File Coverage

blib/lib/Locale/gettext_dumb.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	21	41	51.2
branch	8	8	100.0
condition	8	12	66.6
subroutine	6	16	37.5
pod	0	13	0.0
total	43	90	47.7

#! /bin/false

# vim: set autoindent shiftwidth=4 tabstop=4:

# Pure Perl implementation of Uniforum message translation.
# Copyright (C) 2002-2026 Guido Flohr <[e-mail]>,
# all rights reserved.

# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package Locale::gettext_dumb;

use Locale::gettext_pp;

use vars qw (%EXPORT_TAGS @EXPORT_OK @ISA $VERSION);

%EXPORT_TAGS = (locale_h => [ qw (gettext
                                  dgettext
                                  dcgettext
                                  ngettext
                                  dngettext
                                  dcngettext
                                  pgettext
                                  dpgettext
                                  dcpgettext
                                  npgettext
                                  dnpgettext
                                  dcnpgettext
                                  textdomain
                                  bindtextdomain
                                  bind_textdomain_codeset
                                  )],
                libintl_h => [ qw (LC_CTYPE
                                   LC_NUMERIC
                                   LC_TIME
                                   LC_COLLATE
                                   LC_MONETARY
                                   LC_MESSAGES
                                   LC_ALL)],
                );

@EXPORT_OK = qw (gettext
                 dgettext
                 dcgettext
                 ngettext
                 dngettext
                 dcngettext
                 pgettext
                 dpgettext
                 dcpgettext
                 npgettext
                 dnpgettext
                 dcnpgettext
                 textdomain
                 bindtextdomain
                 bind_textdomain_codeset
                 nl_putenv
                 setlocale
                 LC_CTYPE
                 LC_NUMERIC
                 LC_TIME
                 LC_COLLATE
                 LC_MONETARY
                 LC_MESSAGES
                 LC_ALL);

@ISA = qw (Exporter);

*Locale::gettext_dumb::textdomain = \&Locale::gettext_pp::textdomain;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::bindtextdomain = \&Locale::gettext_pp::bindtextdomain;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::bind_textdomain_codeset =
    \&Locale::gettext_pp::bind_textdomain_codeset;

*Locale::gettext_dumb::nl_putenv = \&Locale::gettext_pp::nl_putenv;

*Locale::gettext_dumb::LC_CTYPE = \&Locale::gettext_pp::LC_CTYPE;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::LC_NUMERIC = \&Locale::gettext_pp::LC_NUMERIC;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::LC_TIME= \&Locale::gettext_pp::LC_TIME;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::LC_COLLATE = \&Locale::gettext_pp::LC_COLLATE;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::LC_MONETARY = \&Locale::gettext_pp::LC_MONETARY;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::LC_MESSAGES = \&Locale::gettext_pp::LC_MESSAGES;
*Locale::gettext_dumb::LC_ALL = \&Locale::gettext_pp::LC_ALL;


sub gettext ($) {
    my ($msgid) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ('', undef, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}

sub dgettext ($$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgid) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}

sub dcgettext ($$$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgid, $category) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}

sub ngettext ($$$) {
    my ($msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ('', undef, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}

sub dngettext ($$$$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}

sub dcngettext ($$$$$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, $category) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, ,
                        $category);
}

sub pgettext ($$) {
    my ($msgctxt, $msgid) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ('', $msgctxt, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}

sub dpgettext ($$$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}

sub dcpgettext($$$$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $category) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}

sub npgettext ($$$$) {
    my ($msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ('', $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}

sub dnpgettext ($$$$$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;

    return dcnpgettext ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}

sub __get_locale() {
    my $locale;

    if (exists $ENV{LANGUAGE} && length $ENV{LANGUAGE}) {
        $locale = $ENV{LANGUAGE};
        $locale =~ s/:.*//s;
    } elsif (exists $ENV{LC_ALL} && length $ENV{LC_ALL}) {
        $locale = $ENV{LC_ALL};
    } elsif (exists $ENV{LANG} && length $ENV{LANG}) {
        $locale = $ENV{LANG};
    } elsif (exists $ENV{LC_MESSAGES} && length $ENV{LC_MESSAGES}) {
        $locale = $ENV{LC_MESSAGES};
    } else {
        $locale = 'C';
    }

    return $locale;
}

sub dcnpgettext ($$$$$$) {
    my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, $category) = @_;

    my $locale = __get_locale;

    return Locale::gettext_pp::_dcnpgettext_impl ($domainname, $msgctxt,
                                                  $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n,
                                                  $category, $locale);
}

sub setlocale($;$) {
	&POSIX::setlocale;
}

1;

__END__

=head1 NAME

Locale::gettext_dumb - Locale unaware Implementation of Uniforum Message Translation

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 use Locale::gettext_dumb qw(:locale_h :libintl_h);

 # Normally, you will not want to include this module directly but this way:
 use Locale::Messages;

 my $selected = Locale::Messages->select_package ('gettext_dumb');

 gettext $msgid;
 dgettext $domainname, $msgid;
 dcgettext $domainname, $msgid, LC_MESSAGES;
 ngettext $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
 dngettext $domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
 dcngettext $domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count, LC_MESSAGES;
 pgettext $msgctxt, $msgid;
 dpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid;
 dcpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, LC_MESSAGES;
 npgettext $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
 dnpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
 dcnpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count, LC_MESSAGES;
 textdomain $domainname;
 bindtextdomain $domainname, $directory;
 bind_textdomain_codeset $domainname, $encoding;
 my $category = LC_CTYPE;
 my $category = LC_NUMERIC;
 my $category = LC_TIME;
 my $category = LC_COLLATE;
 my $category = LC_MONETARY;
 my $category = LC_MESSAGES;
 my $category = LC_ALL;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

B<IMPORTANT!> This module is experimental.  It may not work as described!

