File Coverage

blib/lib/Lingua/Zompist/Cuezi.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	66	298	22.1
branch	47	250	18.8
condition	11	180	6.1
subroutine	6	16	37.5
pod	7	13	53.8
total	137	757	18.1

package Lingua::Zompist::Cuezi;
# vim:set sw=2 et encoding=utf-8 fileencoding=utf-8 keymap=cuezi:

use 5.005;
use strict;

require Exporter;
use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS %verb);
@ISA = qw(Exporter);

# Items to export into callers namespace by default. Note: do not export
# names by default without a very good reason. Use EXPORT_OK instead.
# Do not simply export all your public functions/methods/constants.

# This allows declaration	use Lingua::Zompist::Cuezi ':all';
# If you do not need this, moving things directly into @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK
# will save memory.
%EXPORT_TAGS = (
  'all' => [ qw(
    %verb
    inf
    part
    noun
    root
    adj
    comp
    comb
  ) ],
);

@EXPORT_OK = ( @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{'all'} } );

@EXPORT = qw(

);
$VERSION = '0.01';


my @persons = qw(sēo/sēi led/lei tāu/tāi tazū/letazū māux cayū);

my @cases = qw(nom gen acc dat abl ins);

my @numbers = qw(sing pl);

my @genders = qw(masc neut fem);

my $voiced    = qr/[bdgvzmn]/;  # stops don't assimilate before laterals l r,
                                # according to Mark
my $unvoiced  = qr/[ptcfsx]/;
my $consonant = qr/[ptcbdgfsxvzmnlr]/;
my $stop      = qr/[ptcbdg]/;
my $vstop     = qr/[bdg]/;
my $ustop     = qr/[ptc]/;
my $labial    = qr/[mbpl]/;
my $dental    = qr/[tdcgx]/;
my $vowel     = qr/[aeiou]/;
my $anyvowel  = qr/(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/;
my $vlong     = qr/(?:ā|ē|ī|ō|ū)/;
my $vcirc     = qr/(?:â|ê|î|ô|û)/;
my $alteri    = qr/[tcgx]/;
my $altere    = qr/[tcg]/;
my $altered   = qr/[syc]/;

my %voiced = (
  'p' => 'b',
  't' => 'd',
  'c' => 'g',
  'f' => 'v',
  's' => 'z',
);

my %unvoiced = reverse %voiced;

my %alter = (
  't' => 's',
  'c' => 's',
  'g' => 'y',
  'x' => 'c',
);

# change root to...
my %rootchange = (
  s => {
    'orbesiu' => 'c',  # noun
    'lusi' => 't',     # noun
    'brisê' => 't',    # verb
    'babrisê' => 't',  # verb
    'cammisi' => 'c',  # adjective
    'dosi' => 't',     # noun
    'lācasi' => 't',   # noun
    'lusi' => 't',     # noun
    'pīsi' => 't',     # verb
    'bapīsi' => 't',   # verb
    'pose' => 't',     # adjective
    'rāsi' => 't',     # noun
    'ruyise' => 't',   # adjective
    'salese' => 't',   # verb
    'basalese' => 't', # verb
    'sāsi' => 'c',     # verb
    'basāsi' => 'c',   # verb
    'xosê' => 't',     # verb
    'baxosê' => 't',   # verb
  },
  y => {
    'bêyi' => 'g',     # verb
    'babêyi' => 'g',   # verb
    'clāye' => 'g',    # verb
    'baclāye' => 'g',  # verb
    'creyê' => 'g',    # verb
    'bacreyê' => 'g',  # verb
    'drayê' => 'g',    # verb
    'badrayê' => 'g',  # verb
    'exdrayê' => 'g',  # verb
    'baexdrayê' => 'g',# verb
    'fabēyi' => 'g',   # verb
    'bafabēyi' => 'g', # verb
    'usayi' => 'g',    # noun
    'xlayê' => 'g',    # verb
    'baxlayê' => 'g',  # verb
    'yayê' => 'g',     # verb
    'bayayê' => 'g',   # verb
  },
  c => {
    '' => 'x',
  },
);


