx (regexp));
  if (cur_char_size > 1)
    {
      elem->type = MB_CHAR;
      elem->opr.wch = re_string_wchar_at (aTHX_ regexp, re_string_cur_idx (regexp));
      re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ regexp, cur_char_size);
      return REG_NOERROR;
    }
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ regexp, token_len); /* Skip a token.  */
  if (token->type == OP_OPEN_COLL_ELEM || token->type == OP_OPEN_CHAR_CLASS
      || token->type == OP_OPEN_EQUIV_CLASS)
    return parse_bracket_symbol (aTHX_ elem, regexp, token);
  if (BE (token->type == OP_CHARSET_RANGE, 0) && !accept_hyphen)
    {
      /* A '-' must only appear as anything but a range indicator before
	 the closing bracket.  Everything else is an error.  */
      re_token_t token2;
      (void) peek_token_bracket (aTHX_ &token2, regexp, syntax);
      if (token2.type != OP_CLOSE_BRACKET)
	/* The actual error value is not standardized since this whole
	   case is undefined.  But ERANGE makes good sense.  */
	return REG_ERANGE;
    }
  elem->type = SB_CHAR;
  elem->opr.ch = token->opr.c;
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Parse a bracket symbol in the bracket expression.  Bracket symbols are
   such as [::], [..], and
   [==].  */

static reg_errcode_t
parse_bracket_symbol (pTHX_ bracket_elem_t *elem, re_string_t *regexp,
		      re_token_t *token)
{
  unsigned char ch, delim = token->opr.c;
  int i = 0;
  if (re_string_eoi(regexp))
    return REG_EBRACK;
  for (;; ++i)
    {
      if (i >= BRACKET_NAME_BUF_SIZE)
	return REG_EBRACK;
      if (token->type == OP_OPEN_CHAR_CLASS)
	ch = re_string_fetch_byte_case (aTHX_ regexp);
      else
	ch = re_string_fetch_byte (aTHX_ regexp);
      if (re_string_eoi(regexp))
	return REG_EBRACK;
      if (ch == delim && re_string_peek_byte (aTHX_ regexp, 0) == ']')
	break;
      elem->opr.name[i] = ch;
    }
  re_string_skip_bytes (aTHX_ regexp, 1);
  elem->opr.name[i] = '\0';
  switch (token->type)
    {
    case OP_OPEN_COLL_ELEM:
      elem->type = COLL_SYM;
      break;
    case OP_OPEN_EQUIV_CLASS:
      elem->type = EQUIV_CLASS;
      break;
    case OP_OPEN_CHAR_CLASS:
      elem->type = CHAR_CLASS;
      break;
    default:
      break;
    }
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

  /* Helper function for parse_bracket_exp.
     Build the equivalence class which is represented by NAME.
     The result are written to MBCSET and SBCSET.
     EQUIV_CLASS_ALLOC is the allocated size of mbcset->equiv_classes,
     is a pointer argument since we may update it.  */

static reg_errcode_t
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
build_equiv_class (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset, re_charset_t *mbcset,
		   Idx *equiv_class_alloc, const unsigned char *name)
#else /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
build_equiv_class (pTHX_ bitset_t sbcset, const unsigned char *name)
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
{
#ifdef _LIBC
  uint32_t nrules = _NL_CURRENT_WORD (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_NRULES);
  if (nrules != 0)
    {
      const int32_t *table, *indirect;
      const unsigned char *weights, *extra, *cp;
      unsigned char char_buf[2];
      int32_t idx1, idx2;
      unsigned int ch;
      size_t len;
      /* This #include defines a local function!  */
# include
      /* Calculate the index for equivalence class.  */
      cp = name;
      table = (const int32_t *) _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE, _NL_COLLATE_TABLEMB);
      weights = (const unsigned char *) _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE,
					       _NL_COLLATE_WEIGHTMB);
      extra = (const unsigned char *) _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE,
						   _NL_COLLATE_EXTRAMB);
      indirect = (const int32_t *) _NL_CURRENT (LC_COLLATE,
						_NL_COLLATE_INDIRECTMB);
      idx1 = findidx (&cp, -1);
      if (BE (idx1 == 0 || *cp != '\0', 0))
	/* This isn't a valid character.  */
	return REG_ECOLLATE;

