File Coverage

blib/lib/Image/ExifTool/RIFF.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	139	370	37.5
branch	62	234	26.5
condition	28	112	25.0
subroutine	8	14	57.1
pod	0	10	0.0
total	237	740	32.0

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# File:         RIFF.pm
#
# Description:  Read RIFF/AVI/WAV meta information
#
# Revisions:    09/14/2005 - P. Harvey Created
#               06/28/2017 - PH Added MBWF/RF64 support
#
# References:   1) http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF
#               2) http://www.vlsi.fi/datasheets/vs1011.pdf
#               3) http://www.music-center.com.br/spec_rif.htm
#               4) http://www.codeproject.com/audio/wavefiles.asp
#               5) http://msdn.microsoft.com/archive/en-us/directx9_c/directx/htm/avirifffilereference.asp
#               6) http://research.microsoft.com/invisible/tests/riff.h.htm
#               7) http://www.onicos.com/staff/iz/formats/wav.html
#               8) http://graphics.cs.uni-sb.de/NMM/dist-0.9.1/Docs/Doxygen/html/mmreg_8h-source.html
#               9) http://developers.videolan.org/vlc/vlc/doc/doxygen/html/codecs_8h-source.html
#              10) http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=TwoCC
#              11) Andreas Winter (SCLive) private communication
#              12) http://abcavi.kibi.ru/infotags.htm
#              13) http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3285.pdf
#              14) https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container
#              15) https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf
#              16) https://sites.google.com/site/musicgapi/technical-documents/wav-file-format
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

package Image::ExifTool::RIFF;

use strict;
use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD);
use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);

$VERSION = '1.73';

sub ConvertTimecode($);
sub ProcessSGLT($$$);
sub ProcessSLLT($$$);
sub ProcessLucas($$$);
sub WriteRIFF($$);

# RIFF chunks containing image data (to include in ImageDataHash digest)
my %isImageData = (
    LIST_movi => 1, # (AVI: contains ##db, ##dc, ##wb)
    data => 1,      # (WAV)
    'VP8 '=>1, VP8L=>1, ANIM=>1, ANMF=>1, ALPH=>1, # (WebP)
);

# recognized RIFF variants
my %riffType = (
    'WAVE' => 'WAV', 'AVI ' => 'AVI', 'WEBP' => 'WEBP',
    'LA02' => 'LA',  'LA03' => 'LA',  'LA04' => 'LA',
    'OFR ' => 'OFR', 'LPAC' => 'PAC', 'wvpk' => 'WV',
);

# MIME types of recognized RIFF-format files
my %riffMimeType = (
    WAV  => 'audio/x-wav',
    AVI  => 'video/x-msvideo',
    WEBP => 'image/webp',
    LA   => 'audio/x-nspaudio',
    OFR  => 'audio/x-ofr',
    PAC  => 'audio/x-lpac',
    WV   => 'audio/x-wavpack',
);

# character sets for recognized Windows code pages
my %code2charset = (
    0     => 'Latin',
    65001 => 'UTF8',
    1252  => 'Latin',
    1250  => 'Latin2',
    1251  => 'Cyrillic',
    1253  => 'Greek',
    1254  => 'Turkish',
    1255  => 'Hebrew',
    1256  => 'Arabic',
    1257  => 'Baltic',
    1258  => 'Vietnam',
    874   => 'Thai',
    10000 => 'MacRoman',
    10029 => 'MacLatin2',
    10007 => 'MacCyrillic',
    10006 => 'MacGreek',
    10081 => 'MacTurkish',
    10010 => 'MacRomanian',
    10079 => 'MacIceland',
    10082 => 'MacCroatian',
);

