File Coverage

blib/lib/Image/ExifTool/QuickTimeStream.pl

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	145	1544	9.3
branch	72	1050	6.8
condition	36	470	7.6
subroutine	7	35	20.0
pod	0	32	0.0
total	260	3131	8.3

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# File:         QuickTimeStream.pl
#
# Description:  Extract embedded information from QuickTime media data
#
# Revisions:    2018-01-03 - P. Harvey Created
#
# Notes:        Set API "Debug" option to generate GPSType tag
#
# References:   1) https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap3/qtff3.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40000939-CH205-SW130
#               2) http://sergei.nz/files/nvtk_mp42gpx.py
#               3) https://forum.flitsservice.nl/dashcam-info/dod-ls460w-gps-data-uit-mov-bestand-lezen-t87926.html
#               4) https://developers.google.com/streetview/publish/camm-spec
#               5) https://sergei.nz/extracting-gps-data-from-viofo-a119-and-other-novatek-powered-cameras/
#               6) Thomas Allen https://github.com/exiftool/exiftool/pull/62
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package Image::ExifTool::QuickTime;

use strict;

use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
use Image::ExifTool::QuickTime;

sub Process_tx3g($$$);
sub Process_mebx($$$);
sub Process_text($$$;$);
sub ProcessFreeGPS($$$);
sub Process360Fly($$$);
sub ProcessFMAS($$$);
sub ProcessWolfbox($$$);
sub ProcessCAMM($$$);
sub OrderCipherDigits($$$;$);

# QuickTime data types that have ExifTool equivalents
# (ref https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/Metadata/Metadata.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40000939-CH1-SW35)
my %qtFmt = (
    0 => 'undef',
    1 => 'string', # (UTF-8)
    # 2 - UTF-16
    # 3 - shift-JIS
    # 4 - UTF-8 sort
    # 5 - UTF-16 sort
    # 13 - JPEG image
    # 14 - PNG image
    # 21 - signed integer (1,2,3 or 4 bytes)
    # 22 - unsigned integer (1,2,3 or 4 bytes)
    23 => 'float',
    24 => 'double',
    # 27 - BMP image
    # 28 - QuickTime atom
    65 => 'int8s',
    66 => 'int16s',
    67 => 'int32s',
    70 => 'float', # float[2] x,y
    71 => 'float', # float[2] width,height
    72 => 'float', # float[4] x,y,width,height
    74 => 'int64s',
    75 => 'int8u',
    76 => 'int16u',
    77 => 'int32u',
    78 => 'int64u',
    79 => 'float', # float[9] transform matrix
    80 => 'float', # float[8] face coordinates
);

# maximums for validating H,M,S,d,m,Y from "freeGPS " metadata
my @dateMax = ( 24, 59, 59, 2200, 12, 31 );

# typical (minimum?) size of freeGPS block
my $gpsBlockSize = 0x8000;

# conversion factors
my $knotsToKph = 1.852;     # knots --> km/h
my $mpsToKph   = 3.6;       # m/s   --> km/h
my $mphToKph   = 1.60934;   # mph   --> km/h

# handler types to process based on MetaFormat/OtherFormat
my %processByMetaFormat = (
    meta => 1,  # ('CTMD' in CR3 images, 'priv' unknown in DJI video)
    data => 1,  # ('RVMI')
    sbtl => 1,  # (subtitle; 'tx3g' in Yuneec drone videos)
    ctbx => 1,  # ('marl' in GM videos)
);

# data lengths for each INSV/INSP record type
my %insvDataLen = (
    0x000 => 0,     # directory table (any size)
    0x200 => 0,     # PreviewImage (any size) (a duplicate of PreviewImage in APP2 of INSP files)
    0x300 => 0,     # accelerometer (could be either 20 or 56 bytes)
    0x400 => 16,    # exposure (ref 6)
    0x600 => 8,     # timestamps (ref 6)
    0x700 => 53,    # GPS
  # 0x900 => 48,    # ? (Insta360 X3)
  # 0xa00 => 5?,    # ? (Insta360 ONE RS)
  # 0xb00 => 10,    # ? (Insta360 X3)
  # 0xd00 => 10,    # ? (Insta360 Ace Pro)
  # 0x1200 ?        # ? (Insta360 Ace Pro)
  # 0x1600 ?        # ? (?)
);