# Which conjugation is a specific verb?

my %conj = (
  'alirê' => 1,
  'ambrozâ' => 2,
  'aviê' => 1,
  'ayisâ' => 2,
  'bâ' => 2,
  'babrivori' => 4,
  'bamoêli' => 4,
  'banilerê' => 3,
  'bapomi' => 4,
  'barīdi' => 4,
  'bēre' => 1,
  'bēse' => 1,
  'bêti' => 4,
  'bêyi' => 4,
  'brinâ' => 2,
  'brisê' => 3,
  'brosivê' => 1,
  'brozâ' => 2,
  'būga' => 2,      # before front vowels: ūg --> ūi! (TODO)
  'cadi' => 4,
  'cāpi' => 4,
  'cāurê' => 1,
  'cisi' => 4,
  'civê' => 1,
  'clāye' => 5,     # y --> g
  'coêli' => 4,
  'cōli' => 4,      # cīli is a misconversion, according to Mark
  'cranivê' => 1,
  'crêsi' => 4,
  'creyê' => 3,     # y --> g
  'curi' => 4,
  'dâ' => 2,
  'dei' => 4,
  'diazami' => 4,
  'drâcê' => 3,
  'dralāda' => 2,
  'drayê' => 3,     # y --> g
  'drogâ' => 2,     # g -> y TODO
  'drouvê' => 1,
  'duli' => 4,
  'duni' => 4,
  'duntracê' => 3,
  'êcuri' => 4,
  'embesê' => 1,    # this has a question mark in the document
# 'esc' => 2,
  'exdrayê' => 1,   # y --> g
  'fabēyi' => 4,
  'fāsi' => 4,
  'faleriê' => 3,
  'fi' => 4,
  'fūra' => 2,
  'gāema' => 2,
  'gâsi' => 4,
  'gobrinâ' => 2,
  'gocivê' => 1,
  'gocuri' => 4,
# 'goes' => 2,      # conjugates like esc
  'golôdi' => 4,
  'îcâ' => 2,
  'lāda' => 2,
  'lanê' => 1,
  'lerê' => 3,
  'lerisuê' => 3,
  'lûre' => 5,
  'lūve' => 1,
  'mê' => 1,
  'mētuda' => 2,
  'mētulerê' => 3,
  'missê' => 1,
  'mizida' => 2,
  'mûstolê' => 3,
  'nalerê' => 3,
  'namâsiê' => 3,
  'natēre' => 5,
  'nîê' => 3,
  'nizanê' => 3,
  'nōue' => 5,
  'nure' => 5,
# 'ogonê' => 'P',   # passive voice only
  'ōibâ' => 2,      # or ōiba? It's from ōi + bâ
  'ōicopa' => 2,
  'ōinote' => 5,
  'ōisizi' => 4,
# 'omê' => 'P',     # passive voice only; < mê (1)
# 'onê' => 'P',     # passive voice only
  'ori' => 4,
  'pelê' => 1,
  'pêtâ' => 2,
  'pisi' => 4,
  'pīsi' => 4,
  'rēne' => 3,
  'rêsê' => 3,
  'retê' => 3,
  'ridi' => 4,
  'ripâ' => 2,
  'risoni' => 4,
  'rīxa' => 2,      # x --> c  TODO?
  'rōci' => 4,
  'rusê' => 1,
  'sālāda' => 2,
  'salese' => 5,    # s --> t  TODO
  'sāsi' => 4,
  'selirê' => '1',
  'sile' => 5,
  'sisi' => 4,
  'sizi' => 4,
  'sofusê' => 3,
  'somâ' => 2,
  'sonure' => 5,
  'sûduni' => 4,
  'sulāda' => 2,
  'sûmissê' => 1,
  'sunutāne' => 3,
  'sunōibâ' => 2,
  'taige' => 5,
  'tâsi' => 4,
  'tēre' => 5,
# 'ties' => 2,      # conjugates like esc
  'tolê' => 3,
  'tôsê' => 3,
  'usāle' => 3,
  'utāne' => 3,
  'vissê' => 1,
  'vissivê' => 1,
  'vûne' => 3,
  'xēcuvissê' => 1, # or xēcuvisse? < xēcu + vissê
  'xlayê' => 1,     # y --> g
  'xosê' => 1,      # s --> t  TODO
  'yayê' => 3,      # y --> g
  'zamêrê' => 3,
  'zicuê' => 3,
  'zīde' => 3,
);


# And now, the gigantic horror structure that is the Cuêzi verb!

# the actual structure itself.
%verb = (
  normal => {
    active => {
      perfect => {
        definite => {
          present => sub {
            # normal active perfect definite present
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return [ qw( sāi sēi ê zāmo zāzi zota ) ] if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āo ēo e ōmo ōzi ota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$//;
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āi ēi e āmo āzi ota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āi ēi e āmo āzi itu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$//;
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āu ēu i umo uzi itu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$//;
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āu ēu e umo uzi uta ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            for(@$table) {
              # change root consonant before -e and -i
              # except when preceded by another consonant or a circumflexed vowel
              if(/$alteri(?:i(?:tu)?)$/o
                 && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:i(?:tu)?)$/o) {
                s/($alteri)(?=(?:i(?:tu)?)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              if(/$altere(?:e|ē[oiu])$/o
                 && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:e|ē[oiu])$/o) {
                s/($altere)(?=(?:e|ē[oiu])$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }

              # restore original root consonant before -a -o -u
              if(/([syc])(?:ō(?:mo|zi)|ota|ā(?:[oiu]|mo|zi)|u(?:mo|zi|ta))$/
                 && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
              {
                s/([syc])(?=(?:ō(?:mo|zi)|ota|ā(?:[oiu]|mo|zi)|u(?:mo|zi|ta))$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
              }
            }

            return $table;
          },
          past => sub {
            # normal active perfect definite past
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
            return [ qw( sio sio sā sōmo sōzi sītu ) ] if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( iu iu ū ūmo ūzi ūta ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$//;
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( io io ā ōmo ōzi ītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( io io ā ōmo ōzi ītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$//;
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ie ie ē ēmo ēzi ītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$//;
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ie ie ē ēmo ēzi ītu ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            for(@$table) {
              # change root consonant before -e and -i
              # except when preceded by another consonant or a circumflexed vowel
              # iu io ie ē ēmo ēzi ītu
              if(/$alteri(?:i[uoe]|ītu)$/o
                 && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:i[uoe]|ītu)$/o) {
                s/($alteri)(?=(?:i[uoe]|ītu)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              if(/$altere(?:ē(?:mo|zi)?)$/o
                 && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:ē(?:mo|zi)?)$/o) {
                s/($altere)(?=(?:ē(?:mo|zi)?)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }

              # restore original root consonant before -a -o -u
              # ū ūmo ūzi ūta ōmo ōzi ā
              if(/([syc])(?:ō(?:mo|zi)|ā|ū(?:mo|zi|ta)?)$/
                 && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
              {
                s/([syc])(?=(?:ō(?:mo|zi)|ā|ū(?:mo|zi|ta)?)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
              }
            }

            return $table;
          },
          'past anterior' => sub {
            # normal active perfect definite past anterior
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($conj, $verb, $stem) = (2, 'zâ', 'zâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( iu iu ū ūmo ūzi ūta ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( io io ā ōmo ōzi ītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( io io ā ōmo ōzi ītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$/ir/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:ir)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:ir)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=ir$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ie ie ē ēmo ēzi ītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ie ie ē ēmo ēzi ītu ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            return $table;
          },
          future => sub {
            # normal active perfect definite future
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($conj, $verb, $stem) = (2, 'zâ', 'zâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āo ēo e ōmo ōzi ota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$/al/;
              if($stem =~ /([syc])al$/
                 && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
              {
                $stem =~ s/([syc])(?=al$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āi ēi e āmo āzi ota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āi ēi e āmo āzi itu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āu ēu i umo uzi itu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āu ēu e umo uzi uta ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            return $table;
          },
        },
        remote => {
          present => sub {
            # normal active perfect remote present
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return [ qw( zetāu zesēu zesê zetumi zetezi zesitu ) ] if $verb eq 'esc';