      /* Build single byte matching table for this equivalence class.  */
      len = weights[idx1 & 0xffffff];
      for (ch = 0; ch < SBC_MAX; ++ch)
	{
	  char_buf[0] = ch;
	  cp = char_buf;
	  idx2 = findidx (&cp, 1);
/*
	  idx2 = table[ch];
*/
	  if (idx2 == 0)
	    /* This isn't a valid character.  */
	    continue;
	  /* Compare only if the length matches and the collation rule
	     index is the same.  */
	  if (len == weights[idx2 & 0xffffff] && (idx1 >> 24) == (idx2 >> 24))
	    {
	      int cnt = 0;

	      while (cnt <= len &&
		     weights[(idx1 & 0xffffff) + 1 + cnt]
		     == weights[(idx2 & 0xffffff) + 1 + cnt])
		++cnt;

	      if (cnt > len)
		bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, ch);
	    }
	}
      /* Check whether the array has enough space.  */
      if (BE (*equiv_class_alloc == mbcset->nequiv_classes, 0))
	{
	  /* Not enough, realloc it.  */
	  /* +1 in case of mbcset->nequiv_classes is 0.  */
	  Idx new_equiv_class_alloc = 2 * mbcset->nequiv_classes + 1;
	  /* Use realloc since the array is NULL if *alloc == 0.  */
	  re_realloc (mbcset->equiv_classes, int32_t, new_equiv_class_alloc);
	  *equiv_class_alloc = new_equiv_class_alloc;
	}
      mbcset->equiv_classes[mbcset->nequiv_classes++] = idx1;
    }
  else
#endif /* _LIBC */
    {
      if (BE (strlen ((const char *) name) != 1, 0))
	return REG_ECOLLATE;
      bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, *name);
    }
  return REG_NOERROR;
}

  /* Helper function for parse_bracket_exp.
     Build the character class which is represented by NAME.
     The result are written to MBCSET and SBCSET.
     CHAR_CLASS_ALLOC is the allocated size of mbcset->char_classes,
     is a pointer argument since we may update it.  */

static reg_errcode_t
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
build_charclass (pTHX_ RE_TRANSLATE_TYPE trans, bitset_t sbcset,
		 re_charset_t *mbcset, Idx *char_class_alloc,
		 const char *class_name, reg_syntax_t syntax)
#else /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
build_charclass (pTHX_ RE_TRANSLATE_TYPE trans, bitset_t sbcset,
		 const char *class_name, reg_syntax_t syntax)
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
{
  int i;
  const char *name = class_name;

  /* In case of REG_ICASE "upper" and "lower" match the both of
     upper and lower cases.  */
  if ((syntax & RE_ICASE)
      && (strcmp (name, "upper") == 0 || strcmp (name, "lower") == 0))
    name = "alpha";

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  /* Check the space of the arrays.  */
  if (BE (*char_class_alloc == mbcset->nchar_classes, 0))
    {
      /* Not enough, realloc it.  */
      /* +1 in case of mbcset->nchar_classes is 0.  */
      Idx new_char_class_alloc = 2 * mbcset->nchar_classes + 1;
      /* Use realloc since array is NULL if *alloc == 0.  */
      re_realloc (mbcset->char_classes, rpl__wctype_t, new_char_class_alloc);
      *char_class_alloc = new_char_class_alloc;
    }
  mbcset->char_classes[mbcset->nchar_classes++] = rpl__wctype (name);
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */

#define BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP(ctype_func)	\
  do {						\
    if (BE (trans != NULL, 0))			\
      {						\
	for (i = 0; i < SBC_MAX; ++i)		\
	  if (ctype_func (i))                    \
	    bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, trans[i]); \
      }						\
    else					\
      {						\
	for (i = 0; i < SBC_MAX; ++i)		\
	  if (ctype_func (i))                   \
	    bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, i);       \
      }						\
  } while (0)