# limit the default amount of data we read for some record types
# (to avoid running out of memory)
my %insvLimit = (
    0x300 => [ 'accelerometer', 20000 ],    # maximum of 20000 accelerometer records
);

# tags extracted from various QuickTime data streams
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream = (
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    NOTES => q{
        The tags below are extracted from timed metadata in QuickTime and other
        formats of video files when the ExtractEmbedded option is used.  Although
        most of these tags are combined into the single table below, ExifTool
        currently reads 117 different types of timed GPS metadata from video files.
    },
    GPSLatitude  => { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")', RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSLatitude} = 1; $val' },
    GPSLongitude => { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")' },
    GPSLatitude2 => { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")' },
    GPSLongitude2=> { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")' },
    GPSAltitude  => { PrintConv => '(sprintf("%.4f", $val) + 0) . " m"' }, # round to 4 decimals
    GPSSpeed     => { PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.4f", $val) + 0', Notes => 'in km/h unless GPSSpeedRef says otherwise' },
    GPSSpeedRef  => { PrintConv => { K => 'km/h', M => 'mph', N => 'knots' } },
    GPSTrack     => { PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.4f", $val) + 0', Notes => 'relative to true north unless GPSTrackRef says otherwise' },
    GPSTrackRef  => { PrintConv => { M => 'Magnetic North', T => 'True North' } },
    GPSDateTime  => {
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        Description => 'GPS Date/Time',
        RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSDateTime} = 1; $val',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    DateTimeOriginal => {
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    GPSTimeStamp => { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::PrintTimeStamp($val)', Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
    GPSSatellites=> { },
    GPSDOP       => { Description => 'GPS Dilution Of Precision' },
    Distance     => { PrintConv => '"$val m"' },
    VerticalSpeed=> { PrintConv => '"$val m/s"' },
    CameraModel  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
    FNumber      => { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFNumber($val)', Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
    ExposureTime => { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)', Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
    ExposureCompensation => { PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFraction($val)', Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
    ISO          => { Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
    CameraDateTime=>{ PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)', Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
    DateTimeStamp =>{ PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)', Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
    VideoTimeStamp => { Groups => { 2 => 'Video' } },
    Accelerometer=> { Notes => '3-axis acceleration, usually in units of g' },
    AccelerometerData => { },
    AngularVelocity => { },
    GSensor      => { },
    Car          => { },
    RawGSensor   => {
        # (same as GSensor, but offset by some unknown value)
        ValueConv => 'my @a=split " ",$val; $_/=1000 foreach @a; "@a"',
    },
    Text         => { Groups => { 2 => 'Other' } },
    TimeCode     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Video' } },
    FrameNumber  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Video' } },
    SampleTime   => { Groups => { 2 => 'Video' }, PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)', Notes => 'sample decoding time' },
    SampleDuration=>{ Groups => { 2 => 'Video' }, PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)' },
    UserLabel    => { Groups => { 2 => 'Other' } },
    KiloCalories => { Groups => { 2 => 'Other' } },
    SampleDateTime => {
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        ValueConv => q{
            my $str = ConvertUnixTime($val);
            my $frac = $val - int($val);
            if ($frac != 0) {
                $frac = sprintf('%.6f', $frac);
                $frac =~ s/^0//;
                $frac =~ s/0+$//;
                $str .= $frac;
            }
            return $str;
        },
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
#
# timed metadata decoded based on MetaFormat (format of 'meta' or 'data' sample description)
# [or HandlerType, or specific 'vide' type if specified]
#
    mebx => {
        Name => 'mebx',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Keys',
            ProcessProc => \&Process_mebx,
        },
    },
    gpmd => [{
        Name => 'gpmd_Kingslim', # Kingslim D4 dashcam
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^.{21}\0\0\0A[NS][EW]/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            ProcessProc => \&ProcessFreeGPS,
        },
    },{
        Name => 'gpmd_Rove', # Rove Stealth 4K encrypted text
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^\0\0\xf2\xe1\xf0\xeeTT/',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            ProcessProc => \&Process_text,
        },
    },{
        Name => 'gpmd_FMAS', # Vantrue N2S binary format
