File Coverage

blib/lib/PDL/IO/CSV.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	279	479	58.2
branch	105	274	38.3
condition	21	88	23.8
subroutine	33	38	86.8
pod	4	4	100.0
total	442	883	50.0

package PDL::IO::CSV;

use strict;
use warnings;

require Exporter;
our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
our @EXPORT_OK   = qw(rcsv1D rcsv2D wcsv1D wcsv2D);
our %EXPORT_TAGS = (all => \@EXPORT_OK);

our $VERSION = '0.010';

use Config;
use constant NO64BITINT => ($Config{ivsize} < 8) ? 1 : 0;
use constant NODATETIME => eval { require PDL::DateTime; require Time::Moment; 1 } ? 0 : 1;
use constant DEBUG      => $ENV{PDL_IO_CSV_DEBUG} ? 1 : 0;

use PDL;
use Text::CSV_XS;
use Scalar::Util qw(looks_like_number openhandle blessed);
use POSIX qw();
use Time::Piece;

use Carp;
$Carp::Internal{ (__PACKAGE__) }++;

sub import {
  my $package = shift;
  {
    no strict 'refs';
    *{'PDL::wcsv2D'} = \&wcsv2D if grep { /^(:all|wcsv2D)$/ } @_;
    *{'PDL::wcsv1D'} = \&wcsv1D if grep { /^(:all|wcsv1D)$/ } @_;
  }
  __PACKAGE__->export_to_level(1, $package, @_) if @_;
}

my %pck = (
  byte     => "C",
  short    => "s",
  ushort   => "S",
  long     => "l",
  longlong => "q",
  float    => "f",
  double   => "d",
);

sub wcsv1D {
  my ($fh, $O, $C) = _proc_wargs('1D', @_);

  my $cols = 0;
  my $rows = 0;
  my @c_pdl;
  my @c_rows;
  my @c_type;
  my @c_size;
  my @c_pack;
  my @c_dataref;
  my @c_offset;
  my @c_max_offset;
  my @c_bad;

  my $bad2empty = $O->{bad2empty};

  while (blessed $_[0] && $_[0]->isa('PDL')) {
    $c_pdl[$cols] = shift;
    croak "FATAL: wcsv1D() expects 1D piddles" unless $c_pdl[$cols]->ndims == 1;
    $c_size[$cols]       = PDL::Core::howbig($c_pdl[$cols]->get_datatype);
    $c_dataref[$cols]    = $c_pdl[$cols]->get_dataref;
    $c_offset[$cols]     = 0;
    my $type             = $c_pdl[$cols]->type;
    my $dim              = $c_pdl[$cols]->dim(0);
    $c_pack[$cols]       = $pck{$type};
    croak "FATAL: your perl does not support 64bitint (avoid using type longlong)" if $c_pack[$cols] eq 'q' && NO64BITINT;
    $c_max_offset[$cols] = $c_size[$cols] * $dim;
    $rows = $dim if $rows < $dim;
    if ($bad2empty && $c_pdl[$cols]->check_badflag) {
      my $b = pdl($type, 1)->setbadif(1);
      my $d = $b->get_dataref;
      $c_bad[$cols] = substr($$d, 0, $c_size[$cols]); # raw bytes representind BAD value
    }
    $cols++;
  }

  my $csv = Text::CSV_XS->new($C) or croak "" . Text::CSV_XS->error_diag();
  if ($O->{header}) {
    my $count = scalar @{$O->{header}};
    croak "FATAL: wrong header (expected $cols items, got $count)" if $cols != $count;
    $csv->print($fh, $O->{header});
  }
  for my $r (0..$rows-1) {
    my @v = ('') x $cols;
    for my $c (0..$cols-1) {
      if ($c_max_offset[$c] >= $c_offset[$c]) {
        if ($bad2empty && $c_bad[$c]) {
          my $v = substr(${$c_dataref[$c]}, $c_offset[$c], $c_size[$c]);
          if ($v ne $c_bad[$c]) {
            $v[$c] = unpack($c_pack[$c], $v);
            $v[$c] = PDL::DateTime::ll2dt($v[$c]) if ref $c_pdl[$c] eq 'PDL::DateTime';
          }
        }
        else {
          my $v = substr(${$c_dataref[$c]}, $c_offset[$c], $c_size[$c]);
          $v[$c] = unpack($c_pack[$c], $v);
          $v[$c] = PDL::DateTime::ll2dt($v[$c]) if ref $c_pdl[$c] eq 'PDL::DateTime';
        }
      }
      $c_offset[$c] += $c_size[$c];
    }
    $csv->print($fh, \@v);
  }
  #XXX close $fh;
}