%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::audioEncoding = ( #2
    Notes => 'These "TwoCC" audio encoding codes are used in RIFF and ASF files.',
    0x01 => 'Microsoft PCM',
    0x02 => 'Microsoft ADPCM',
    0x03 => 'Microsoft IEEE float',
    0x04 => 'Compaq VSELP', #4
    0x05 => 'IBM CVSD', #4
    0x06 => 'Microsoft a-Law',
    0x07 => 'Microsoft u-Law',
    0x08 => 'Microsoft DTS', #4
    0x09 => 'DRM', #4
    0x0a => 'WMA 9 Speech', #9
    0x0b => 'Microsoft Windows Media RT Voice', #10
    0x10 => 'OKI-ADPCM',
    0x11 => 'Intel IMA/DVI-ADPCM',
    0x12 => 'Videologic Mediaspace ADPCM', #4
    0x13 => 'Sierra ADPCM', #4
    0x14 => 'Antex G.723 ADPCM', #4
    0x15 => 'DSP Solutions DIGISTD',
    0x16 => 'DSP Solutions DIGIFIX',
    0x17 => 'Dialoic OKI ADPCM', #6
    0x18 => 'Media Vision ADPCM', #6
    0x19 => 'HP CU', #7
    0x1a => 'HP Dynamic Voice', #10
    0x20 => 'Yamaha ADPCM', #6
    0x21 => 'SONARC Speech Compression', #6
    0x22 => 'DSP Group True Speech', #6
    0x23 => 'Echo Speech Corp.', #6
    0x24 => 'Virtual Music Audiofile AF36', #6
    0x25 => 'Audio Processing Tech.', #6
    0x26 => 'Virtual Music Audiofile AF10', #6
    0x27 => 'Aculab Prosody 1612', #7
    0x28 => 'Merging Tech. LRC', #7
    0x30 => 'Dolby AC2',
    0x31 => 'Microsoft GSM610',
    0x32 => 'MSN Audio', #6
    0x33 => 'Antex ADPCME', #6
    0x34 => 'Control Resources VQLPC', #6
    0x35 => 'DSP Solutions DIGIREAL', #6
    0x36 => 'DSP Solutions DIGIADPCM', #6
    0x37 => 'Control Resources CR10', #6
    0x38 => 'Natural MicroSystems VBX ADPCM', #6
    0x39 => 'Crystal Semiconductor IMA ADPCM', #6
    0x3a => 'Echo Speech ECHOSC3', #6
    0x3b => 'Rockwell ADPCM',
    0x3c => 'Rockwell DIGITALK',
    0x3d => 'Xebec Multimedia', #6
    0x40 => 'Antex G.721 ADPCM',
    0x41 => 'Antex G.728 CELP',
    0x42 => 'Microsoft MSG723', #7
    0x43 => 'IBM AVC ADPCM', #10
    0x45 => 'ITU-T G.726', #9
    0x50 => 'Microsoft MPEG',
    0x51 => 'RT23 or PAC', #7
    0x52 => 'InSoft RT24', #4
    0x53 => 'InSoft PAC', #4
    0x55 => 'MP3',
    0x59 => 'Cirrus', #7
    0x60 => 'Cirrus Logic', #6
    0x61 => 'ESS Tech. PCM', #6
    0x62 => 'Voxware Inc.', #6
    0x63 => 'Canopus ATRAC', #6
    0x64 => 'APICOM G.726 ADPCM',
    0x65 => 'APICOM G.722 ADPCM',
    0x66 => 'Microsoft DSAT', #6
    0x67 => 'Microsoft DSAT DISPLAY', #6
    0x69 => 'Voxware Byte Aligned', #7
    0x70 => 'Voxware AC8', #7
    0x71 => 'Voxware AC10', #7
    0x72 => 'Voxware AC16', #7
    0x73 => 'Voxware AC20', #7
    0x74 => 'Voxware MetaVoice', #7
    0x75 => 'Voxware MetaSound', #7
    0x76 => 'Voxware RT29HW', #7
    0x77 => 'Voxware VR12', #7
    0x78 => 'Voxware VR18', #7
    0x79 => 'Voxware TQ40', #7
    0x7a => 'Voxware SC3', #10
    0x7b => 'Voxware SC3', #10
    0x80 => 'Soundsoft', #6
    0x81 => 'Voxware TQ60', #7
    0x82 => 'Microsoft MSRT24', #7
    0x83 => 'AT&T G.729A', #7
    0x84 => 'Motion Pixels MVI MV12', #7
    0x85 => 'DataFusion G.726', #7
    0x86 => 'DataFusion GSM610', #7
    0x88 => 'Iterated Systems Audio', #7
    0x89 => 'Onlive', #7
    0x8a => 'Multitude, Inc. FT SX20', #10
    0x8b => 'Infocom ITS A/S G.721 ADPCM', #10
    0x8c => 'Convedia G729', #10
    0x8d => 'Not specified congruency, Inc.', #10
    0x91 => 'Siemens SBC24', #7
    0x92 => 'Sonic Foundry Dolby AC3 APDIF', #7
    0x93 => 'MediaSonic G.723', #8
    0x94 => 'Aculab Prosody 8kbps', #8
    0x97 => 'ZyXEL ADPCM', #7,
    0x98 => 'Philips LPCBB', #7
    0x99 => 'Studer Professional Audio Packed', #7
    0xa0 => 'Malden PhonyTalk', #8
    0xa1 => 'Racal Recorder GSM', #10
    0xa2 => 'Racal Recorder G720.a', #10
    0xa3 => 'Racal G723.1', #10
    0xa4 => 'Racal Tetra ACELP', #10
    0xb0 => 'NEC AAC NEC Corporation', #10
    0xff => 'AAC', #10
    0x100 => 'Rhetorex ADPCM', #6
    0x101 => 'IBM u-Law', #3
    0x102 => 'IBM a-Law', #3
    0x103 => 'IBM ADPCM', #3
    0x111 => 'Vivo G.723', #7
    0x112 => 'Vivo Siren', #7
    0x120 => 'Philips Speech Processing CELP', #10
    0x121 => 'Philips Speech Processing GRUNDIG', #10
    0x123 => 'Digital G.723', #7
    0x125 => 'Sanyo LD ADPCM', #8
    0x130 => 'Sipro Lab ACEPLNET', #8
    0x131 => 'Sipro Lab ACELP4800', #8
    0x132 => 'Sipro Lab ACELP8V3', #8
    0x133 => 'Sipro Lab G.729', #8
    0x134 => 'Sipro Lab G.729A', #8
    0x135 => 'Sipro Lab Kelvin', #8
    0x136 => 'VoiceAge AMR', #10
    0x140 => 'Dictaphone G.726 ADPCM', #8
    0x150 => 'Qualcomm PureVoice', #8
    0x151 => 'Qualcomm HalfRate', #8
    0x155 => 'Ring Zero Systems TUBGSM', #8
    0x160 => 'Microsoft Audio1', #8
    0x161 => 'Windows Media Audio V2 V7 V8 V9 / DivX audio (WMA) / Alex AC3 Audio', #10
    0x162 => 'Windows Media Audio Professional V9', #10
    0x163 => 'Windows Media Audio Lossless V9', #10
    0x164 => 'WMA Pro over S/PDIF', #10
    0x170 => 'UNISYS NAP ADPCM', #10
    0x171 => 'UNISYS NAP ULAW', #10
    0x172 => 'UNISYS NAP ALAW', #10
    0x173 => 'UNISYS NAP 16K', #10
    0x174 => 'MM SYCOM ACM SYC008 SyCom Technologies', #10
    0x175 => 'MM SYCOM ACM SYC701 G726L SyCom Technologies', #10
    0x176 => 'MM SYCOM ACM SYC701 CELP54 SyCom Technologies', #10
    0x177 => 'MM SYCOM ACM SYC701 CELP68 SyCom Technologies', #10
    0x178 => 'Knowledge Adventure ADPCM', #10
    0x180 => 'Fraunhofer IIS MPEG2AAC', #10
    0x190 => 'Digital Theater Systems DTS DS', #10
    0x200 => 'Creative Labs ADPCM', #6
    0x202 => 'Creative Labs FASTSPEECH8', #6
    0x203 => 'Creative Labs FASTSPEECH10', #6
    0x210 => 'UHER ADPCM', #8
    0x215 => 'Ulead DV ACM', #10
    0x216 => 'Ulead DV ACM', #10
    0x220 => 'Quarterdeck Corp.', #6
    0x230 => 'I-Link VC', #8
    0x240 => 'Aureal Semiconductor Raw Sport', #8
    0x241 => 'ESST AC3', #10
    0x250 => 'Interactive Products HSX', #8
    0x251 => 'Interactive Products RPELP', #8
    0x260 => 'Consistent CS2', #8
    0x270 => 'Sony SCX', #8
    0x271 => 'Sony SCY', #10
    0x272 => 'Sony ATRAC3', #10
    0x273 => 'Sony SPC', #10
    0x280 => 'TELUM Telum Inc.', #10
    0x281 => 'TELUMIA Telum Inc.', #10
    0x285 => 'Norcom Voice Systems ADPCM', #10
    0x300 => 'Fujitsu FM TOWNS SND', #6
    0x301 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x302 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x303 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x304 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x305 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x306 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x307 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x308 => 'Fujitsu (not specified)', #10
    0x350 => 'Micronas Semiconductors, Inc. Development', #10
    0x351 => 'Micronas Semiconductors, Inc. CELP833', #10
    0x400 => 'Brooktree Digital', #6
    0x401 => 'Intel Music Coder (IMC)', #10
    0x402 => 'Ligos Indeo Audio', #10
    0x450 => 'QDesign Music', #8
    0x500 => 'On2 VP7 On2 Technologies', #10
    0x501 => 'On2 VP6 On2 Technologies', #10
    0x680 => 'AT&T VME VMPCM', #7
    0x681 => 'AT&T TCP', #8
    0x700 => 'YMPEG Alpha (dummy for MPEG-2 compressor)', #10
    0x8ae => 'ClearJump LiteWave (lossless)', #10
    0x1000 => 'Olivetti GSM', #6
    0x1001 => 'Olivetti ADPCM', #6
    0x1002 => 'Olivetti CELP', #6
    0x1003 => 'Olivetti SBC', #6
    0x1004 => 'Olivetti OPR', #6
    0x1100 => 'Lernout & Hauspie', #6
    0x1101 => 'Lernout & Hauspie CELP codec', #10
    0x1102 => 'Lernout & Hauspie SBC codec', #10
    0x1103 => 'Lernout & Hauspie SBC codec', #10
    0x1104 => 'Lernout & Hauspie SBC codec', #10
    0x1400 => 'Norris Comm. Inc.', #6
    0x1401 => 'ISIAudio', #7
    0x1500 => 'AT&T Soundspace Music Compression', #7
    0x181c => 'VoxWare RT24 speech codec', #10
    0x181e => 'Lucent elemedia AX24000P Music codec', #10
    0x1971 => 'Sonic Foundry LOSSLESS', #10
    0x1979 => 'Innings Telecom Inc. ADPCM', #10
    0x1c07 => 'Lucent SX8300P speech codec', #10
    0x1c0c => 'Lucent SX5363S G.723 compliant codec', #10
    0x1f03 => 'CUseeMe DigiTalk (ex-Rocwell)', #10
    0x1fc4 => 'NCT Soft ALF2CD ACM', #10
    0x2000 => 'FAST Multimedia DVM', #7
    0x2001 => 'Dolby DTS (Digital Theater System)', #10
    0x2002 => 'RealAudio 1 / 2 14.4', #10
    0x2003 => 'RealAudio 1 / 2 28.8', #10
    0x2004 => 'RealAudio G2 / 8 Cook (low bitrate)', #10
    0x2005 => 'RealAudio 3 / 4 / 5 Music (DNET)', #10
    0x2006 => 'RealAudio 10 AAC (RAAC)', #10
    0x2007 => 'RealAudio 10 AAC+ (RACP)', #10
    0x2500 => 'Reserved range to 0x2600 Microsoft', #10
    0x3313 => 'makeAVIS (ffvfw fake AVI sound from AviSynth scripts)', #10
    0x4143 => 'Divio MPEG-4 AAC audio', #10
    0x4201 => 'Nokia adaptive multirate', #10
    0x4243 => 'Divio G726 Divio, Inc.', #10
    0x434c => 'LEAD Speech', #10
    0x564c => 'LEAD Vorbis', #10
    0x5756 => 'WavPack Audio', #10
    0x674f => 'Ogg Vorbis (mode 1)', #10
    0x6750 => 'Ogg Vorbis (mode 2)', #10
    0x6751 => 'Ogg Vorbis (mode 3)', #10
    0x676f => 'Ogg Vorbis (mode 1+)', #10
    0x6770 => 'Ogg Vorbis (mode 2+)', #10
    0x6771 => 'Ogg Vorbis (mode 3+)', #10
    0x7000 => '3COM NBX 3Com Corporation', #10
    0x706d => 'FAAD AAC', #10
    0x7a21 => 'GSM-AMR (CBR, no SID)', #10
    0x7a22 => 'GSM-AMR (VBR, including SID)', #10
    0xa100 => 'Comverse Infosys Ltd. G723 1', #10
    0xa101 => 'Comverse Infosys Ltd. AVQSBC', #10
    0xa102 => 'Comverse Infosys Ltd. OLDSBC', #10
    0xa103 => 'Symbol Technologies G729A', #10
    0xa104 => 'VoiceAge AMR WB VoiceAge Corporation', #10
    0xa105 => 'Ingenient Technologies Inc. G726', #10
    0xa106 => 'ISO/MPEG-4 advanced audio Coding', #10
    0xa107 => 'Encore Software Ltd G726', #10
    0xa109 => 'Speex ACM Codec xiph.org', #10
    0xdfac => 'DebugMode SonicFoundry Vegas FrameServer ACM Codec', #10
    0xe708 => 'Unknown -', #10
    0xf1ac => 'Free Lossless Audio Codec FLAC', #10
    0xfffe => 'Extensible', #7
    0xffff => 'Development', #4
);

# RIFF info
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Main = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
    NOTES => q{
        The RIFF container format is used various types of fines including AVI, WAV,
        WEBP, LA, OFR, PAC and WV.  According to the EXIF specification, Meta
        information is embedded in two types of RIFF C chunks: C and
        C, and information about the audio content is stored in the C
        chunk.  As well as this information, some video information and proprietary
        manufacturer-specific information is also extracted.

        Large AVI videos may be a concatenation of two or more RIFF chunks.  For
        these files, information is extracted from subsequent RIFF chunks as
        sub-documents, but the Duration is calculated for the full video.