The module B<Locale::gettext_dumb> does exactly the same as
Locale::gettext_xs(3pm) or Locale::gettext_pp(3pm).

While both other modules use POSIX::setlocale() to determine the currently
selected locale, this backend only checks the environment variables
LANGUAGE, LANG, LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES (in that order), when it tries to locate
a message catalog (a .mo file).

This class was introduced in libintl-perl 1.22.

=head1 USAGE

This module should not be used for desktop software or scripts run locally.
Why? If you use a message catalog for example in Danish in UTF-8 (da_DA.UTF8)
but the  system locale is set to Russian with KOI8-R (ru_RU.KOI8-R) you
may produce invalid output, either invalid multi-byte sequences or invalid
text, depending on how you look at it.

That will happen, when you mix output from B<Locale::gettext_pp> with
locale-dependent output from the operating system like the contents of
the variable "$!", date and time formatting functions (localtime(),
gmtime(), POSIX::strftime() etc.), number formatting with printf() and
friends, and so on.

A typical usage scenario looks like this:

You have a server application (for example a web application) that is supposed
to display a fixed set of messages in many languages.  If you want to do this
with Locale::gettext_xs(3pm) or Locale::gettext_pp(3pm), you have to install
the locale data for all of those languages.  Otherwise, translating the
messages will not work.

With Locale::gettext_dumb(3pm) you can relax these requirements, and display
messages for all languages that you have mo files for.

On the other hand, you will soon reach limits with this approach.  Almost
any application requires more than bare translation of messages for
localisation.  You want to formatted dates and times, you want to display
numbers in the correct formatting for the selected languages, and you may
want to display system error messages ("$!").

In practice, Locale::gettext_dumb(3pm) is still useful in these scenarios.
Your users will have to live with the fact that the presented output is
in different languages resp. for different locales, when "their" locale
is not installed on your system.

More dangerous is mixing output in different character sets but that can
be easily avoided.  Simply make sure that B<Locale::gettext_dump> uses
UTF-8 (for example by setting the environment variable OUTPUT_CHARSET or
by calling bind_textdomain_codeset()) and make sure that the system locale
also uses UTF-8, for example "en_US.UTF8".  If that fails, switch to a
locale that uses a subset of UTF-8.  In practice that will be US-ASCII, the
character set used by the default locale "C" resp. "POSIX".

Your application will then to a certain extent mix output for different
localisations resp. languages.  But this is completely under your control.

=head1 EXAMPLE

See above! Normally you should not use this module! However, let us assume
you have read the warnings.  In a web application you would do something
like this:

    use Locale::TextDomain qw (com.example.yourapp);
    use Locale::Messages qw (nl_putenv LC_ALL bindtextdomain
                             bind_textdomain_codeset);
    use Locale::Util qw (web_set_locale);
    use POSIX qw (setlocale);

    # First try to switch to the locale requested by the user.  If you
    # know it you can try to pass it to setlocale like this:
    #
    #   my $hardcoded_locale = 'fr_FR.UTF-8';
    #   my $success = POSIX::setlocale (LC_ALL, $hardcoded_locale);
    #
    # However, we try to let libintl-perl do a better job for us:
    my $success = web_set_locale $ENV{HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE},
                                 $ENV{HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET};
    # Note: If your application forces the use of UTF-8 for its output
    # you should pass 'UTF-8' as the second argument to web_set_locale
    # instead of $ENV{HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET}.

    if (!$success) {
        # Did not work.  Switch to the dumb interface of
        # Locale::Messages.
        Locale::Messages->select_package ('gettext_dumb');

        # And try to switch to a default locale:
        if (!setlocale (LC_ALL, 'en_US.UTF-8')) {
            # Still no luck.  Enforce at least US-ASCII:
            setlocale (LC_ALL, 'C');
        }
        bind_textdomain_codeset 'com.example.yourapp', 'utf-8';
    }

If your application forces the usage of UTF-8 you should ignore the environment
variable

=head1 AUTHOR

Copyright (C) 2002-2026 L<Guido Flohr|http://www.guido-flohr.net/>
(L<mailto:[e-mail]>), all rights reserved.  See the source
code for details!code for details!

=head1 SEE ALSO

Locale::TextDomain(3pm), Locale::Messages(3pm), Encode(3pm),
perllocale(3pm), POSIX(3pm), perl(1), gettext(1), gettext(3)

=cut

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