sub wcsv2D {
  my $pdl = shift;
  my ($fh, $O, $C) = _proc_wargs('2D', @_);

  croak "FATAL: wcsv2D() expects 2D piddle" unless $pdl->ndims == 2;
  my $p = $pdl->transpose;

  my ($cols, $rows) = $p->dims;
  my $type = $p->type;
  my $size = PDL::Core::howbig($p->get_datatype);
  my $packC = $pck{$type} . "[$cols]";
  my $pack1 = $pck{$type};
  croak "FATAL: your perl does not support 64bitint (avoid using type longlong)" if $pck{$type} eq 'q' && NO64BITINT;
  my $dataref = $p->get_dataref;
  my $offset = 0;
  my $colsize = $size * $cols;
  my $max_offset = $colsize * ($rows - 1);
  my $bad;
  if ($O->{bad2empty} && $p->check_badflag) {
    my $b = pdl($type, 1)->setbadif(1);
    my $d = $b->get_dataref;
    $bad = substr($$d, 0, $size); # raw bytes representind BAD value
  }

  my $csv = Text::CSV_XS->new($C) or croak "" . Text::CSV_XS->error_diag();
  if ($O->{header}) {
    my $n = scalar @{$O->{header}};
    croak "FATAL: wrong header (expected $cols items, got $n)" if $cols != $n;
    $csv->print($fh, $O->{header});
  }
  while ($offset <= $max_offset) {
    if (defined $bad) {
      my @v = map { my $v = substr($$dataref, $offset + $_*$size, $size); $v eq $bad ? '' : unpack($pack1, $v) } (0..$cols-1);
      $csv->print($fh, \@v);
    }
    else {
      my @v = unpack($packC, substr($$dataref, $offset, $colsize));
      $csv->print($fh, \@v);
    }
    $offset += $colsize;
  }
  #XXX close $fh;
}

sub rcsv1D {
  my ($fh, $coli, $O, $C) = _proc_rargs('1D', @_);

  my ($c_type, $c_pack, $c_sizeof, $c_pdl, $c_bad, $c_dataref, $c_idx, $c_dt, $allocated, $cols); # initialize after we get 1st line

  my $csv = Text::CSV_XS->new($C) or croak "" . Text::CSV_XS->error_diag();
  my $processed = 0;
  my $finished = 0;
  my $chunk = $O->{fetch_chunk};
  my $empty2bad = $O->{empty2bad};
  my $text2bad  = $O->{text2bad};
  my $dec_comma = $O->{decimal_comma};

  warn "Fetching 1D " . _dbg_msg($O, $C) . "\n" if $O->{debug};
  # skip headers
  my $headerline;
  my $headerdetection;
  if (looks_like_number($O->{header})) {
    if ($O->{header} == 1) {
      # get the header line (only if skipping exactly 1 line)
      $headerline = $csv->getline($fh);
    }
    else {
      $csv->getline($fh) for (1..$O->{header});
    }
  }
  elsif ($O->{header} && $O->{header} eq 'auto') {
    $headerdetection = 1;
  }