        ExifTool currently has the ability to write EXIF, XMP and ICC_Profile
        metadata to WEBP images, but can't yet write to other RIFF-based formats.
    },
    # (not 100% sure that the concatenation technique mentioned above is valid - PH)
   'fmt ' => {
        Name => 'AudioFormat',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::AudioFormat' },
    },
   'bext' => {
        Name => 'BroadcastExtension',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::BroadcastExt' },
    },
    ds64 => { #15
        Name => 'DataSize64',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::DS64' },
    },
    list => 'ListType',  #15
    labl => { #16 (in 'adtl' chunk)
        Name => 'CuePointLabel',
        Priority => 0, # (so they are stored in sequence)
        ValueConv => 'my $str=substr($val,4); $str=~s/\0+$//; unpack("V",$val) . " " . $str',
    },
    note => { #16 (in 'adtl' chunk)
        Name => 'CuePointNote',
        Priority => 0, # (so they are stored in sequence)
        ValueConv => 'my $str=substr($val,4); $str=~s/\0+$//; unpack("V",$val) . " " . $str',
    },
    ltxt => { #16 (in 'adtl' chunk)
        Name => 'LabeledText',
        Notes => 'CuePointID Length Purpose Country Language Dialect Codepage Text',
        Priority => 0, # (so they are stored in sequence)
        ValueConv => q{
            my @a = unpack('VVa4vvvv', $val);
            $a[2] = "'$a[2]'";
            my $txt = substr($val, 18);
            $txt =~ s/\0+$//;   # remove null terminator
            return join(' ', @a, $txt);
        },
    },
    smpl => { #16
        Name => 'Sampler',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Sampler' },
    },
    inst => { #16
        Name => 'Instrument',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Instrument' },
    },
    LIST_INFO => {
        Name => 'Info',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Info' },
    },
    LIST_exif => {
        Name => 'Exif',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Exif' },
    },
    LIST_hdrl => { # AVI header LIST chunk
        Name => 'Hdrl',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Hdrl' },
    },
    LIST_Tdat => { #PH (Adobe CS3 Bridge)
        Name => 'Tdat',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Tdat' },
    },
    LIST_ncdt => { #PH (Nikon metadata)
        Name => 'NikonData',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Nikon::AVI',
            # define ProcessProc here so we don't need to load RIFF.pm from Nikon.pm
            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
        },
    },
    LIST_hydt => { #PH (Pentax metadata)
        Name => 'PentaxData',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::AVI',
            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
        },
    },
    LIST_pntx => { #Andras Salamon (Q-S1 AVI)
        Name => 'PentaxData2',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::AVI',
            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
        },
    },
    LIST_adtl => { #PH (ref 16, forum12387)
        Name => 'AssociatedDataList',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Main' },
    },
    # seen LIST_JUNK
    JUNK => [
        {
            Name => 'OlympusJunk',
            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^OLYMDigital Camera/',
            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::AVI' },
        },
        {
            Name => 'CasioJunk',
            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^QVMI/',
            # Casio stores standard EXIF-format information in AVI videos (EX-S600)
            SubDirectory => {
                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
                DirName => 'IFD0',
                Multi => 0, # (IFD1 is not written)
                Start => 10,
                ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
            },
        },
        {
            Name => 'RicohJunk',
            # the Ricoh Caplio GX stores sub-chunks in here
            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^ucmt/',
            SubDirectory => {
                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Ricoh::AVI',
                ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
            },
        },
        {
            Name => 'PentaxJunk', # (Optio RS1000)
            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^IIII\x01\0/',
            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Junk' },
        },
        {
            Name => 'PentaxJunk2', # (Optio RZ18)
            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^PENTDigital Camera/',
            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Junk2' },
        },
        {
            Name => 'LucasJunk', # (Lucas LK-7900 Ace)
            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^0G(DA|PS)/',
            SubDirectory => {
                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
                ProcessProc => \&ProcessLucas,
            },
        },
        {
            Name => 'TextJunk',
            # try to interpret unknown junk as an ASCII string
            RawConv => '$val =~ /^([^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff]+)\0*$/ ? $1 : undef',
        }
    ],
    _PMX => { #PH (Adobe CS3 Bridge)
        Name => 'XMP',
        Notes => 'AVI and WAV files',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main' },
    },
    JUNQ => { #PH (Adobe CS3 Bridge)
        # old XMP is preserved when metadata is replaced in Bridge
        Name => 'OldXMP',
        Binary => 1,
    },
    C2PA => { #https://c2pa.org/specifications/
        Name => 'JUMBF',
        Deletable => 1,
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Jpeg2000::Main' },
    },
    olym => {
        Name => 'Olym',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::WAV' },
    },
    fact => {
        Name => 'NumberOfSamples',
        RawConv => 'Get32u(\$val, 0)',
    },
   'cue '=> {
        Name => 'CuePoints',
        Binary => 1,
        Notes => q{
            config_files/cutepointlist.config from full distribution will decode this
            and generate a list of cue points with labels
        },
    },
    plst => { Name => 'Playlist',  Binary => 1 }, #16
    afsp => { },
    IDIT => {
        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ConvertRIFFDate($val)',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    CSET => {
        Name => 'CharacterSet',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::CSET' },
    },
    # tx_ tags are generated based on the Codec used for the txts stream
    tx_USER => {
        Name => 'UserText',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::UserText' },
    },
    tx_Unknown => { # (untested)
        Name => 'Text',
        Notes => 'streamed text, extracted when the ExtractEmbedded option is used',
    },
   'id3 ' => {
        Name => 'ID3',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ID3::Main' },
    },
   'ID3 ' => { # (NC)
        Name => 'ID3-2',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ID3::Main' },
    },
#
# WebP-specific tags
#
    EXIF => [{ # (WebP)
        Name => 'EXIF',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^(II\x2a\0|MM\0\x2a)/',
        Notes => 'WebP files',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessTIFF,
        },
    },{ # (WebP) - have also seen with "Exif\0\0" header - PH
        Name => 'EXIF',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^Exif\0\0(II\x2a\0|MM\0\x2a)/ and ($self->Warn("Improper EXIF header",1) or 1)',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessTIFF,
            Start => 6,
        },
    },{
        Name => 'UnknownEXIF',
        Binary => 1,
    }],
   'XMP ' => { #14 (WebP)
        Name => 'XMP',
        Notes => 'WebP files',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main' },
    },
   "XMP\0" => {
        Name => 'XMP',
        Notes => 'incorrectly written WebP files',
        Condition => '$self->Warn("Incorrect XMP tag ID", 1) or 1',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main' },
    },
    ICCP => { #14 (WebP)
        Name => 'ICC_Profile',
        Notes => 'WebP files',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main' },
    },
   'VP8 ' => { # (WebP lossy)
        Name => 'VP8Bitstream',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^...\x9d\x01\x2a/s',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::VP8' },
    },
    VP8L => { #14 (WebP lossless)
        Name => 'VP8L',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^\x2f/',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::VP8L' },
    },
    VP8X => { #14 (WebP extended)
        Name => 'VP8X',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::VP8X' },
    },
    ANIM => { #14 (WebP animation)
        Name => 'ANIM',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ANIM' },
    },
    ANMF => { #14 (WebP animation frame)
        Name => 'ANMF',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ANMF' },
    },
    ALPH => { #14 (WebP alpha)
        Name => 'ALPH',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ALPH' },
    },
    SGLT => { #PH (BikeBro)
        Name => 'BikeBroAccel',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            ProcessProc => \&ProcessSGLT,
        },
    },
    SLLT => { #PH (BikeBro)
        Name => 'BikeBroGPS',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            ProcessProc => \&ProcessSLLT,
        },
    },
    iXML => { #PH
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::XML' },
    },
    aXML => { #PH
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::XML' },
    },
#
# tags found in an AlphaImagingTech AVI video - PH
#
    LIST_INF0 => {  # ('0' instead of 'O' -- odd)
        Name => 'Info',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Info' },
    },
    gps0 => {
        Name => 'GPSTrack',
        SetGroups => 'RIFF', # (moves "QuickTime" tags to the "RIFF" group)
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            # (don't use code ref here or get "Prototype mismatch" warning with some Perl versions)
            ProcessProc => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Process_gps0',
        },
    },
    gsen => {
        Name => 'GSensor',
        SetGroups => 'RIFF', # (moves "QuickTime" tags to the "RIFF" group)
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            ProcessProc => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Process_gsen',
        },
    },
    # gpsa - seen hex "01 20 00 00", same as QuickTime
    # gsea - 16 bytes hex "04 08 02 00 20 02 00 00 1f 03 00 00 01 00 00 00"

    acid => {   # writen by Acidizer
        Name => 'Acidizer',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Acidizer' },
    },
    guan => 'Guano', #forum14831
    SEAL => {
        Name => 'SEAL',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::SEAL' },
    },
    # LGWV - written by Logic Pro
    # minf, elm1, regn, umid, DGDA - written by Pro Tools
    # MXrt, muma, chrp - written by Sequoia Pro
);

# the maker notes used by some digital cameras
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Junk = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
);

# Format and Audio Stream Format chunk data
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::AudioFormat = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    FORMAT => 'int16u',
    0 => {
        Name => 'Encoding',
        PrintHex => 1,
        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::audioEncoding,
        SeparateTable => 'AudioEncoding',
    },
    1 => 'NumChannels',
    2 => {
        Name => 'SampleRate',
        Format => 'int32u',
    },
    4 => {
        Name => 'AvgBytesPerSec',
        Format => 'int32u',
    },
   # uninteresting
   # 6 => 'BlockAlignment',
    7 => 'BitsPerSample',
);

# Broadcast Audio Extension 'bext' information (ref 13)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::BroadcastExt = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    NOTES => q{
        Information found in the Broadcast Audio Extension chunk (see
        L).
    },
    0 => {
        Name => 'Description',
        Format => 'string[256]',
    },
    256 => {
        Name => 'Originator',
        Format => 'string[32]',
    },
    288 => {
        Name => 'OriginatorReference',
        Format => 'string[32]',
    },
    320 => {
        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        Format => 'string[18]',
        ValueConv => '$_=$val; tr/-/:/; s/^(\d{4}:\d{2}:\d{2})/$1 /; $_',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    338 => {
        Name => 'TimeReference',
        Notes => 'first sample count since midnight',
        Format => 'int32u[2]',
        ValueConv => 'my @v=split(" ",$val); $v[0] + $v[1] * 4294967296',
    },
    346 => {
        Name => 'BWFVersion',
        Format => 'int16u',
    },
    348 => {
        Name => 'BWF_UMID',
        Format => 'undef[64]',
        ValueConv => '$_=unpack("H*",$val); s/0{64}$//; uc $_',
    },
    # 412 - int8u[190] - reserved
    602 => {
        Name => 'CodingHistory',
        Format => 'string[$size-602]',
    },
);