  if (strcmp (name, "alnum") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isalnum);
  else if (strcmp (name, "cntrl") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__iscntrl);
  else if (strcmp (name, "lower") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__islower);
  else if (strcmp (name, "space") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isspace);
  else if (strcmp (name, "alpha") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isalpha);
  else if (strcmp (name, "digit") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isdigit);
  else if (strcmp (name, "print") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isprint);
  else if (strcmp (name, "upper") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isupper);
  else if (strcmp (name, "blank") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isblank);
  else if (strcmp (name, "graph") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isgraph);
  else if (strcmp (name, "punct") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__ispunct);
  else if (strcmp (name, "xdigit") == 0)
    BUILD_CHARCLASS_LOOP (rpl__isxdigit);
  else
    return REG_ECTYPE;

  return REG_NOERROR;
}

static bin_tree_t *
build_charclass_op (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, RE_TRANSLATE_TYPE trans,
		    const char *class_name,
		    const char *extra, bool non_match,
		    reg_errcode_t *err)
{
  re_bitset_ptr_t sbcset;
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  re_charset_t *mbcset;
  Idx alloc = 0;
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  reg_errcode_t ret;
  re_token_t br_token;
  bin_tree_t *tree;

  re_calloc(sbcset, bitset_word_t, BITSET_WORDS);
  /* sbcset = (re_bitset_ptr_t) calloc (sizeof (bitset_t), 1); */
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  re_calloc(mbcset, re_charset_t, 1);
  /* mbcset = (re_charset_t *) calloc (sizeof (re_charset_t), 1); */
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (BE (sbcset == NULL || mbcset == NULL, 0))
#else /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  if (BE (sbcset == NULL, 0))
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
    {
      *err = REG_ESPACE;
      return NULL;
    }

  if (non_match)
    {
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      mbcset->non_match = 1;
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
    }

  /* We don't care the syntax in this case.  */
  ret = build_charclass (aTHX_ trans, sbcset,
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
			 mbcset, &alloc,
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
			 class_name, 0);

  if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
    {
      re_free (sbcset);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
      free_charset (aTHX_ mbcset);
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
      *err = ret;
      return NULL;
    }
  /* \w match '_' also.  */
  for (; *extra; extra++)
    bitset_set (aTHX_ sbcset, *extra);

  /* If it is non-matching list.  */
  if (non_match)
    bitset_not (aTHX_ sbcset);

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  /* Ensure only single byte characters are set.  */
  if (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
    bitset_mask (aTHX_ sbcset, dfa->sb_char);
#endif

  /* Build a tree for simple bracket.  */
  br_token.type = SIMPLE_BRACKET;
  br_token.opr.sbcset = sbcset;
  tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, &br_token);
  if (BE (tree == NULL, 0))
    goto build_word_op_espace;

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (dfa->mb_cur_max > 1)
    {
      bin_tree_t *mbc_tree;
      /* Build a tree for complex bracket.  */
      br_token.type = COMPLEX_BRACKET;
      br_token.opr.mbcset = mbcset;
      dfa->has_mb_node = 1;
      mbc_tree = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, &br_token);
      if (BE (mbc_tree == NULL, 0))
	goto build_word_op_espace;
      /* Then join them by ALT node.  */
      tree = create_tree (aTHX_ dfa, tree, mbc_tree, OP_ALT);
      if (BE (mbc_tree != NULL, 1))
	return tree;
    }
  else
    {
      free_charset (aTHX_ mbcset);
      return tree;
    }
#else /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  return tree;
#endif /* not RE_ENABLE_I18N */

 build_word_op_espace:
  re_free (sbcset);
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  free_charset (aTHX_ mbcset);
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
  *err = REG_ESPACE;
  return NULL;
}

/* This is intended for the expressions like "a{1,3}".
   Fetch a number from 'input', and return the number.
   Return REG_MISSING if the number field is empty like "{,1}".
   Return RE_DUP_MAX + 1 if the number field is too large.
   Return REG_ERROR if an error occurred.  */

static Idx
fetch_number (pTHX_ re_string_t *input, re_token_t *token, reg_syntax_t syntax)
{
  Idx num = REG_MISSING;
  unsigned char c;
  while (1)
    {
      fetch_token (aTHX_ token, input, syntax);
      c = token->opr.c;
      if (BE (token->type == END_OF_RE, 0))
	return REG_ERROR;
      if (token->type == OP_CLOSE_DUP_NUM || c == ',')
	break;
      num = ((token->type != CHARACTER || c < '0' || '9' < c
	      || num == REG_ERROR)
	     ? REG_ERROR
	     : num == REG_MISSING
	     ? c - '0'
	     : MIN (RE_DUP_MAX + 1, num * 10 + c - '0'));
    }
  return num;
}