  while (!$finished) {
    my $rows = 0;
    my @bytes;
    my $r;
    while ($rows < $chunk) {
      my $r = $csv->getline($fh);
      if (defined $r) {
        if (defined $headerdetection) {
          my $numeric = 0;
          for (@$r) {
            if (looks_like_number($_)) {
              $numeric++;
            }
            elsif (!NODATETIME) {
              my $v = $O->{strptime} ? _strptime($_, $O->{strptime}) : PDL::DateTime::dt2ll($_);
              $numeric++ if defined $v;
            }
          }
          if ($numeric == 0) {
            # no numeric values found => skip this line but keep it as a potential header
            $headerline = $r;
            next;
          }
          $headerdetection = undef;
        }
        unless (defined $c_type) {
          ($c_type, $c_pack, $c_sizeof, $c_pdl, $c_bad, $c_dataref, $c_idx, $c_dt, $allocated, $cols) = _init_1D($coli, $r, $O);
          warn "Initialized size=$allocated, cols=$cols, type=".join(",",@$c_type)."\n" if $O->{debug};
        }
        if ($dec_comma) {
          for (@$r) { s/,/./ if defined $_ };
        }
        if ($empty2bad) {
          if (defined $coli) {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              my $i = $coli->[$_];
              unless (defined $r->[$i]) { $r->[$i] = $c_bad->[$_]; $c_pdl->[$_]->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
          else {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              unless (defined $r->[$_]) { $r->[$_] = $c_bad->[$_]; $c_pdl->[$_]->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
        }
        if (defined $c_dt) {
          for (0..$cols-1) {
            next unless defined $c_dt->[$_];
            my $v = $c_dt->[$_] ne 'datetime' ? _strptime($r->[$_], $c_dt->[$_]) : PDL::DateTime::dt2ll($r->[$_]);
            if (defined $v) {
              $r->[$_] = $v;
            }
            else {
              $r->[$_] = $c_bad->[$_];
              $c_pdl->[$_]->badflag(1);
            }
          }
        }
        if ($text2bad) {
          if (defined $coli) {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              my $i = $coli->[$_];
              unless (looks_like_number($r->[$i])) { $r->[$i] = $c_bad->[$_]; $c_pdl->[$_]->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
          else {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              unless (looks_like_number($r->[$_])) { $r->[$_] = $c_bad->[$_]; $c_pdl->[$_]->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
        }
        if (defined $coli) { # only selected columns
          no warnings 'pack'; # intentionally disable all pack related warnings
          no warnings 'numeric'; # disable: Argument ??? isn't numeric in pack
          no warnings 'uninitialized'; # disable: Use of uninitialized value in pack
          $bytes[$_] .= pack($c_pack->[$_], $r->[$coli->[$_]]) for (0..$cols-1);
        }
        else { # all columns
          no warnings 'pack'; # intentionally disable all pack related warnings
          no warnings 'numeric'; # disable: Argument ??? isn't numeric in pack
          no warnings 'uninitialized'; # disable: Use of uninitialized value in pack
          $bytes[$_] .= pack($c_pack->[$_], $r->[$_]) for (0..$cols-1);
        }
        $rows++;
      }
      else {
        $finished = 1;
        last;
      }
    }
    if ($rows > 0) {
      $processed += $rows;
      if ($allocated < $processed) {
        $allocated += $O->{reshape_inc};
        warn "Reshape to: '$allocated'\n" if $O->{debug};
        for (0..$cols-1) {
          $c_pdl->[$_]->reshape($allocated);
          $c_dataref->[$_] = $c_pdl->[$_]->get_dataref;
        }
      }
      for my $ci (0..$cols-1) {
        my $len = length $bytes[$ci];
        my $expected_len = $c_sizeof->[$ci] * $rows;
        croak "FATAL: len mismatch $len != $expected_len" if $len != $expected_len;
        substr(${$c_dataref->[$ci]}, $c_idx->[$ci], $len) = $bytes[$ci];
        $c_idx->[$ci] += $expected_len;
      }
    }
  }

  #XXX close $fh;
  if (ref $c_pdl eq 'ARRAY') {
    if ($processed != $allocated) {
      warn "Reshape to: '$processed' (final)\n" if $O->{debug};
      $c_pdl->[$_]->reshape($processed) for (0..$cols-1);
    }
    $c_pdl->[$_]->upd_data for (0..$cols-1);
    if (ref $headerline eq 'ARRAY') {
      for (0..$cols-1) {
        $c_pdl->[$_]->hdr->{col_name} = $headerline->[$_] if $headerline->[$_] && $headerline->[$_] ne '';
      };
    }
    return @$c_pdl;
  }

  warn "rcsv1D: no data\n";
  return undef;
}

sub rcsv2D {
  my ($fh, $coli, $O, $C) = _proc_rargs('2D', @_);

  my ($c_type, $c_pack, $c_sizeof, $c_pdl, $c_bad, $c_dataref, $allocated, $cols);