            # esc is nearly regular, except for zesê instead of zesi.
            # ($conj, $verb, $stem) = (4, 'zi', 'zi') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # This is -etīmo and -etīzi in the document, but they are
              # misconversions of -ō- according to Mark.
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( etāo esēo ese etōmo etōzi etota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ināi inēi ine ināmo ināzi inota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ināi inēi ine ināmo ināzi initu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( etāu esēu esi etumo etuzi esitu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( etāu esēu ese etumo etuzi etuta ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            return $table;
          },
          past => sub {
            # normal active perfect remote past
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($conj, $verb, $stem) = (4, 'zi', 'zi') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( esiu esiu etū etūmo etūzi etūta ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( inio inio inā inōmo inōzi inītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( inio inio inā inōmo inōzi inītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( esie esie esē esēmo esēzi esītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$//;
              if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( esie esie esē esēmo esēzi esītu ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            return $table;
          },
          'past anterior' => sub {
            # normal active perfect remote past anterior
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($conj, $verb, $stem) = (4, 'zi', 'zi') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( esiu esiu etū etūmo etūzi etūta ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( inio inio inā inōmo inōzi inītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( inio inio inā inōmo inōzi inītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$/ir/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:ir)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:ir)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=ir$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( esie esie esē esēmo esēzi esītu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$/er/;
              if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( esie esie esē esēmo esēzi esītu ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            return $table;
          },
          future => sub {
            # normal active perfect remote future
            my($verb, $conj) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($conj, $verb, $stem) = (4, 'zi', 'zi') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Try to look up the conjugation if we're supposed to guess
            $conj ||= $conj{$verb};

            # Do we still not know? Try to guess from the ending
            # This only works for conjugations 2 (â a) and 4 (i)
            # -e could be any of 1 3 5; -ê either of 1 3
            unless(defined $conj) {
              if($verb =~ m/(?:â|a)$/) {
                $conj = 2;
              } elsif($verb =~ m/i$/) {
                $conj = 4;
              } else {
                return;
              }
            }

            if($conj == 1) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( etāo esēo ese etōmo etōzi etota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 2) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:â|a)$/al/;
              if($stem =~ /([syc])al$/
                 && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
              {
                $stem =~ s/([syc])(?=al$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ināi inēi ine ināmo ināzi inota ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 3) {
              $stem =~ s/(?:ê|e)$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ināi inēi ine ināmo ināzi initu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 4) {
              $stem =~ s/i$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( etāu esēu esi etumo etuzi esitu ) ];
            } elsif($conj == 5) {
              $stem =~ s/e$/il/;
              if($stem =~ /$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                $stem =~ s/($alteri)(?=il$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }
              $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( etāu esēu ese etumo etuzi etuta ) ];
            } else {
              return;
            }

            return $table;
          },
        },
      },
      imperfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&imperfect,
          past => \&imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&imperfect,
          future => \&imperfect,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&imperfect,
          past => \&imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&imperfect,
          future => \&imperfect,
        },
      },
    },
    passive => {
      perfect => {
        definite => {
          present => sub {
            # normal passive perfect definite present
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            # TODO - Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            # (All passive forms are affected)

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āl ēl el mal sal tal ) ];

            for(@$table) {
              # change root consonant before -e
              # except when preceded by another consonant or a circumflexed vowel
              if(/$altere(?:el|ēl)$/o
                 && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:el|ēl)$/o) {
                s/($altere)(?=(?:el|ēl)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }

              # restore original root consonant before -ā or consonant
              if(/([syc])(?:āl|[mst]al)$/
                 && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
              {
                s/([syc])(?=(?:āl|[mst]al)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
              }
            }

            return $table;
          },
          past => sub {
            # normal passive perfect definite past
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( il il āl mul sul tul ) ];

            for(@$table) {
              # change root consonant before -i
              # except when preceded by another consonant or a circumflexed vowel
              if(/$alteri(?:il)$/o
                 && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:il)$/o) {
                s/($alteri)(?=(?:il)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }

              # restore original root consonant before -ā or consonant
              if(/([syc])(?:āl|[mst]ul)$/
                 && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
              {
                s/([syc])(?=(?:āl|[mst]ul)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
              }
            }

            return $table;
          },
          'past anterior' => sub {
            # normal passive perfect definite past anterior
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
              s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( eril eril erāl ermul erzul erdul ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          future => sub {
            # normal passive perfect definite future
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            if($stem =~ /([syc])$/
               && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
            {
              $stem =~ s/([syc])(?=$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( alāl alēl alel almal alzal aldal ) ];

            return $table;
          },
        },
        remote => {
          present => sub {
            # normal passive perfect remote present
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            if($stem =~ /$alteri$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)$/o) {
              s/($alteri)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ināl inēl inel imal izal idal ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          past => sub {
            # normal passive perfect remote past
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            if($stem =~ /$alteri$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)$/o) {
              s/($alteri)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( inil inil ināl imul izul idul ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          'past anterior' => sub {
            # normal passive perfect remote past anterior
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            if($stem =~ /$altere$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)$/o) {
              s/($altere)(?=$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( erinil erinil erināl erimul erizul eridul ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          future => sub {
            # normal passive perfect remote future
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            return if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
            $stem =~ s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';

            # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
            $stem =~ s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || $stem =~ s/^/o/;

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$//;

            if($stem =~ /([syc])$/
               && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
            {
              $stem =~ s/([syc])(?=$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( alināl alinēl alinel alimal alizal alidal ) ];

            return $table;
          },
        },
      },
      imperfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&passive_imperfect,
          past => \&passive_imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&passive_imperfect,
          future => \&passive_imperfect,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&passive_imperfect,
          past => \&passive_imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&passive_imperfect,
          future => \&passive_imperfect,
        },
      },
    },
  },
  causative => {
    active => {
      perfect => {
        definite => {
          present => sub {
            # causative active perfect definite present
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$//;

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            for(@$table) {
              # change root consonant before -i
              # except when preceded by another consonant or a circumflexed vowel
              if(/$alteri(?:ī(?:mo|z[iu]))$/o
                 && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:ī(?:mo|z[iu]))$/o) {
                s/($alteri)(?=(?:ī(?:mo|z[iu]))$)/$alter{$1}/o;
              }