# 64-bit chunk sizes (ref 15)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::DS64 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    FORMAT => 'int64u',
    NOTES => q{
        64-bit data sizes for MBWF/RF64 files.  See
        L for the specification.
    },
    0 => {
        Name => 'RIFFSize64',
        PrintConv => \&Image::ExifTool::ConvertFileSize,
    },
    1 => {
        Name => 'DataSize64',
        DataMember => 'DataSize64',
        RawConv => '$$self{DataSize64} = $val',
        PrintConv => \&Image::ExifTool::ConvertFileSize,
    },
    2 => 'NumberOfSamples64',
    # (after this comes a table of size overrides for chunk
    #  types other than 'data', but since these are currently
    #  very unlikely, support for these is not yet implemented)
);

# Sampler chunk (ref 16)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Sampler = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    FORMAT => 'int32u',
    0 => 'Manufacturer',
    1 => 'Product',
    2 => 'SamplePeriod',
    3 => 'MIDIUnityNote',
    4 => 'MIDIPitchFraction',
    5 => {
        Name => 'SMPTEFormat',
        PrintConv => {
            0 => 'none',
            24 => '24 fps',
            25 => '25 fps',
            29 => '29 fps',
            30 => '30 fps',
        },
    },
    6 => {
        Name => 'SMPTEOffset',
        Notes => 'HH:MM:SS:FF',
        ValueConv => q{
            my $str = sprintf('%.8x', $val);
            $str =~ s/(..)(..)(..)(..)/$1:$2:$3:$4/;
            return $str;
        },
    },
    7 => 'NumSampleLoops',
    8 => 'SamplerDataLen',
    9 => { Name => 'SamplerData', Format => 'undef[$size-40]', Binary => 1 },
);

# Instrument chunk (ref 16)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Instrument = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    FORMAT => 'int8s',
    0 => 'UnshiftedNote',
    1 => 'FineTune',
    2 => 'Gain',
    3 => 'LowNote',
    4 => 'HighNote',
    5 => 'LowVelocity',
    6 => 'HighVelocity',
);

# Sub chunks of INFO LIST chunk
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Info = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    FORMAT => 'string',
    NOTES => q{
        RIFF INFO tags found in AVI video and WAV audio files.  Tags which are part
        of the EXIF 2.3 specification have an underlined Tag Name in the HTML
        version of this documentation.  Other tags are found in AVI files generated
        by some software.
    },
    IARL => 'ArchivalLocation',
    IART => { Name => 'Artist',    Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
    ICMS => 'Commissioned',
    ICMT => 'Comment',
    ICOP => { Name => 'Copyright', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
    ICRD => {
        Name => 'DateCreated',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => '$_=$val; s/-/:/g; $_',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    ICRP => 'Cropped',
    IDIM => 'Dimensions',
    IDPI => 'DotsPerInch',
    IENG => 'Engineer',
    IGNR => 'Genre',
    IKEY => 'Keywords',
    ILGT => 'Lightness',
    IMED => 'Medium',
    INAM => 'Title',
    ITRK => 'TrackNumber',
    IPLT => 'NumColors',
    IPRD => 'Product',
    ISBJ => 'Subject',
    ISFT => {
        Name => 'Software',
        # remove trailing nulls/spaces and split at first null
        # (Casio writes "CASIO" in unicode after the first null)
        ValueConv => '$_=$val; s/(\s*\0)+$//; s/(\s*\0)/, /; s/\0+//g; $_',
    },
    ISHP => 'Sharpness',
    ISRC => 'Source',
    ISRF => 'SourceForm',
    ITCH => 'Technician',
#
# 3rd party tags
#
    # internet movie database (ref 12)
    ISGN => 'SecondaryGenre',
    IWRI => 'WrittenBy',
    IPRO => 'ProducedBy',
    ICNM => 'Cinematographer',
    IPDS => 'ProductionDesigner',
    IEDT => 'EditedBy',
    ICDS => 'CostumeDesigner',
    IMUS => 'MusicBy',
    ISTD => 'ProductionStudio',
    IDST => 'DistributedBy',
    ICNT => 'Country',
    ILNG => 'Language',
    IRTD => 'Rating',
    ISTR => 'Starring',
    # MovieID (ref12)
    TITL => 'Title',
    DIRC => 'Directory',
    YEAR => 'Year',
    GENR => 'Genre',
    COMM => 'Comments',
    LANG => 'Language',
    AGES => 'Rated',
    STAR => 'Starring',
    CODE => 'EncodedBy',
    PRT1 => 'Part',
    PRT2 => 'NumberOfParts',
    # Morgan Multimedia INFO tags (ref 12)
    IAS1 => 'FirstLanguage',
    IAS2 => 'SecondLanguage',
    IAS3 => 'ThirdLanguage',
    IAS4 => 'FourthLanguage',
    IAS5 => 'FifthLanguage',
    IAS6 => 'SixthLanguage',
    IAS7 => 'SeventhLanguage',
    IAS8 => 'EighthLanguage',
    IAS9 => 'NinthLanguage',
    ICAS => 'DefaultAudioStream',
    IBSU => 'BaseURL',
    ILGU => 'LogoURL',
    ILIU => 'LogoIconURL',
    IWMU => 'WatermarkURL',
    IMIU => 'MoreInfoURL',
    IMBI => 'MoreInfoBannerImage',
    IMBU => 'MoreInfoBannerURL',
    IMIT => 'MoreInfoText',
    # GSpot INFO tags (ref 12)
    IENC => 'EncodedBy',
    IRIP => 'RippedBy',
    # Sound Forge Pro tags
    DISP => 'SoundSchemeTitle',
    TLEN => { Name => 'Length', ValueConv => '$val/1000', PrintConv => '"$val s"' },
    TRCK => 'TrackNumber',
    TURL => 'URL',
    TVER => 'Version',
    LOCA => 'Location',
    TORG => 'Organization',
    # Sony Vegas AVI tags, also used by SCLive and Adobe Premier (ref 11)
    TAPE => {
        Name => 'TapeName',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
    },
    TCOD => {
        Name => 'StartTimecode',
        # this is the tape time code for the start of the video
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        ValueConv => '$val * 1e-7',
        PrintConv => \&ConvertTimecode,
    },
    TCDO => {
        Name => 'EndTimecode',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        ValueConv => '$val * 1e-7',
        PrintConv => \&ConvertTimecode,
    },
    VMAJ => {
        Name => 'VegasVersionMajor',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
    },
    VMIN => {
        Name => 'VegasVersionMinor',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
    },
    CMNT => {
        Name => 'Comment',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
    },
    RATE => {
        Name => 'Rate', #? (video? units?)
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
    },
    STAT => {
        Name => 'Statistics',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        # ("7318 0 3.430307 1", "0 0 3500.000000 1", "7 0 3.433228 1")
        PrintConv => [
            '"$val frames captured"',
            '"$val dropped"',
            '"Data rate $val"',
            { 0 => 'Bad', 1 => 'OK' }, # capture OK?
        ],
    },
    DTIM => {
        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => q{
            my @v = split ' ', $val;
            return undef unless @v == 2;
            # the Kodak EASYSHARE Sport stores this incorrectly as a string:
            return $val if $val =~ /^\d{4}:\d{2}:\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}$/;
            # get time in seconds
            $val = 1e-7 * ($v[0] * 4294967296 + $v[1]);
            # shift from Jan 1, 1601 to Jan 1, 1970
            $val -= 134774 * 24 * 3600 if $val != 0;
            return Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($val);
        },
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    # not observed, but apparently part of the standard:
    IDIT => {
        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ConvertRIFFDate($val)',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    ISMP => 'TimeCode',
);

# Sub chunks of EXIF LIST chunk
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Exif = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    NOTES => 'These tags are part of the EXIF 2.3 specification for WAV audio files.',
    ever => 'ExifVersion',
    erel => 'RelatedImageFile',
    etim => { Name => 'TimeCreated', Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
    ecor => { Name => 'Make',        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
    emdl => { Name => 'Model',       Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' }, Description => 'Camera Model Name' },
    emnt => { Name => 'MakerNotes',  Binary => 1 },
    eucm => {
        Name => 'UserComment',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertExifText($self,$val,"RIFF:UserComment")',
    },
);

# Sub chunks of hdrl LIST chunk
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Hdrl = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    avih => {
        Name => 'AVIHeader',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::AVIHeader' },
    },
    IDIT => {
        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ConvertRIFFDate($val)',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    ISMP => 'TimeCode',
    LIST_strl => {
        Name => 'Stream',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Stream' },
    },
    LIST_odml => {
        Name => 'OpenDML',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::OpenDML' },
    },
);

# Sub chunks of Tdat LIST chunk (ref PH)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Tdat = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
    # (have seen tc_O, tc_A, rn_O and rn_A)
);

# RIFF character set chunk
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::CSET = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Other' },
    FORMAT => 'int16u',
    0 => {
        Name => 'CodePage',
        RawConv => '$$self{CodePage} = $val',
    },
    1 => 'CountryCode',
    2 => 'LanguageCode',
    3 => 'Dialect',
);