  my $csv = Text::CSV_XS->new($C) or croak "" . Text::CSV_XS->error_diag();
  my $processed = 0;
  my $c_idx = 0;
  my $finished;
  my $pck;
  my $chunk = $O->{fetch_chunk};
  my $empty2bad = $O->{empty2bad};
  my $text2bad  = $O->{text2bad};
  my $dec_comma = $O->{decimal_comma};
  my $bcount = 0;

  warn "Fetching 2D " . _dbg_msg($O, $C) . "\n" if $O->{debug};
  # skip headers
  $csv->getline($fh) for (1..$O->{header});
  while (!$finished) {
    my $bytes = '';
    my $rows = 0;
    while ($rows < $chunk) {
      my $r = $csv->getline($fh);
      if (defined $r) {
        unless (defined $pck) {
          ($c_type, $c_pack, $c_sizeof, $c_pdl, $c_bad, $c_dataref, $allocated, $cols) = _init_2D($coli, scalar @$r, $O);
          warn "Initialized size=$allocated, cols=$cols, type=$c_type\n" if $O->{debug};
          $pck = "$c_pack\[$cols\]";
          next if $O->{header};
        }
        if ($dec_comma) {
          for (@$r) { s/,/./ if defined $_ };
        }
        if ($empty2bad) {
          if (defined $coli) {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              my $i = $coli->[$_];
              unless (defined $r->[$i]) { $r->[$i] = $c_bad; $c_pdl->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
          else {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              unless (defined $r->[$_]) { $r->[$_] = $c_bad; $c_pdl->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
        }
        if ($text2bad) {
          if (defined $coli) {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              my $i = $coli->[$_];
              unless (looks_like_number($r->[$i])) { $r->[$i] = $c_bad; $c_pdl->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
          else {
            for (0..$cols-1) {
              unless (looks_like_number($r->[$_])) { $r->[$_] = $c_bad; $c_pdl->badflag(1) }
            }
          }
        }
        if (defined $coli) { # only selected columns
          no warnings 'pack'; # intentionally disable all pack related warnings
          no warnings 'numeric'; # disable: Argument ??? isn't numeric in pack
          no warnings 'uninitialized'; # disable: Use of uninitialized value in pack
          $bytes .= pack($pck, map { $r->[$_] } @$coli);
        }
        else { # all columns
          no warnings 'pack'; # intentionally disable all pack related warnings
          no warnings 'numeric'; # disable: Argument ??? isn't numeric in pack
          no warnings 'uninitialized'; # disable: Use of uninitialized value in pack
          $bytes .= pack($pck, @$r);
        }
        $rows++;
      }
      else {
        $finished = 1;
        last;
      }
    }
    if ($rows > 0) {
      $processed += $rows;
      if ($allocated < $processed) {
        $allocated += $O->{reshape_inc};
        warn "Reshaping to $allocated\n" if $O->{debug};
        $c_pdl->reshape($cols, $allocated);
        $c_dataref = $c_pdl->get_dataref;
      }
      my $len = length $bytes;
      my $expected_len = $c_sizeof * $cols * $rows;
      croak "FATAL: len mismatch $len != $expected_len" if $len != $expected_len;
      substr($$c_dataref, $c_idx, $len) = $bytes;
      $c_idx += $len;
    }
  }

  #XXX close $fh;

  if (blessed $c_pdl && $c_pdl->isa('PDL')) {
    if ($processed != $allocated) {
      warn "Reshaping to $processed (final)\n" if $O->{debug};
      $c_pdl->reshape($cols, $processed); # allocate the exact size
    }
    $c_pdl->upd_data;
    return $c_pdl->transpose;
  }

  warn "rcsv2D: no data\n";
  return undef;
}

sub _dbg_msg {
  my ($O, $C) = @_;
  sprintf "chunk=%s, reshape=%s, bad=%s/%s, sep_char='%s'",
        $O->{fetch_chunk} ||= '?',
        $O->{reshape_inc} ||= '?',
        $O->{empty2bad}   ||= '?',
        $O->{text2bad}    ||= '?',
        $C->{sep_char}    ||= '?';
}

sub _proc_wargs {
  my $options        = ref $_[-1] eq 'HASH' ? pop : {};
  my $filename_or_fh = !blessed $_[-1] || !$_[-1]->isa('PDL') ? pop : undef;
  my $fn = shift;

  my $C = { %$options }; # make a copy

  my @keys = qw/ debug header bad2empty encoding /;
  my $O = { map { $_ => delete $C->{$_} } @keys };
  $O->{debug}     = DEBUG unless defined $O->{debug};
  $O->{bad2empty} = 1     unless defined $O->{bad2empty};
  $O->{header}    = ($fn eq '1D' ? 'auto' : 0) if !defined $O->{header};