              # restore original root consonant before -u
              if(/([syc])(?:ū|u)$/
                 && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
              {
                s/([syc])(?=(?:ū|u)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
              }
            }

            return $table;
          },
          past => sub {
            # causative active perfect definite past
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$/eb/;

            if($stem =~ /$altere(?:eb)$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:eb)$/o) {
              $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=eb$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          'past anterior' => sub {
            # causative active perfect definite past anterior
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$/er/;

            if($stem =~ /$altere(?:er)$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:er)$/o) {
              $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=er$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          future => sub {
            # causative active perfect definite future
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$/al/;

            if($stem =~ /([syc])(?:al)$/
               && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
            {
              $stem =~ s/([syc])(?=(?:al)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            return $table;
          },
        },
        remote => {
          present => sub {
            # causative active perfect remote present
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$/et/;

            if($stem =~ /$altere(?:et)$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:et)$/o) {
              $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=et$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          past => sub {
            # causative active perfect remote past
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$/eseb/;

            if($stem =~ /$altere(?:eseb)$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:eseb)$/o) {
              $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=eseb$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          'past anterior' => sub {
            # causative active perfect remote past anterior
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$/eser/;

            if($stem =~ /$altere(?:eser)$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:eser)$/o) {
              $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=eser$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            return $table;
          },
          future => sub {
            # causative active perfect remote future
            my($verb) = @_;
            my $stem = $verb;
            my $table;

            ($verb, $stem) = ('ezâ', 'ezâ') if $verb eq 'esc';

            # Delete the final vowel
            $stem =~ s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î|û)$/etal/;

            if($stem =~ /$altere(?:etal)$/o
               && $stem !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:etal)$/o) {
              $stem =~ s/($altere)(?=etal$)/$alter{$1}/o;
            }

            $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ū ū u īmo īzi īzu ) ];

            return $table;
          },
        },
      },
      imperfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&causative_imperfect,
          past => \&causative_imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&causative_imperfect,
          future => \&causative_imperfect,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&causative_imperfect,
          past => \&causative_imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&causative_imperfect,
          future => \&causative_imperfect,
        },
      },
    },
    passive => {
      perfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&causative_passive_perfect,
          past => \&causative_passive_perfect,
          'past anterior' => \&causative_passive_perfect,
          future => \&causative_passive_perfect,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&causative_passive_perfect,
          past => \&causative_passive_perfect,
          'past anterior' => \&causative_passive_perfect,
          future => \&causative_passive_perfect,
        },
      },
      imperfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&causative_imperfect,
          past => \&causative_imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&causative_imperfect,
          future => \&causative_imperfect,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&causative_imperfect,
          past => \&causative_imperfect,
          'past anterior' => \&causative_imperfect,
          future => \&causative_imperfect,
        },
      },
    },
  },
  inceptive => {
    active => {
      perfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
      },
      imperfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
      },
    },
    passive => {
      perfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
      },
      imperfect => {
        definite => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
        remote => {
          present => \&inceptive,
          past => \&inceptive,
          'past anterior' => \&inceptive,
          future => \&inceptive,
        },
      },
    },
  },
);


sub imperfect {
  # normal active imperfect
  my($verb, $conj, $info) = @_;
  my $orig = $verb;
  my $table;

  if($verb eq 'esc'
#     && $info->{type}  eq 'normal'
#     && $info->{voice} eq 'active'
#     && $info->{mood}  eq 'definite'
  ) {
#    if($info->{tense} eq 'present') {
#      return [ qw( fuāi fuēi fuē fuāmo fuāzu fuota ) ];
#    } elsif($info->{tense} eq 'past') {
#      # īmo īzi are misconversions, according to Mark
#      return [ qw( fuio fuio fuā fuōmo fuōzi fuītu ) ];
#    }
    ($conj, $verb) = (2, 'fuâ');
  }

  # form the normal active perfect tense
  $table = $verb{$info->{type}}
             -> {$info->{voice}}
             -> {perfect}
             -> {$info->{mood}}
             -> {$info->{tense}}
             -> ($verb, $conj, { %$info, aspect => 'perfect' });

  return unless defined $table;

  # imperfect of 'esc' looks like the perfect of 'fuâ'
  # so don't make any changes from here on
  return $table if $orig eq 'esc';

  # change -mo to -bo in I.pl., except for present and
  # past definite
  $table->[3] =~ s/mo$/bo/
    unless     $info->{mood} eq 'definite'
           && (   $info->{tense} eq 'present'
               || $info->{tense} eq 'past');

  # add a final -r -r -re -r -r -r
  for(@$table) {
    $_ .= 'r';
  }
  $table->[2] .= 'e';

  return $table;
};

sub passive_imperfect {
  # normal passive imperfect
  my($verb, $conj, $info) = @_;
  my $table;

  return if $verb eq 'esc';

  # form the normal passive perfect tense
  $table = $verb{$info->{type}}
             -> {$info->{voice}}
             -> {perfect}
             -> {$info->{mood}}
             -> {$info->{tense}}
             -> ($verb, $conj, { %$info, aspect => 'perfect' });

  return unless defined $table;

  # Change the final -l to -r
  for(@$table) {
    s/l$/r/;
  }
  # Should III.sg. end in -r or -re?
  # $table->[2] .= 'e';
  # Mark says it shouldn't.

  return $table;
};

sub causative_imperfect {
  # causative (active or passive) imperfect
  my($verb, $conj, $info) = @_;
  my $table;

  # form the causative perfect tense
  $table = $verb{$info->{type}}
             -> {$info->{voice}}
             -> {perfect}
             -> {$info->{mood}}
             -> {$info->{tense}}
             -> ($verb, $conj, { %$info, aspect => 'perfect' });

  return unless defined $table;

  # Add final -r/-re (for active) or change final -l to -r (for passive)
  if($info->{voice} eq 'active') {
    for(@$table) {
      $_ .= 'r';
    }
    $table->[2] .= 'e';
  } elsif($info->{voice} eq 'passive') {
    for(@$table) {
      s/l$/r/;
    }
  } else {
    return;
  }

  return $table;
};

sub causative_passive_perfect {
  # causative passive perfect
  my($verb, $conj, $info) = @_;
  my $table;

  return if $verb eq 'esc';