%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::AVIHeader = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
    FORMAT => 'int32u',
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    0 => {
        Name => 'FrameRate',
        # (must use RawConv because raw value used in Composite tag)
        RawConv => '$val ? 1e6 / $val : undef',
        PrintConv => 'int($val * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000',
    },
    1 => {
        Name => 'MaxDataRate',
        Notes => q{
            converted using SI byte prefixes unles the API ByteUnit option is set to
            "Binary"
        },
        PrintConv => q{
            my ($unit, $div) = $self->Options('ByteUnit') eq 'Binary' ? ('KiB/s',1024) : ('kB/s',1000);
            my $tmp = $val / $div;
            $tmp > 9999 and $tmp /= $div, $unit =~ s/^./M/;
            sprintf('%.4g %s', $tmp, $unit);
        },
    },
  # 2 => 'PaddingGranularity',
  # 3 => 'Flags',
    4 => 'FrameCount',
  # 5 => 'InitialFrames',
    6 => 'StreamCount',
  # 7 => 'SuggestedBufferSize',
    8 => 'ImageWidth',
    9 => 'ImageHeight',
);

%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Stream = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    strh => {
        Name => 'StreamHeader',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::StreamHeader' },
    },
    strn => 'StreamName',
    strd => { #PH
        Name => 'StreamData',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::StreamData' },
    },
    strf => [
        {
            Name => 'AudioFormat',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "auds"',
            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::AudioFormat' },
        },
        {
            Name => 'VideoFormat',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "vids"',
            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::BMP::Main' },
        },
        {
            Name => 'TextFormat',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "txts"',
            Hidden => 1,
            RawConv => '$self->Options("ExtractEmbedded") or $self->Warn("Use ExtractEmbedded option to extract timed text",3); undef',
        },
    ],
);

# Open DML tags (ref http://www.morgan-multimedia.com/download/odmlff2.pdf)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::OpenDML = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessChunks,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
    dmlh => {
        Name => 'ExtendedAVIHeader',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ExtAVIHdr' },
    },
);

# Extended AVI Header tags (ref http://www.morgan-multimedia.com/download/odmlff2.pdf)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ExtAVIHdr = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
    FORMAT => 'int32u',
    0 => 'TotalFrameCount',
);

%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::StreamHeader = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
    FORMAT => 'int32u',
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    PRIORITY => 0,  # so we get values from the first stream
    0 => {
        Name => 'StreamType',
        Format => 'string[4]',
        RawConv => '$$self{RIFFStreamNum} = ($$self{RIFFStreamNum} || 0) + 1; $$self{RIFFStreamType} = $val',
        PrintConv => {
            auds => 'Audio',
            mids => 'MIDI',
            txts => 'Text',
            vids => 'Video',
            iavs => 'Interleaved Audio+Video',
        },
    },
    1 => [
        {
            Name => 'AudioCodec',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "auds"',
            RawConv => '$$self{RIFFStreamCodec}[$$self{RIFFStreamNum}-1] = $val',
            Format => 'string[4]',
        },
        {
            Name => 'VideoCodec',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "vids"',
            RawConv => '$$self{RIFFStreamCodec}[$$self{RIFFStreamNum}-1] = $val',
            Format => 'string[4]',
        },
        {
            Name => 'Codec',
            Format => 'string[4]',
            RawConv => '$$self{RIFFStreamCodec}[$$self{RIFFStreamNum}-1] = $val',
        },
    ],
  # 2 => 'StreamFlags',
  # 3 => 'StreamPriority',
  # 3.5 => 'Language',
  # 4 => 'InitialFrames',
    5 => [
        {
            Name => 'AudioSampleRate',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "auds"',
            Format => 'rational64u',
            ValueConv => '$val ? 1/$val : 0',
            PrintConv => 'int($val * 100 + 0.5) / 100',
        },
        {
            Name => 'VideoFrameRate',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "vids"',
            Format => 'rational64u',
            # (must use RawConv because raw value used in Composite tag)
            RawConv => '$val ? 1/$val : undef',
            PrintConv => 'int($val * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000',
        },
        {
            Name => 'StreamSampleRate',
            Format => 'rational64u',
            ValueConv => '$val ? 1/$val : 0',
            PrintConv => 'int($val * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000',
        },
    ],
  # 7 => 'Start',
    8 => [
        {
            Name => 'AudioSampleCount',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "auds"',
        },
        {
            Name => 'VideoFrameCount',
            Condition => '$$self{RIFFStreamType} eq "vids"',
        },
        {
            Name => 'StreamSampleCount',
        },
    ],
  # 9 => 'SuggestedBufferSize',
    10 => {
        Name => 'Quality',
        PrintConv => '$val eq 0xffffffff ? "Default" : $val',
    },
    11 => {
        Name => 'SampleSize',
        PrintConv => '$val ? "$val byte" . ($val==1 ? "" : "s") : "Variable"',
    },
  # 12 => { Name => 'Frame', Format => 'int16u[4]' },
);

%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::StreamData = ( #PH
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ProcessStreamData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
    NOTES => q{
        This chunk is used to store proprietary information in AVI videos from some
        cameras.  The first 4 characters of the data are used as the Tag ID below.
    },
    AVIF => {
        Name => 'AVIF',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
            DirName => 'IFD0',
            Start => 8,
            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
        },
    },
    CASI => { # (used by Casio GV-10)
        Name => 'CasioData',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Casio::AVI' },
    },
    Zora => 'VendorName',   # (Samsung PL90 AVI files)
    unknown => {
        Name => 'UnknownData',
        # try to interpret unknown stream data as a string
        RawConv => '$_=$val; /^[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff]+$/ ? $_ : undef',
    },
);

# VP8 bitstream (ref http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc6386.txt.pdf)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::VP8 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    NOTES => q{
        This chunk is found in simple-format (lossy) WebP files. See
        L for the WebP
        container specification.
    },
    0 => {
        Name => 'VP8Version',
        Mask => 0x0e,
        PrintConv => {
            0 => '0 (bicubic reconstruction, normal loop)',
            1 => '1 (bilinear reconstruction, simple loop)',
            2 => '2 (bilinear reconstruction, no loop)',
            3 => '3 (no reconstruction, no loop)',
        },
    },
    6 => {
        Name => 'ImageWidth',
        Format => 'int16u',
        Mask => 0x3fff,
        Priority => 0,
    },
    6.1 => {
        Name => 'HorizontalScale',
        Format => 'int16u',
        Mask => 0xc000,
    },
    8 => {
        Name => 'ImageHeight',
        Format => 'int16u',
        Mask => 0x3fff,
        Priority => 0,
    },
    8.1 => {
        Name => 'VerticalScale',
        Format => 'int16u',
        Mask => 0xc000,
    },
);

# WebP lossless info (ref 14)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::VP8L = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    NOTES => 'This chunk is found in lossless WebP files.',
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    1 => {
        Name => 'ImageWidth',
        Format => 'int16u',
        Priority => 0,
        # add " (lossless)" to FileType since image has a VP8L (lossless) chunk
        RawConv => q{
            $self->OverrideFileType($$self{VALUE}{FileType} . ' (lossless)', undef, 'webp');
            return $val;
        },
        ValueConv => '($val & 0x3fff) + 1',
    },
    2 => {
        Name => 'ImageHeight',
        Format => 'int32u',
        Priority => 0,
        ValueConv => '(($val >> 6) & 0x3fff) + 1',
    },
    4 => {
        Name => 'AlphaIsUsed',
        Mask => 0x10,
        PrintConv => { 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' },
    },
);

# WebP extended info (ref 14)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::VP8X = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    NOTES => 'This chunk is found in extended WebP files.',
    # 0 - bitmask: 2=ICC, 3=alpha, 4=EXIF, 5=XMP, 6=animation
    0 => {
        Name => 'WebP_Flags',
        Description => 'WebP Flags',
        Notes => 'flags used in Extended WebP images',
        Format => 'int32u',
        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
            1 => 'Animation',
            2 => 'XMP',
            3 => 'EXIF',
            4 => 'Alpha',
            5 => 'ICC Profile',
        }},
    },
    4 => {
        Name => 'ImageWidth',
        Format => 'int32u',
        ValueConv => '($val & 0xffffff) + 1',
    },
    6 => {
        Name => 'ImageHeight',
        Format => 'int32u',
        ValueConv => '($val >> 8) + 1',
    },
);

# WebP animation info (ref 14)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ANIM = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    NOTES => 'WebP animation chunk.',
    0 => {
        Name => 'BackgroundColor',
        Format => 'int8u[4]',
    },
    4 => {
        Name => 'AnimationLoopCount',
        PrintConv => '$val || "inf"',
    },
);

# WebP animation frame info (ref 14)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ANMF = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    NOTES => 'WebP animation frame chunk.',
    12 => {
        Name => 'Duration',
        Format => 'int32u',
        Notes => 'extracted as the sum of durations of all animation frames',
        RawConv => q{
            if (defined $$self{VALUE}{Duration}) {
                $$self{VALUE}{Duration} += $val & 0x0fff;
                return undef;
            }
            return $val & 0x0fff;
        },
        ValueConv => '$val / 1000',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
);