  # explicitely set
  $C->{sep_char} = ','  unless defined $C->{sep_char};
  $C->{eol}      = "\n" unless defined $C->{eol};

  if (defined $O->{header}) {
    croak "FATAL: header should be arrayref" unless ref $O->{header} eq 'ARRAY' || $O->{header} eq 'auto';
    if ($O->{header} eq 'auto') {
      my @n;
      my $count = 0;
      for (@_) {
        push @n, my $n = $_->hdr->{col_name};
        $count++ if defined $n;
      }
      $O->{header} = $count > 0 ? \@n : undef;
    }
  }

  my $fh;
  if (!defined $filename_or_fh) {
    $fh = \*STDOUT;
  }
  elsif (openhandle($filename_or_fh)) {
    $fh = $filename_or_fh;
  }
  else {
    open $fh, ">", $filename_or_fh or croak "$filename_or_fh: $!";
  }
  binmode $fh, $O->{encoding} if $O->{encoding};

  return ($fh, $O, $C);
}

sub _proc_rargs {
  my $options = ref $_[-1] eq 'HASH' ? pop : {};
  my ($fn, $filename_or_fh, $coli) = @_;

  croak "FATAL: invalid column ids" if defined $coli && ref $coli ne 'ARRAY';
  croak "FATAL: invalid filename"   unless defined $filename_or_fh;
  my $C = { %$options }; # make a copy

  # get options related to this module the rest will be passed to Text::CSV_XS
  my @keys = qw/ reshape_inc fetch_chunk type debug empty2bad text2bad header decimal_comma encoding detect_datetime /;
  my $O = { map { $_ => delete $C->{$_} } @keys };
  $O->{fetch_chunk} ||= 40_000;
  $O->{reshape_inc} ||= 80_000;
  $O->{type}        ||= ($fn eq '1D' ? 'auto' : double);
  $O->{header}      ||= ($fn eq '1D' ? 'auto' : 0);
  if (!NODATETIME) {
    $O->{detect_datetime} = 1 if !defined $O->{detect_datetime};
    if ($O->{detect_datetime} =~ /%/) {
      $O->{strptime} = $O->{detect_datetime};
      $O->{detect_datetime} = 1;
    }
  }
  $O->{debug} = DEBUG unless defined $O->{debug};

  # reshape_inc cannot be lower than fetch_chunk
  $O->{reshape_inc} = $O->{fetch_chunk} if $O->{reshape_inc} < $O->{fetch_chunk};

  # explicitely set column separator default
  $C->{sep_char} = ',' unless defined $C->{sep_char};

  # empty2bad implies some Text::CSV_XS extra options
  if ($O->{empty2bad}) {
    $C->{blank_is_undef} = 1;
    $C->{empty_is_undef} = 1;
  }

  croak "FATAL: cannot use decimal_comma + sep_char ','" if $O->{decimal_comma} && $C->{sep_char} eq ',';

  my $fh;
  if (openhandle($filename_or_fh)) {
    $fh = $filename_or_fh;
  }
  else {
    open $fh, "<", $filename_or_fh or croak "$filename_or_fh: $!";
  }
  binmode $fh, $O->{encoding} if $O->{encoding};

  return ($fh, $coli, $O, $C);
}

sub _init_1D {
  my ($coli, $firstline, $O) = @_;
  my $colcount = scalar @$firstline;
  my $cols;
  if (!defined $coli) {    # take all columns
    $cols = $colcount;
  }
  else {
    $cols = scalar @$coli;
    ($_<0 || $_>$colcount) and croak "FATAL: invalid column '$_' (column count=$colcount)" for (@$coli);
  }
  croak "FATAL: invalid column count" unless $cols && $cols > 0 && $cols <= $colcount;

  my @c_type;
  my @c_pack;
  my @c_sizeof;
  my @c_pdl;
  my @c_bad;
  my @c_dataref;
  my @c_idx;