  # form the causative active perfect tense
  $table = $verb{$info->{type}}
             -> {active}
             -> {$info->{aspect}}
             -> {$info->{mood}}
             -> {$info->{tense}}
             -> ($verb, $conj, { %$info, voice => 'active' });

  return unless defined $table;

  # Replace an initial vowel with o-, or add an o-
  # Suffix an -l
  for(@$table) {
    s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || s/^/o/;
    s/$/l/;

    # Passive root of xuêsi is oxês- not oxuês-
    s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi';
  }

  return $table;
}

sub inceptive {
  # inceptive (active or passive) (perfect or imperfect)
  my($verb, $conj, $info) = @_;
  my $table;

  if($verb eq 'esc') {
    # form the normal tense
    $table = $verb{normal}
               -> {$info->{voice}}
               -> {$info->{aspect}}
               -> {$info->{mood}}
               -> {$info->{tense}}
               -> ($verb, $conj, { %$info, type => 'normal' });

    # and add 'ba'
    for(@$table) {
      s/^/ba/;
    }

    return $table;
  }

  if($info->{aspect} eq 'perfect') {
    # Add 'ba' or change 'o-' to 'oba-'
    if($verb eq 'ogonî' ||
       $verb eq 'omî' ||
       $verb eq 'onî') {
      substr($verb, 1, 0) = 'ba';
    } else {
      substr($verb, 0, 0) = 'ba';
    }

    # form the normal tense
    $table = $verb{normal}
               -> {$info->{voice}}
               -> {$info->{aspect}}
               -> {$info->{mood}}
               -> {$info->{tense}}
               -> ($verb, $conj, { %$info, type => 'normal' });
  } elsif($info->{aspect} eq 'imperfect') {
    # form the perfect form
    # (this will result in a recursive call to this function)
    $table = $verb{$info->{type}}
               -> {$info->{voice}}
               -> {perfect}
               -> {$info->{mood}}
               -> {$info->{tense}}
               -> ($verb, $conj, { %$info, aspect => 'perfect' });
  } else {
    return;
  }

  return unless defined $table;

  if($info->{aspect} eq 'perfect') {
    # Remove final vowel if there are two
    # (only active; perfect passive is exactly the same as normal)
    if($info->{voice} eq 'active') {
      for(@$table) {
        s/([aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)$/$1/;
      }
    }
  } elsif($info->{aspect} eq 'imperfect') {
    # Add final -r/-re (for active) or change final -l to -r (for passive)
    if($info->{voice} eq 'active') {
      for(@$table) {
        $_ .= 'r';
      }
      $table->[2] .= 'e';
    } elsif($info->{voice} eq 'passive') {
      for(@$table) {
        s/l$/r/;
      }
    } else {
      return;
    }
  } else {
    return;
  }

  return $table;
};


sub inf {
  my $verb = shift;
  my($active, $passive, $causative, $inceptive, $incpass);

  # active infinitive is simply the base form,
  # except for passive-only and causative-only verbs
  $active = $verb unless $verb eq 'ogonî'
                      || $verb eq 'omî'
                      || $verb eq 'onî'
                      || $verb eq 'ēxlûrtû'
                       ;

  # passive infinitive is o- + root + -i (with long vowel) or -î (otherwise)
  # except for causative-only verbs
  if($verb ne 'ēxlûrtû') {
    for($passive = $verb) {
      s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || s/^/o/;
      s/(?:[eai]|ê|â)$/î/;
      s/î$/i/ if /(?:ā|ē|ī|ō|ū)/;

      s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';
    }
  }

  # causative infinitive is -û or -u, except esc --> ezû
  if($verb eq 'esc') {
    $causative = 'ezû';
  } elsif($verb eq 'ēxlûrtû') {
    $causative = $verb;
  } else {
    for($causative = $verb) {
      s/(?:[eai]|ê|â)$/û/;
      s/û$/u/ if /(?:ā|ē|ī|ō|ū)/;
    }
  }

  # inceptive active infinitive is ba- + normal infinitive,
  # except for passive-only and causative-only verbs, which have none
  if($verb ne 'ēxlûrtû'
     && $verb ne 'ogonî'
     && $verb ne 'omî'
     && $verb ne 'onî'
  ) {
    for($inceptive = $verb) {
      s/^/ba/;
    }
  }

  # inceptive passive infinitive is oba- + normal infinitive + i^/i,
  # except for passive-only (oba-) and causative-only (none) verbs
  if($verb ne 'ēxlûrtû') {
    for($incpass = $verb) {
      s/^ogonî$/obagonî/ ||
      s/^omî$/obamî/ ||
      s/^onî$/obanî/ ||
      s/^/oba/;
      s/(?:[eai]|ê|â)$/î/;
      s/î$/i/ if /(?:ā|ē|ī|ō|ū)/;

      s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';
    }
  }

  return wantarray ? ($active, $passive, $causative, $inceptive, $incpass)
                   : {
                       active => $active,
                       passive => $passive,
                       causative => $causative,
                       inceptive => $inceptive,
                       incpass => $incpass,
                     };
}


sub part {
  my $verb = shift;

  my($active, $passive, $agent, $causative) = ($verb) x 4;

  # esc forms its participles from the root ez-,
  # and it's nominally 2nd declension in -â.
  ($active, $passive, $agent, $causative) = ('ezâ') x 4 if $verb eq 'esc';

  if($verb eq 'ogonî' ||
     $verb eq 'omî' ||
     $verb eq 'onî' ||
     $verb eq 'ēxlûrtû'
  ) {
    $active = undef;
  } else {
    # active is e- + root + -eto
    # e- changes to am- before b
    # ee- and eê- both go to ē-
    for($active) {
      s/^b/amb/ || s/^e/ē/ || s/^ê/ē/ || s/^/e/;
      s/(?:[eai]|ê|â)$/eto/;
      if(/$altere(?:eto)$/o
         && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:eto)$/o) {
        s/($altere)(?=(?:eto)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
      }
    }
  }