#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
static void
free_charset (pTHX_ re_charset_t *cset)
{
  re_free (cset->mbchars);
# ifdef _LIBC
  re_free (cset->coll_syms);
  re_free (cset->equiv_classes);
  re_free (cset->range_starts);
  re_free (cset->range_ends);
# endif
  re_free (cset->char_classes);
  re_free (cset);
}
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */

/* Functions for binary tree operation.  */

/* Create a tree node.  */

static bin_tree_t *
create_tree (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, bin_tree_t *left, bin_tree_t *right,
	     re_token_type_t type)
{
  re_token_t t;
  t.type = type;
  return create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, left, right, &t);
}

static bin_tree_t *
create_token_tree (pTHX_ re_dfa_t *dfa, bin_tree_t *left, bin_tree_t *right,
		   const re_token_t *token)
{
  bin_tree_t *tree;
  if (BE (dfa->str_tree_storage_idx == BIN_TREE_STORAGE_SIZE, 0))
    {
      bin_tree_storage_t *storage;

      re_malloc (storage, bin_tree_storage_t, 1);
      storage->next = dfa->str_tree_storage;
      dfa->str_tree_storage = storage;
      dfa->str_tree_storage_idx = 0;
    }
  tree = &dfa->str_tree_storage->data[dfa->str_tree_storage_idx++];

  tree->parent = NULL;
  tree->left = left;
  tree->right = right;
  tree->token = *token;
  tree->token.duplicated = 0;
  tree->token.opt_subexp = 0;
  tree->first = NULL;
  tree->next = NULL;
  tree->node_idx = REG_MISSING;

  if (left != NULL)
    left->parent = tree;
  if (right != NULL)
    right->parent = tree;
  return tree;
}

/* Mark the tree SRC as an optional subexpression.
   To be called from preorder or postorder.  */

static reg_errcode_t
mark_opt_subexp (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  Idx idx = (uintptr_t) extra;
  if (node->token.type == SUBEXP && node->token.opr.idx == idx)
    node->token.opt_subexp = 1;

  return REG_NOERROR;
}

/* Free the allocated memory inside NODE. */

static void
free_token (pTHX_ re_token_t *node)
{
#ifdef RE_ENABLE_I18N
  if (node->type == COMPLEX_BRACKET && node->duplicated == 0)
    free_charset (aTHX_ node->opr.mbcset);
  else
#endif /* RE_ENABLE_I18N */
    if (node->type == SIMPLE_BRACKET && node->duplicated == 0)
      re_free (node->opr.sbcset);
}

/* Worker function for tree walking.  Free the allocated memory inside NODE
   and its children. */

static reg_errcode_t
free_tree (pTHX_ void *extra, bin_tree_t *node)
{
  free_token (aTHX_ &node->token);
  return REG_NOERROR;
}


/* Duplicate the node SRC, and return new node.  This is a preorder
   visit similar to the one implemented by the generic visitor, but
   we need more infrastructure to maintain two parallel trees --- so,
   it's easier to duplicate.  */

static bin_tree_t *
duplicate_tree (pTHX_ const bin_tree_t *root, re_dfa_t *dfa)
{
  const bin_tree_t *node;
  bin_tree_t *dup_root;
  bin_tree_t **p_new = &dup_root, *dup_node = root->parent;

  for (node = root; ; )
    {
      /* Create a new tree and link it back to the current parent.  */
      *p_new = create_token_tree (aTHX_ dfa, NULL, NULL, &node->token);
      if (*p_new == NULL)
	return NULL;
      (*p_new)->parent = dup_node;
      (*p_new)->token.duplicated = 1;
      dup_node = *p_new;

      /* Go to the left node, or up and to the right.  */
      if (node->left)
	{
	  node = node->left;
	  p_new = &dup_node->left;
	}
      else
	{
	  const bin_tree_t *prev = NULL;
	  while (node->right == prev || node->right == NULL)
	    {
	      prev = node;
	      node = node->parent;
	      dup_node = dup_node->parent;
	      if (!node)
		return dup_root;
	    }
	  node = node->right;
	  p_new = &dup_node->right;
	}
    }
}