  if (ref $O->{type} eq 'ARRAY') {
    $c_type[$_] = $O->{type}->[$_] for (0..$cols-1);
  }
  else {
    $c_type[$_] = $O->{type} for (0..$cols-1);
  }

  my @c_dt;
  for (0..$cols-1) {
    if (!defined $c_type[$_] || $c_type[$_] eq 'auto') {
      $c_type[$_] = undef;
      if ($O->{detect_datetime}) {
        croak "PDL::DateTime not installed" if NODATETIME;
        my $v = $O->{strptime} ? _strptime($firstline->[$_], $O->{strptime}) : PDL::DateTime::dt2ll($firstline->[$_]);
        if (defined $v) {
          $c_dt[$_] = $O->{strptime} ? $O->{strptime} : 'datetime';
          $c_type[$_] = longlong;
        }
      }
    }
    elsif ($c_type[$_] eq 'datetime') {
      croak "PDL::DateTime not installed" if NODATETIME;
      $c_dt[$_] = 'datetime';
      $c_type[$_] = longlong;
    }
    elsif ($c_type[$_] =~ /%/) {
      $c_dt[$_] = $c_type[$_]; # strptime format
      $c_type[$_] = longlong;
    }
    $c_type[$_] = double if !$c_type[$_];
  }

  my $allocated = $O->{reshape_inc};
  for (0..$cols-1) {
    $c_type[$_] = double if !defined $c_type[$_];
    $c_pack[$_] = $pck{$c_type[$_]};
    croak "FATAL: your perl does not support 64bitint (avoid using type longlong)" if $c_pack[$_] eq 'q' && NO64BITINT;
    croak "FATAL: invalid type '$c_type[$_]' for column $_" if !$c_pack[$_];
    $c_sizeof[$_] = length pack($c_pack[$_], 1);
    $c_pdl[$_] = $c_dt[$_] ? PDL::DateTime->new(zeroes(longlong, $allocated)) : zeroes($c_type[$_], $allocated);
    $c_dataref[$_] = $c_pdl[$_]->get_dataref;
    $c_bad[$_] = $c_pdl[$_]->badvalue;
    $c_idx[$_] = 0;
    my $big = PDL::Core::howbig($c_pdl[$_]->get_datatype);
    croak "FATAL: column $_ mismatch (type=$c_type[$_], sizeof=$c_sizeof[$_], big=$big)" if $big != $c_sizeof[$_];
  }

  return (\@c_type, \@c_pack, \@c_sizeof, \@c_pdl, \@c_bad, \@c_dataref, \@c_idx, (@c_dt > 0 ? \@c_dt : undef), $allocated, $cols);
}

sub _init_2D {
  my ($coli, $colcount, $O) = @_;

  my $cols;
  if (!defined $coli) {    # take all columns
    $cols = $colcount;
  }
  else {
    $cols = scalar @$coli;
    ($_<0 || $_>$colcount) and croak "FATAL: invalid column '$_' (column count=$colcount)" for (@$coli);
  }
  croak "FATAL: invalid column count" unless $cols && $cols > 0 && $cols <= $colcount;

  my $c_type = $O->{type};
  my $c_pack = $pck{$c_type};
  croak "FATAL: your perl does not support 64bitint (avoid using type longlong)" if $c_pack eq 'q' && NO64BITINT;
  croak "FATAL: invalid type '$c_type' for column $_" if !$c_pack;

  my $allocated = $O->{reshape_inc};
  my $c_sizeof = length pack($c_pack, 1);
  my $c_pdl = zeroes($c_type, $cols, $allocated);
  my $c_dataref = $c_pdl->get_dataref;
  my $c_bad = $c_pdl->badvalue;

  my $big = PDL::Core::howbig($c_pdl->get_datatype);
  croak "FATAL: column $_ size mismatch (type=$c_type, sizeof=$c_sizeof, big=$big)" if $big != $c_sizeof;

  return ($c_type, $c_pack, $c_sizeof, $c_pdl, $c_bad, $c_dataref, $allocated, $cols);
}

sub _strptime {
  my ($string, $format) = @_;
  return eval { int POSIX::floor(Time::Piece->strptime($string, $format)->epoch * 1_000_000 + 0.5) };
}

1;

__END__