  # passive is o- + root + -elo
  # The o- replaces any initial vowel
  # o- changes to om- before b
  if($verb eq 'ēxlûrtû' ||
     $verb eq 'esc') {
    $passive = undef;
  } else {
    for($passive) {
      s/^(?:[aeiou]|ā|ē|ī|ō|ū|â|ê|î|ô|û)/o/ || s/^/o/;
      s/^ob/omb/;
      s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|î)$/elo/;
      if(/$altere(?:elo)$/o
         && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:elo)$/o) {
        s/($altere)(?=(?:elo)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
      }

      s/xuês/xês/ if $verb eq 'xuêsi' || $verb eq 'baxuêsi';
    }
  }

  if($verb eq 'ogonî' ||
     $verb eq 'omî' ||
     $verb eq 'onî' ||
     $verb eq 'ēxlûrtû'
  ) {
    $agent = undef;
  } else {
    # agent is e- + root + -as/-ei
    # e- changes to am- before b
    # ee- and eê- both go to ē-
    for($agent) {
      s/^b/amb/ || s/^e/ē/ || s/^ê/ē/ || s/^/e/;
      s/(?:[eai]|ê|â)$//;
    }
    # TODO - keep track of root alternations
    # e.g. pīsi --> epī*t*as, epīsei
    $agent = [ $agent . 'as', $agent . 'ei' ];

    if($agent->[0] =~ /([syc])(?:as)$/
       && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
    {
      $agent->[0] =~ s/([syc])(?=(?:as)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
    }

    if($agent->[1] =~ /$altere(?:ei)$/o
       && $agent->[1] !~ /(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:ei)$/o) {
      $agent->[1] =~ s/($altere)(?=(?:ei)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
    }
  }

  if($verb eq 'ogonî' ||
     $verb eq 'omî' ||
     $verb eq 'onî'
  ) {
    $causative = undef;
  } else {
    # causative is e- + root + -ūzo
    # e- changes to am- before b
    # ee- and eê- both go to ē-
    for($causative) {
      s/^b/amb/ || s/^e/ē/ || s/^ê/ē/ || s/^ē/ē/ || s/^/e/;
      s/(?:[eai]|ê|â|û)$/ūzo/;
      if(/([syc])(?:ūzo)$/
         && exists $rootchange{$1}{$verb})
      {
        s/([syc])(?=(?:ūzo)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$verb}/;
      }
    }
  }

  return wantarray ? ( $active, $passive, $agent, $causative )
                   : [ $active, $passive, $agent, $causative ];
}



my %masc = (
  'beire' => 1,
  'ferêde' => 1,
  'geōre' => 1, # geīre in the lexicon, but it's a misconversion according to Mark
  'lūvore' => 1,
  'nōre' => 1, # nīre in the morphology, but it's a misconversion according to Mark
  'Inibē' => 1,
  'sāclore' => 1,
  'sārene' => 1,
  'sāule' => 1,
  'suale' => 1,
  'tīble' => 1,
  'yine' => 1,
);

my %neut = (
);

my %aetas = (
  'āetas' => 1,
  'creidas' => 1,
  'crindas' => 1,
  'dēnedas' => 1,
  'mavordas' => 1,
  'motas' => 1,
  'sambas' => 1,
  'sindas' => 1,
  'sonurdas' => 1,
  'Sūās' => 1,
  'tōuresambas' => 1,
  'ulidas' => 1,
);

# t -> s, c -> s, g -> y before -e and -i; x -> c before -i
my %changenoun = (
  'āeca' => 1,
  'āetas' => 1,
  'ambecā' => 1,
  'bāxe' => 1,
  'brexos' => 1,
  'erēineca' => 1,
  'fūca' => 1,
  'gāex' => 1,
  'lācato' => 1,   # actually an adjective
  'rūtas' => 1,
  'sīxe' => 1,
  'tauca' => 1,
  'usūta' => 1,
  'xuecos' => 1,
);

my %noun = (
  # personal pronouns
  'sēo'    => [ qw( sēo    soex    etu   sēnu    sētu    sēco   ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'sēi'    => [ qw( sēi    soē     etu   sēnu    sēdi    sēlu   ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'led'    => [ qw( led    loex    ēr    linu    letu    leco   ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'lei'    => [ qw( lei    loē     ēr    linu    ledi    lelu   ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'tāu'    => [ qw( tāu    tāuex   tāua  tāunu   tāutu   tāuco  ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'tāi'    => [ qw( tāi    tāyē    tāya  tāinu   tāidi   tāilu  ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'tazū'   => [ qw( tazū   tazuē   tāe   tānu    tātu    tāco   ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'letazū' => [ qw( letazū lotazuē ertāe litānu  letātu  letāco ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'māux'   => [ qw( māux   muē     mū    mūna    mūta    mūco   ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'cayū'   => [ qw( cayū   cayuē   caē   caēnu   caētu   caēco  ), (undef) x @cases ],
  'rāe'    => [ qw( rāe    rāex    rā    rāenu   rāetu   rāeco
                    radē   radaē   rade  radanu  radatu  radaco ), ],

  # tīble has sg.acc. tībal instead of *tībl,
  # and an epenthetic vowel in singular dat. abl. ins.
  'tīble'  => [ qw( tīble  tīblex  tībal tīblanu tīblatu tīblaco
                    tībli  tībliē  tīblī tīblinu tīblitu tīblico ) ],
);

sub noun {
  my $noun = shift;
  my $stem = $noun;
  my $type = 'fem';
  my $table;

  $type = 'masc' if exists $masc{$noun} || exists $aetas{$noun};
  $type = 'neut' if exists $neut{$noun};

  return $noun{$noun} if exists $noun{$noun};