# streamed USER txts written by Momento M6 dashcam (ref PH)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::UserText = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    NOTES => q{
        Tags decoded from the USER-format txts stream written by Momento M6 dashcam.
        Extracted only if the ExtractEmbedded option is used.
    },
    # (little-endian)
  #  0 - int32u: 32
  #  4 - int32u: sample number (starting from unknown offset)
  #  8 - int8u[4]: "w x y z" ? (w 0=front cam, 1=rear cam, z mostly 5-8)
  # 12 - int8u[4]: "0 x 1 0" ? (x incrementing once per second)
  # 16 - int8u[4]: "0 32 0 x" ?
  # 20 - int32u: 100-150(mostly), 250-300(once per second)
  # 24 - int8u[4]: "0 x y 0" ?
    28 => { Name => 'GPSAltitude', Format => 'int32u', ValueConv => '$val / 10' }, # (NC)
  # 32 - int32u: 0(mostly), 23(once per second)
  # 36 - int32u: 0
    40 => { Name => 'Accelerometer', Format => 'float[3]' },
  # 52 - int32u: 1
    56 => { Name => 'GPSSpeed',      Format => 'float' }, # km/h
    60 => {
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        Format => 'float',
        # Note: these values are unsigned and I don't know where the hemisphere is stored,
        # but my only sample is from the U.S., so assume a positive latitude (for now)
        ValueConv => 'my $deg = int($val / 100); $deg + ($val - $deg * 100) / 60',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    64 => {
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        Format => 'float',
        # Note: these values are unsigned and I don't know where the hemisphere is stored,
        # but my only sample is from the U.S., so assume a negative longitude (for now)
        ValueConv => 'my $deg = int($val / 100); -($deg + ($val - $deg * 100) / 60)',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    68 => {
        Name => 'GPSDateTime',
        Description => 'GPS Date/Time',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        Format => 'int32u',
        ValueConv => 'ConvertUnixTime($val)',
        # (likely local time, but clock seemed off by 3 hours in my sample)
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
);

# WebP alpha info (ref 14)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::ALPH = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
    NOTES => 'WebP alpha chunk.',
    0 => {
        Name => 'AlphaPreprocessing',
        Mask => 0x03,
        PrintConv => {
            0 => 'none',
            1 => 'Level Reduction',
        },
    },
    0.1 => {
        Name => 'AlphaFiltering',
        Mask => 0x03,
        PrintConv => {
            0 => 'none',
            1 => 'Horizontal',
            2 => 'Vertical',
            3 => 'Gradient',
        },
    },
    0.2 => {
        Name => 'AlphaCompression',
        Mask => 0x03,
        PrintConv => {
            0 => 'none',
            1 => 'Lossless',
        },
    },
);

# Acidizer information (ref https://forums.cockos.com/showthread.php?t=227118)
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Acidizer = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
    0 => {
        Name => 'AcidizerFlags',
        Format => 'int32u',
        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
            0 => 'One shot',
            1 => 'Root note set',
            2 => 'Stretch',
            3 => 'Disk-based',
            4 => 'High octave',
        }},
    },
    4 => {
        Name => 'RootNote',
        Format => 'int16u',
        PrintConv => {
            0x30 => 'C',    0x3c => 'High C',
            0x31 => 'C#',   0x3d => 'High C#',
            0x32 => 'D',    0x3e => 'High D',
            0x33 => 'D#',   0x3f => 'High D#',
            0x34 => 'E',    0x40 => 'High E',
            0x35 => 'F',    0x41 => 'High F',
            0x36 => 'F#',   0x42 => 'High F#',
            0x37 => 'G',    0x43 => 'High G',
            0x38 => 'G#',   0x44 => 'High G#',
            0x39 => 'A',    0x45 => 'High A',
            0x3a => 'A#',   0x46 => 'High A#',
            0x3b => 'B',    0x47 => 'High B',
        },
    },
    12 => {
        Name => 'Beats',
        Format => 'int32u',
    },
    16 => {
        Name => 'Meter',
        Format => 'int16u[2]',
        PrintConv => '$val =~ s/(\d+) (\d+)/$2\/$1/; $val', # denominator comes first, so swap them
    },
    20 => {
        Name => 'Tempo',
        Format => 'float',
    },
);

# RIFF composite tags
%Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Composite = (
    Duration => {
        Require => {
            0 => 'RIFF:FrameRate',
            1 => 'RIFF:FrameCount',
        },
        Desire => {
            2 => 'VideoFrameRate',
            3 => 'VideoFrameCount',
        },
        RawConv => 'Image::ExifTool::RIFF::CalcDuration($self, @val)',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
    Duration2 => {
        Name => 'Duration',
        Require => {
            0 => 'RIFF:AvgBytesPerSec',
        },
        Desire => {
            1 => 'FileSize', # (only used if 'data' length isn't available)
            # check FrameCount because this calculation only applies
            # to audio-only files (eg. WAV)
            2 => 'FrameCount',
            3 => 'VideoFrameCount',
        },
        # (can't calculate duration like this for compressed audio types)
        RawConv => q{
            return undef if $$self{FileType} =~ /^(LA|OFR|PAC|WV)$/ or $val[2] or $val[3];
            return undef unless $val[0] and ($$self{RIFFDataLen} or $val[1]);
            return(($$self{RIFFDataLen} || $val[1]) / $val[0]);
        },
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
);

# add our composite tags
Image::ExifTool::AddCompositeTags('Image::ExifTool::RIFF');


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# AutoLoad our writer routines when necessary
#
sub AUTOLOAD
{
    return Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad($AUTOLOAD, @_);
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Convert RIFF date to EXIF format
my %monthNum = (
    Jan=>1, Feb=>2, Mar=>3, Apr=>4, May=>5, Jun=>6,
    Jul=>7, Aug=>8, Sep=>9, Oct=>10,Nov=>11,Dec=>12
);
sub ConvertRIFFDate($)
{
    my $val = shift;
    my @part = split ' ', $val;
    my $mon;
    if (@part >= 5 and $mon = $monthNum{ucfirst(lc($part[1]))}) {
        # the standard AVI date format (eg. "Mon Mar 10 15:04:43 2003")
        $val = sprintf("%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %s", $part[4],
                       $mon, $part[2], $part[3]);
    } elsif ($val =~ m{(\d{4})/\s*(\d+)/\s*(\d+)/?\s+(\d+):\s*(\d+)\s*(P?)}) {
        # but the Casio QV-3EX writes dates like "2001/ 1/27  1:42PM",
        # and the Casio EX-Z30 writes "2005/11/28/ 09:19"... doh!
        $val = sprintf("%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:00",$1,$2,$3,$4+($6?12:0),$5);
    } elsif ($val =~ m{(\d{4})[-/](\d+)[-/](\d+)\s+(\d+:\d+:\d+)}) {
        # the Konica KD500Z writes "2002-12-16  15:35:01\0\0"
        $val = "$1:$2:$3 $4";
    }
    return $val;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Print time
# Inputs: 0) time in seconds
# Returns: time string
sub ConvertTimecode($)
{
    my $val = shift;
    my $hr = int($val / 3600);
    $val -= $hr * 3600;
    my $min = int($val / 60);
    $val -= $min * 60;
    my $ss = sprintf('%05.2f', $val);
    if ($ss >= 60) {    # handle round-off problems
        $ss = '00.00';
        ++$min >= 60 and $min -= 60, ++$hr;
    }
    return sprintf('%d:%.2d:%s', $hr, $min, $ss);
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate duration of RIFF
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1/2) RIFF:FrameRate/Count, 2/3) VideoFrameRate/Count
# Returns: Duration in seconds or undef
# Notes: Sums duration of all sub-documents (concatenated AVI files)
sub CalcDuration($@)
{
    my ($et, @val) = @_;
    my $totalDuration = 0;
    my $subDoc = 0;
    my @keyList;
    for (;;) {
        # this is annoying.  Apparently (although I couldn't verify this), FrameCount
        # in the RIFF header includes multiple video tracks if they exist (eg. with the
        # FujiFilm REAL 3D AVI's), but the video stream information isn't reliable for
        # some cameras (eg. Olympus FE models), so use the video stream information
        # only if the RIFF header duration is 2 to 3 times longer
        my $dur1;
        $dur1 = $val[1] / $val[0] if $val[0];
        if ($val[2] and $val[3]) {
            my $dur2 = $val[3] / $val[2];
            my $rat = $dur1 / $dur2;
            $dur1 = $dur2 if $rat > 1.9 and $rat < 3.1;
        }
        $totalDuration += $dur1 if defined $dur1;
        last unless $subDoc++ < $$et{DOC_COUNT};
        # get tag values for next sub-document
        my @tags = qw(FrameRate FrameCount VideoFrameRate VideoFrameCount);
        my $rawValue = $$et{VALUE};
        my ($i, $j, $key, $keys);
        for ($i=0; $i<@tags; ++$i) {
            if ($subDoc == 1) {
                # generate list of available keys for each tag
                $keys = $keyList[$i] = [ ];
                for ($j=0; ; ++$j) {
                    $key = $tags[$i];
                    $key .= " ($j)" if $j;
                    last unless defined $$rawValue{$key};
                    push @$keys, $key;
                }
            } else {
                $keys = $keyList[$i];
            }
            # find key for tag in this sub-document
            my $grp = "Doc$subDoc";
            $grp .= ":RIFF" if $i < 2; # (tags 0 and 1 also in RIFF group)
            $key = $et->GroupMatches($grp, $keys);
            $val[$i] = $key ? $$rawValue{$key} : undef;
        }
        last unless defined $val[0] and defined $val[1]; # (Require'd tags)
    }
    return $totalDuration;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process stream data
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo reference, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessStreamData($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $start = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
    my $size = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
    return 0 if $size < 4;
    if ($et->Options('Verbose')) {
        $et->VerboseDir($$dirInfo{DirName}, 0, $size);
    }
    my $tag = substr($$dataPt, $start, 4);
    my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTbl, $tag);
    unless ($tagInfo) {
        $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTbl, 'unknown');
        return 1 unless $tagInfo;
    }
    my $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
    if ($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
        my $offset = $$subdir{Start} || 0;
        my $baseShift = $$dirInfo{DataPos} + $$dirInfo{DirStart} + $offset;
        my %subdirInfo = (
            DataPt  => $dataPt,
            DataPos => $$dirInfo{DataPos} - $baseShift,
            Base    => ($$dirInfo{Base} || 0) + $baseShift,
            DataLen => $$dirInfo{DataLen},
            DirStart=> $$dirInfo{DirStart} + $offset,
            DirLen  => $$dirInfo{DirLen} - $offset,
            DirName => $$subdir{DirName},
            Parent  => $$dirInfo{DirName},
        );
        unless ($offset) {
            # allow processing of 2nd directory at the same address
            my $addr = $subdirInfo{DirStart} + $subdirInfo{DataPos} + $subdirInfo{Base};
            delete $$et{PROCESSED}{$addr}
        }
        # (we could set FIRST_EXIF_POS to $subdirInfo{Base} here to make
        #  htmlDump offsets relative to EXIF base if we wanted...)
        my $subTable = GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
        $et->ProcessDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable);
    } else {
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $tag, undef,
            DataPt  => $dataPt,
            DataPos => $$dirInfo{DataPos},
            Start   => $start,
            Size    => $size,
            TagInfo => $tagInfo,
        );
    }
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Make tag information hash for unknown tag
# Inputs: 0) Tag table ref, 1) tag ID
sub MakeTagInfo($$)
{
    my ($tagTbl, $tag) = @_;
    my $name = $tag;
    my $n = ($name =~ s/([\x00-\x1f\x7f-\xff])/'x'.unpack('H*',$1)/eg);
    # print in hex if tag is numerical
    $name = sprintf('0x%.4x',unpack('N',$tag)) if $n > 2;
    AddTagToTable($tagTbl, $tag, {
        Name => "Unknown_$name",
        Description => "Unknown $name",
        Unknown => 1,
        Binary => 1,
    });
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process RIFF chunks
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessChunks($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $start = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
    my $size = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
    my $end = $start + $size;
    my $base = $$dirInfo{Base} || 0;
    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
    my $unknown = $et->Options('Unknown');
    my $charset = $et->Options('CharsetRIFF');

    unless ($charset) {
        if ($$et{CodePage}) {
            $charset = $$et{CodePage};
        } elsif (defined $charset and $charset eq '0') {
            $charset = 'Latin';
        }
    }

    $et->VerboseDir($$dirInfo{DirName}, 0, $size) if $verbose;

    while ($start + 8 < $end) {
        my $tag = substr($$dataPt, $start, 4);
        my $len = Get32u($dataPt, $start + 4);
        $start += 8;
        if ($start + $len > $end) {
            $et->Warn("Bad $tag chunk");
            return 0;
        }
        if ($tag eq 'LIST' and $len >= 4) {
            $tag .= '_' . substr($$dataPt, $start, 4);
            $len -= 4;
            $start += 4;
        }
        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTbl, $tag);
        my $baseShift = 0;
        my $val;
        if ($tagInfo) {
            if ($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
                # adjust base if necessary (needed for Ricoh maker notes)
                my $newBase = $tagInfo->{SubDirectory}{Base};
                if (defined $newBase) {
                    # different than your average Base eval...
                    # here we use an absolute $start address
                    $start += $base;
                    #### eval Base ($start)
                    $newBase = eval $newBase;
                    $baseShift = $newBase - $base;
                    $start -= $base;
                }
            } elsif (not $$tagInfo{Binary}) {
                my $format = $$tagInfo{Format} || $$tagTbl{FORMAT};
                if ($format and $format eq 'string') {
                    $val = substr($$dataPt, $start, $len);
                    $val =~ s/\0+$//;   # remove trailing nulls from strings
                    # decode if necessary
                    $val = $et->Decode($val, $charset) if $charset;
                }
            }
        } elsif ($verbose or $unknown) {
            MakeTagInfo($tagTbl, $tag);
        }
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $tag, $val,
            DataPt  => $dataPt,
            DataPos => $$dirInfo{DataPos} - $baseShift,
            Start   => $start,
            Size    => $len,
            Base    => $base + $baseShift,
            Addr    => $base + $baseShift + $start,
        );
        ++$len if $len & 0x01;  # must account for padding if odd number of bytes
        $start += $len;
    }
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process BikeBro SGLT chunk (accelerometer data) (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessSGLT($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dataLen = length $$dataPt;
    my $ee = $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded');
    my $pos;
    # example accelerometer record:
    # 0           1  2  3           4  5           6  7
    # 00 00 00 24 02 00 00 01 17 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 9b 02
    # frame------ ?? Xs X---------- Ys Y---------- Zs Z----------
    $$et{SET_GROUP0} = $$et{SET_GROUP1} = 'RIFF';
    for ($pos=0; $pos<=$dataLen-20; $pos+=20) {
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        my $buff = substr($$dataPt, $pos);
        my @a = unpack('NCCNCNCN', $buff);
        my @acc = ($a[3]*($a[2]?-1:1)/1e5, $a[5]*($a[4]?-1:1)/1e5, $a[7]*($a[6]?-1:1)/1e5);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, FrameNumber   => $a[0]);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc");
        unless ($ee) {
            $et->Warn('Use ExtractEmbedded option to extract all accelerometer data', 3);
            last;
        }
    }
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP0};
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
    $$et{DOC_NUM} = 0;
    return 0;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process BikeBro SLLT chunk (GPS information) (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessSLLT($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dataLen = length $$dataPt;
    my $ee = $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded');
    my $pos;
    # example GPS record:
    # 0           1  2     3           4     5           6     7     8  9  10 11    12 13 14 15
    # 00 00 00 17 01 00 00 03 fa 21 ec 00 35 01 6e c0 06 00 08 00 62 10 0b 1b 07 e2 03 0e 57 4e
    # frame------ ?? lonDD lonDDDDDDDD latDD latDDDDDDDD alt-- spd-- hr mn sc yr--- mn dy EW NS
    $$et{SET_GROUP0} = $$et{SET_GROUP1} = 'RIFF';
    for ($pos=0; $pos<=$dataLen-30; $pos+=30) {
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        my $buff = substr($$dataPt, $pos);
        my @a = unpack('NCnNnNnnCCCnCCaa', $buff);
        # - is $a[1] perhaps GPSStatus? (only seen 1, or perhaps record type 1=GPS, 2=acc?)
        my $time = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2dZ', @a[11..13, 8..10]);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, FrameNumber  => $a[0]);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => $time);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => ($a[4] + $a[5]/1e8) * ($a[15] eq 'S' ? -1 : 1));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => ($a[2] + $a[3]/1e8) * ($a[14] eq 'W' ? -1 : 1));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => $a[6]);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $a[7]);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeedRef  => 'K');
        unless ($ee) {
            $et->Warn('Use ExtractEmbedded option to extract timed GPS', 3);
            last;
        }
    }
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP0};
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
    $$et{DOC_NUM} = 0;
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process Lucas streaming GPS information (Lucas LK-7900 Ace) (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessLucas($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dataLen = length $$dataPt;

    unless ($et->Options('ExtractEmbedded')) {
        $et->Warn('Use ExtractEmbedded option to extract timed GPS', 3);
        return 1;
    }
    my %recLen = (  # record lengths (not including 4-byte ID)
        '0GDA' => 24,
        '0GPS' => 48,
    );
    my ($date,$time,$lat,$lon,$alt,$spd,$sat,$dop,$ew,$ns);
    $$et{SET_GROUP0} = $$et{SET_GROUP1} = 'RIFF';
    while ($$dataPt =~ /(0GDA|0GPS)/g) {
        my ($rec, $pos) = ($1, pos $$dataPt);
        $pos + $recLen{$rec} > $dataLen and $et->Warn("Truncated $1 record"), last;
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        # records start with int64u sample date/time in ms since 1970
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, SampleDateTime => Get64u($dataPt, $pos) / 1000);
        if ($rec eq '0GPS') {
            my $len = Get32u($dataPt, $pos+8);
            my $endPos = $pos + $recLen{$rec} + $len;
            $endPos > $dataLen and $et->Warn('Truncated 0GPS record'), last;
            my $buff = substr($$dataPt, $pos+$recLen{$rec}, $len);
            while ($buff =~ /\$(GC|GA),(\d+),/g) {
                my $p = pos $buff;
                $time = $2;
                if ($1 eq 'GC') {
                    #     time   date   dist    ? sat dop alt  A
                    # $GC,052350,180914,0000955,1,08,1.1,0017,,A*45\x0d\x0a\0
                    if ($buff =~ /\G(\d+),\d*,\d*,(\d+),([-\d.]+),(\d+),\d*,A/g) {
                        ($date,$sat,$dop,$alt) = ($1,$2,$3,$4);
                    }
                } else {
                    #     time   A lat       lon        spd N W
                    # $GA,052351,A,0949.6626,07635.4439,049,N,E,*4C\x0d\x0a\0
                    if ($buff =~ /\GA,([\d.]+),([\d.]+),(\d+),([NS]),([EW])/g) {
                        ($lat,$lon,$spd,$ns,$ew) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6);
                        # lat/long are in DDDMM.MMMM format
                        my $deg = int($lat / 100);
                        $lat = $deg + ($lat - $deg * 100) / 60;
                        $deg = int($lon / 100);
                        $lon = $deg + ($lon - $deg * 100) / 60;
                        $lat *= -1 if $ns eq 'S';
                        $lon *= -1 if $ew eq 'W';
                    }
                }
                # look ahead to next NMEA-like sentence, and store the fix
                # now only if the next sentence is not at the same time
                if ($buff !~ /\$(GC|GA),$time,/g) {
                    pos($$dataPt) = $endPos;
                    if ($$dataPt !~ /\$(GC|GA),(\d+)/ or $1 ne $time) {
                        $time =~ s/(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/$1:$2:$3Z/;
                        if ($date) {
                            $date =~ s/(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/20$3:$2:$1/;
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime => "$date $time");
                        } else {
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTimeStamp => $time);
                        }
                        if (defined $lat) {
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude => $lat);
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon);
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed => $spd);
                        }
                        if (defined $alt) {
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude => $alt);
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSatellites => $sat);
                            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDOP => $dop);
                        }
                        undef $lat;
                        undef $alt;
                    }
                }
                pos($buff) = $p;
            }
            $pos += $len;
        } else { # this is an accelerometer (0GDA) record
            # record has 4 more int32s values (the last is always 57 or 58 --
            # maybe related to sample time in ms? -- not extracted)
            my @acc = unpack('x'.($pos+8).'V3', $$dataPt);
            # change to signed integer and divide by 256
            map { $_ = $_ - 4294967296 if $_ >= 0x80000000; $_ /= 256 } @acc;
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc");
        }
        pos($$dataPt) = $pos + $recLen{$rec};
    }
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP0};
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
    $$et{DOC_NUM} = 0;
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Extract information from a RIFF file
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) DirInfo reference
# Returns: 1 on success, 0 if this wasn't a valid RIFF file
sub ProcessRIFF($$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
    my ($buff, $buf2, $type, $mime, $err, $rf64, $moviEnd);
    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
    my $unknown = $et->Options('Unknown');
    my $validate = $et->Options('Validate');
    my $ee = $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded');
    my $hash = $$et{ImageDataHash};
    my $base = 0;