  # masculine
  if($stem =~ m/[pbtdcgfvzxmnlr]$/) {
    $type = 'masc';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", '',   'ex', '',  qw( nu  tu  co    i iē i inu itu ico ) ];
  } elsif($type eq 'masc' && $stem =~ s/re$//) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", 're', 'rex','r', qw( rnu rtu rco   i iē ī inu itu ico ) ];
  } elsif($type eq 'masc' && $stem =~ s/([nld])?e$/$1/) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", 'e',  'ex', '',  qw( nu  tu  co    i iē ī inu itu ico ) ];
  } elsif($type eq 'masc' && $stem =~ s/ē$//) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ē ēx e enu etu eco   ei eiē eii einu eitu eico ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/os$//) {
    $type = 'masc';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", 'os', 'ex', '',  qw( nu  tu  co    i iē i inu itu ico ) ];
  } elsif(exists $aetas{$noun} && $stem =~ s/as$//) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( as ex  a anu atu aco   āe aē āe ānu ātu āco ) ];
  } elsif(exists $aetas{$noun} && $stem =~ s/ās$//) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ās aex ā ānu ātu āco   aāe āē aāe aānu aātu aāco ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/as$//) {
    $type = 'masc';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", 'as', 'ex', '',  qw( nu  tu  co    i iē i inu itu ico ) ];
  }

  # neuter
  elsif($stem =~ s/iu$//) {
    $type = 'neut';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( iu iex i inu itu ico   iū uē ū ūna ūta ūco ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/āu$//) {
    $type = 'neut';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( āu aex â anu ato aco   ū  uē ū ūna ūta ūco ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/u$//) {
    $type = 'neut';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( u  ex  u nu  tu  uco   ū  uē ū ūna ūta ūco ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/o$//) {
    $type = 'neut';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( o  ex  o onu otu oco   ō  oē ō ōna ōta ōco ) ];
  }

  # feminine
  elsif($stem =~ s/a$//) {
    $type = 'fem';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( a aē ā anu adi alu   ē eē ē ēnu ēdi ēlu ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/â$//) {
    $type = 'fem';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( â aē ā ânu âdi âlu   ē eē ē ēnu ēdi ēlu ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/ā$//) {
    $type = 'fem';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ā aē ā ānu ādi ālu   ē eē ē ēnu ēdi ēlu ) ];
  } elsif($type eq 'fem' && $stem =~ s/e$//) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( e eē ê inu edi elu   ē eē ē ēnu ēdi ēco ) ];
  } elsif($type eq 'fem' && $stem =~ s/ê$//) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ê eē ê inu êdi êlu   ē eē ē ēnu ēdi ēco ) ];
  } elsif($type eq 'fem' && $stem =~ s/ē$//) {
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( ē eē ē ēnu ēdi ēco   ē eē ē ēnu ēdi ēco ) ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/i$//) {
    $type = 'fem';
    $table = [ map "$stem$_", qw( i iē a inu idi iu    ā aē ā ānu ādi ālu ) ];
  }

  else {
    return;
  }

  if($type eq 'masc') {
    # change root consonant before -ex sg.gen. and -i plural
    # except when preceded by another consonant or a long or circumflexed vowel
    for(@$table) {
      if(/$alteri(?:i(?:ē|i|[nt]u|co)?)$/o
         && !/(?:$vlong|$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:i(?:ē|i|[nt]u|co)?)$/o) {
        s/($alteri)(?=i(?:ē|i|[nt]u|co)?$)/$alter{$1}/o;
      }
      if(/$altere(?:ex)$/o
         && !/(?:$vlong|$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:ex)$/o) {
        s/($altere)(?=ex$)/$alter{$1}/o;
      }
    }

    # change -vas to -f- in the singular except genitive
    if($noun =~ /vas$/) {
      for(@{$table}[2..5]) {
        s/v(?=(?:[nt]u|co)?$)/f/;
      }
    }

    # change -zos to -s-, ditto
    if($noun =~ /zos$/) {
      for(@{$table}[2..5]) {
        s/z(?=(?:[nt]u|co)?$)/s/;
      }
    }

    # assimilate voicing and place of articulation for -nu, -tu, -co forms
    for(@{$table}[3..5]) {
      s/($ustop)(?=$voiced)/$voiced{$1}/g;
      s/($vstop)(?=$unvoiced)/$unvoiced{$1}/g;
      s/n(?=$labial)/m/g;
      s/m(?=$dental)/n/g;
    }
  } elsif($type eq 'neut') {
    # change root consonant before -ex sg.gen. and -ī plural
    # except when preceded by another consonant or a long or circumflexed vowel
    for(@$table) {
      if(/$alteri(?:ī(?:[nt]a|co)?)$/o
         && !/(?:$vlong|$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:ī(?:[nt]a|co)?)$/o) {
        s/($alteri)(?=ī(?:[nt]a|co)?$)/$alter{$1}/o;
      }
      if(/$altere(?:ex)$/o
         && !/(?:$vlong|$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:ex)$/o) {
        s/($altere)(?=ex$)/$alter{$1}/o;
      }
    }

    # change -Viu and -Viū to -Vyu and -Vyū in nom.sg. and nom.pl. of -iu nouns
    # also, change altered root consonants back in the plural gen..ins
    if($noun =~ /iu$/) {
      $table->[0] =~ s/($vowel)iu$/$1yu/;
      $table->[6] =~ s/($vowel)iū$/$1yū/;

      for(@{$table}[7..11]) {
        if(/($altered)(?:uē|ū(?:[nt]a|co)?)$/o && exists $rootchange{$1}{$noun}) {
          s/($altered)(?=(?:uē|ū(?:[nt]a|co)?)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$noun}/o;
        }
      }
    }
  } elsif($type eq 'fem') {
    # change root consonant before -e or -ē plurals of -a nouns
    # except when preceded by another consonant or a long or circumflexed vowel
    if($noun =~ /a$/) {
      for(@{$table}[6..11]) {
        if(/$altere(?:eē|ē(?:[nl]u|di)?)$/o
           && !/(?:$vlong|$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:eē|ē(?:[nl]u|di)?)$/o) {
          s/($altere)(?=(?:eē|ē(?:[nl]u|di)?)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
        }
      }
    }

    # change -Viē to -Vyē in sg.gen. of -i nouns
    # also, change altered root consonants back in the sg.acc. and plural
    elsif($noun =~ /i$/) {
      $table->[1] =~ s/($vowel)iē$/$1yē/;

      for(@{$table}[2,6..11]) {
        if(/($altered)(?:aē|ā(?:[nl]u|di)?)$/o && exists $rootchange{$1}{$noun}) {
          s/($altered)(?=(?:aē|ā(?:[nl]u|di)?)$)/$rootchange{$1}{$noun}/o;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return $table;
}

my %root = (
);

sub root {
  my $noun = shift;
  my $stem = $noun;
  my $type = 'fem';
  my $table;