    # verify this is a valid RIFF file
    return 0 unless $raf->Read($buff, 12) == 12;
    if ($buff =~ /^(RIFF|RF64)....(.{4})/s) {
        $type = $riffType{$2};
        $rf64 = 1 if $1 eq 'RF64';
    } else {
        # minimal support for a few obscure lossless audio formats...
        return 0 unless $buff =~ /^(LA0[234]|OFR |LPAC|wvpk)/ and $raf->Read($buf2, 1024);
        $type = $riffType{$1};
        $buff .= $buf2;
        return 0 unless $buff =~ /WAVE(.{4})?(junk|fmt )/sg and $raf->Seek(pos($buff) - 4, 0);
        $base = pos($buff) - 16;
    }
    $$raf{NoBuffer} = 1 if $et->Options('FastScan'); # disable buffering in FastScan mode
    $mime = $riffMimeType{$type} if $type;
    $et->SetFileType($type, $mime);
    $$et{VALUE}{FileType} .= ' (RF64)' if $rf64 and $$et{VALUE}{FileType};
    $$et{RIFFStreamType} = '';      # initialize stream type
    $$et{RIFFStreamCodec} = [];     # initialize codec array
    SetByteOrder('II');
    my $riffEnd = Get32u(\$buff, 4) + 8;
    $riffEnd += $riffEnd & 0x01;    # (account for padding)
    my $tagTbl = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::RIFF::Main');
    my $pos = 12;
#
# Read chunks in RIFF image
#
    for (;;) {
        if ($err) {
            last unless $moviEnd;
            # we arrived here because there was a problem parsing the movie data
            # so seek to the end to continue processing
            if ($moviEnd > 0x7fffffff) {
                unless ($et->Options('LargeFileSupport')) {
                    $et->Warn('Possibly corrupt LIST_movi data');
                    $et->Warn('Stopped parsing at large LIST_movi chunk (LargeFileSupport not set)');
                    undef $err;
                    last;
                }
                if ($et->Options('LargeFileSupport') eq '2') {
                    $et->Warn('Processing large chunk (LargeFileSupport is 2)');
                }
            }
            if ($validate) {
                # (must actually try to read something after seeking to detect error)
                $raf->Seek($moviEnd-1, 0) and $raf->Read($buff, 1) == 1 or last;
            } else {
                $raf->Seek($moviEnd, 0) or last;
            }
            $pos = $moviEnd;
            $et->Warn('Possibly corrupt LIST_movi data');
            undef $err;
            undef $moviEnd;
        }
        if ($moviEnd) {
            $pos > $moviEnd and $err = 1, next;     # error if we parsed past the end of the movie data
            undef $moviEnd if $pos == $moviEnd;     # parsed all movie data?
        }
        my $num = $raf->Read($buff, 8);
        if ($num < 8) {
            $moviEnd and $err = 1, next;
            $err = 1 if $num;
            $et->Warn('Incorrect RIFF chunk size' . " $pos vs. $riffEnd") if $validate and $pos != $riffEnd;
            last;
        }
        $pos += 8;
        my ($tag, $len) = unpack('a4V', $buff);
        # tweak WEBP type if this is an extended WebP
        $et->OverrideFileType('Extended WEBP',undef,'webp') if $tag eq 'VP8X' and $type eq 'WEBP';
        # special case: construct new tag name from specific LIST type
        if ($tag eq 'LIST') {
            $raf->Read($buff, 4) == 4 or $err=1, next;
            $pos += 4;
            $tag .= "_$buff";
            $len -= 4;  # already read 4 bytes (the LIST type)
        } elsif ($tag eq 'data') {
            $len = $$et{DataSize64} if $len == 0xffffffff and $$et{DataSize64};
            $$et{RIFFDataLen} = ($$et{RIFFDataLen} || 0) + $len;
        }
        $et->VPrint(0, "RIFF '${tag}' chunk ($len bytes of data):\n");
        if ($len <= 0) {
            $moviEnd and $err = 1, next;
            if ($len < 0) {
                $et->Warn('Invalid chunk length');
            } elsif ($tag eq "\0\0\0\0") {
                # avoid reading through corupted files filled with nulls because it takes forever
                $et->Warn('Encountered empty null chunk. Processing aborted');
            } else {
                next;
            }
            last;
        }
        # stop when we hit the audio data or AVI index or AVI movie data
        # --> no more because Adobe Bridge stores XMP after this!!
        # (so now we only do this on the FastScan option)
        if ($et->Options('FastScan') and ($tag eq 'data' or $tag eq 'idx1' or
            ($tag eq 'LIST_movi' and not $ee)))
        {
            $et->VPrint(0, "(end of parsing)\n");
            last;
        }
        # RIFF chunks are padded to an even number of bytes
        my $len2 = $len + ($len & 0x01);
        # change name of stream txts data depending on the Codec
        if ($ee and $tag =~ /^(\d{2})tx$/) {
            $tag = 'tx_' . ($$et{RIFFStreamCodec}[$1] || 'Unknown');
            $tag = "tx_Unknown" unless defined $$tagTbl{$tag};
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        }
        my $tagInfo = $$tagTbl{$tag};
        # (in LIST_movi chunk: ##db = uncompressed DIB, ##dc = compressed DIB, ##wb = audio data)
        if ($tagInfo or (($verbose or $unknown) and $tag !~ /^(data|idx1|LIST_movi|RIFF|\d{2}(db|dc|wb))$/)) {
            $raf->Read($buff, $len2) >= $len or $err=1, next;
            length($buff) == $len2 or $et->Warn("No padding on odd-sized $tag chunk");
            if ($hash and $isImageData{$tag}) {
                $hash->add($buff);
                $et->VPrint(0, "$$et{INDENT}(ImageDataHash: '${tag}' chunk, $len2 bytes)\n");
            }
            my $setGroups;
            if ($tagInfo and ref $tagInfo eq 'HASH' and $$tagInfo{SetGroups}) {
                $setGroups = $$et{SET_GROUP0} = $$et{SET_GROUP1} = $$tagInfo{SetGroups};
            }
            MakeTagInfo($tagTbl, $tag) if not $tagInfo and ($verbose or $unknown);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $tag, $buff,
                DataPt  => \$buff,
                DataPos => 0,   # (relative to Base)
                Start   => 0,
                Size    => $len,
                Base    => $pos + $base,
            );
            if ($setGroups) {
                delete $$et{SET_GROUP0};
                delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
            }
            delete $$et{DOC_NUM} if $ee;
        } elsif ($tag eq 'RIFF') {
            $et->Warn('Incorrect RIFF chunk size') if $validate and $pos - 8 != $riffEnd;
            $riffEnd += $len2 + 8;
            # don't read into RIFF chunk (eg. concatenated video file)
            $raf->Read($buff, 4) == 4 or $err=1, next;  # (skip RIFF type word)
            $pos += 4;
            # extract information from remaining file as an embedded file
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
            next; # (must not increment $pos)
        } else {
            my $rewind;
            # do hash if required
            if ($hash and $isImageData{$tag}) {
                $rewind = $raf->Tell();
                $et->ImageDataHash($raf, $len2, "'${tag}' chunk");
            }
            if ($tag eq 'LIST_movi' and $ee) {
                $raf->Seek($rewind, 0) or $err = 1, next if $rewind;
                # save end-of-movie offset so we can seek there if we get errors parsing the movie data
                $moviEnd = $raf->Tell() + $len2;
                next; # parse into movi chunk
            } elsif (not $rewind) {
                if ($len > 0x7fffffff) {
                    unless ($et->Options('LargeFileSupport')) {
                        $tag =~ s/([\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff])/sprintf('\\x%.2x',ord $1)/eg;
                        $et->Warn("Stopped parsing at large $tag chunk (LargeFileSupport not set)");
                        last;
                    }
                    if ($et->Options('LargeFileSupport') eq '2') {
                        $et->Warn('Processing large chunk (LargeFileSupport is 2)');
                    }
                }
                if ($validate and $len2) {
                    # (must actually try to read something after seeking to detect error)
                    $raf->Seek($len2-1, 1) and $raf->Read($buff, 1) == 1 or $err = 1, next;
                } else {
                    $raf->Seek($len2, 1) or $err=1, next;
                }
            }
        }
        $pos += $len2;
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    $err and $et->Warn('Error reading RIFF file (corrupted?)');
    return 1;
}

1;  # end

__END__