  $type = 'masc' if exists $masc{$noun};
  $type = 'neut' if exists $neut{$noun};

  return $root{$noun} if exists $root{$noun};

  # masculine
  if($stem =~ m/[pbtdcgfvzxmnlr]$/) {
    $table = $stem . 'i-';
  } elsif($type eq 'masc' && $stem =~ s/e$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'i-';
  } elsif($stem =~ s/os$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'i-';
  } elsif(exists $aetas{$noun} && $stem =~ s/as$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'a-';
  } elsif($stem =~ s/as$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'i-';
  }

  # neuter
  elsif($stem =~ s/iu$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'i-';
  } elsif($stem =~ s/u$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'u-';
  } elsif($stem =~ s/o$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'o-';
  } elsif($stem =~ s/āu$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'a-';
  }

  # feminine
  elsif($stem =~ s/a$// || $stem =~ s/â$// || $stem =~ s/ā$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'e-';
  } elsif($type eq 'fem' && $stem =~ s/e$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'i-';
  } elsif($stem =~ s/i$//) {
    $table = $stem . 'i-';
  }

  else {
    return;
  }

  for($table) {
    # change root consonant before -e and -i
    # except when preceded by another consonant or a circumflexed vowel
    if(/$alteri(?:i-)$/o
       && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$alteri)(?:i-)$/o) {
      s/($alteri)(?=(?:i-)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
    }
    if(/$altere(?:e-)$/o
       && !/(?:$vcirc|$consonant)(?:$altere)(?:e-)$/o) {
      s/($altere)(?=(?:e-)$)/$alter{$1}/o;
    }

    # restore original root consonant before -a -o -u
    if(/([syc])[aou]-$/
       && exists $rootchange{$1}{$noun})
    {
      s/([syc])[aou]-$/$rootchange{$1}{$noun}/;
    }
  }

  return $table;
}

my %adj = (
);

sub adj {
  my $adj = shift;
  my $stem = $adj;
  my $table;

  return $adj{$adj} if exists $adj{$adj};

  if($stem =~ s/o$//) {
    $table = [ [ map "$stem$_", qw( e ex  e  nu  tu  co   i  iē i  inu  itu  ico  ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( o ex  o onu otu oco   ō  oē ō  ōna  ōta  ōco  ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( a aē  a anu adi alu   ē  eē ē  ēnu  ēdi  ēlu  ) ], ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/e$//) {
    $table = [ [ map "$stem$_", qw( e ex  e  nu  tu  co   i  iē i  inu  itu  ico  ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( e ex  e inu etu eco   ēi eē ēi ēinu ēitu ēico ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( e eē  e inu edi elu   ē  eē ē  ēnu  ēdi  ēlu  ) ], ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/ê$//) {
    $table = [ [ map "$stem$_", qw( ê ex  ê  nu  tu  co   i  iē i  inu  itu  ico  ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( ê ex  ê inu êtu êco   ēi eē ēi ēinu ēitu ēico ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( ê eē  ê inu êdi êlu   ē  eē ē  ēnu  ēdi  ēlu  ) ], ];
  } elsif($stem =~ s/i$//) {
    $table = [ [ map "$stem$_", qw( i iex i inu itu ico   ū  uē ū  ūna  ūta  ūco  ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( i iex i inu itu ico   ū  uē ū  ūna  ūta  ūco  ) ],
               [ map "$stem$_", qw( i iē  i inu idi iu    ā  aē ā  ānu  ādi  ālu  ) ], ];
  } else {
    return;
  }

  # TODO - add root changes e.g. -si --> -c- in the plural

  return $table;
}


my %comp = (
);

sub comp {
  my $adj = shift;
  my $stem = $adj;
  my $word;

  return $comp{$adj} if exists $comp{$adj};

  if($stem =~ s/o$//) {
    if($stem =~ /$vlong/o) {
      $word = $stem . 'ate';
    } else {
      $word = $stem . 'âte';
    }
  } elsif($stem =~ s/e$//) {
    if($stem =~ /$vlong/o) {
      $word = $stem . 'ase';
    } else {
      $word = $stem . 'âse';
    }
  } elsif($stem =~ s/i$//) {
    if($stem =~ /$vlong/o) {
      $word = $stem . 'ise';
    } else {
      $word = $stem . 'îse';
    }
  } else {
    return;
  }

  return $word;
}


my %comb = (
);

sub comb {
  my $adj = shift;
  my $stem = $adj;

  return $comb{$adj} if exists $comb{$adj};

  if($stem =~ m/o$/) {
    return $stem;
  } elsif($stem =~ s/e$//) {
    return $stem . 'i';
  } elsif($stem =~ m/i$/) {
    return $stem;
  } else {
    return;
  }
}


my %long = (
  'a'  => 'ā',
  'e'  => 'ē',
  'i'  => 'ī',
  'o'  => 'ō',
  'u'  => 'ū',
  'A'  => 'Ā',
  'E'  => 'Ē',
  'I'  => 'Ī',
  'O'  => 'Ō',
  'U'  => 'Ū',
);

sub assimilate {
  return unless ref $_[0];
  # Apply sound changes
  for(@{$_[0]}) {
    # 1. A stop assimilates to a following consonant in voicing
    s/($ustop)(?=$voiced)/$voiced{$1}/g;
    s/($vstop)(?=$unvoiced)/$unvoiced{$1}/g;

    # 2. n before m, b, p, l --> m; m before t, d, c, g, x --> n
    s/n(?=$labial)/m/g;
    s/m(?=$dental)/n/g;

    # 3. aa --> ā, etc:
    s/($vowel)\1/$long{$vowel}/g;

    # 4. y before a consonant becomes i;
    #    i between two other vowels becomes y
    s/y(?=$consonant)/i/g;
    s/($vowel)i(?=$vowel)/$1y/g;
  }
}


1;
__END__