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^FMAS\0\0\0\0/',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            ProcessProc => \&ProcessFMAS,
        },
    },{
        Name => 'gpmd_Wolfbox', # Wolfbox G900 Dashcam and Redtiger F9 4K
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^.{136}(0{16}[A-Z]{4}|https:\/\/www.redtiger\0)/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream',
            ProcessProc => \&ProcessWolfbox,
        },
    },{
        Name => 'gpmd_GoPro',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::GPMF' },
    }],
    fdsc => {
        Name => 'fdsc',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^GPRO/',
        # (other types of "fdsc" samples aren't yet parsed: /^GP\x00/ and /^GP\x04/)
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GoPro::fdsc' },
    },
    rtmd => {
        Name => 'rtmd',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sony::rtmd' },
    },
    marl => {
        Name => 'marl',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GM::marl' },
    },
    CTMD => { # (Canon Timed MetaData)
        Name => 'CTMD',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Canon::CTMD' },
    },
    tx3g => {
        Name => 'tx3g',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::tx3g' },
    },
    RVMI => [{ # data "OtherFormat" written by unknown software
        Name => 'RVMI_gReV',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^gReV/',  # GPS data
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::RVMI_gReV',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'RVMI_sReV',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^sReV/',  # sensor data
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::RVMI_sReV',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-endian',
        },
    # (there is also "tReV" data that hasn't been decoded yet)
    }],
    camm => [{
        Name => 'camm0',
        # (according to the spec. the first 2 bytes are reserved and should be zero,
        # but I have samples where these bytes are non-zero, so allow anything here)
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\0\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm0',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'camm1',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\x01\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm1',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{ # (written by Insta360) - [HandlerType, not MetaFormat]
        Name => 'camm2',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\x02\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm2',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'camm3',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\x03\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm3',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'camm4',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\x04\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm4',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'camm5',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\x05\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm5',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'camm6',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\x06\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm6',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'camm7',
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^..\x07\0/s',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm7',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    }],
    # (have also seen unknown mett from Google Pixel with MetaType 'application/meta'
    #  and 'application/microvideo-image-meta')
    mett => { # Parrot drones and iPhone/Android using ARCore
        Name => 'mett',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Parrot::mett' },
    },
    JPEG => { # (in CR3 images) - [vide HandlerType with JPEG in SampleDescription, not MetaFormat]
        Name => 'JpgFromRaw',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
        RawConv => '$self->ValidateImage(\$val,$tag)',
    },
    text => { # (TomTom Bandit MP4) - [sbtl HandlerType with 'text' in SampleDescription]
        Name => 'PreviewInfo',
        Condition => 'length $$valPt > 12 and Get32u($valPt,4) == length($$valPt) and $$valPt =~ /^.{8}\xff\xd8\xff/s',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::PreviewInfo' },
    },
    INSV => {
        Groups => { 0 => 'Trailer', 1 => 'Insta360' }, # (so these groups will appear in the -listg options)
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::INSV_MakerNotes' },
    },
    ssmd => [{
        Name => 'RoveGPS', # Rove R2-4K new model
        # double value of GPSLatitude is 4294967295 (00 00 e0 ff ff ff ef 41) for no GPS
        Condition => 'length $$valPt == 32 and $$valPt !~ /^\0\0\xe0\xff\xff\xff\xef\x41/',
        SubDirectory => {
            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::RoveGPS',
            ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
        },
    },{
        Name => 'Accelerometer', # Rove R2-4K new model
        Condition => 'length $$valPt == 12',
        Format => 'float',
        ByteOrder => 'Little-Endian',
    },{
        Name => 'PreviewImage',  # Chigee AIO-5 dashcam
        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^\xff\xd8\xff/',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
        RawConv => '$self->ValidateImage(\$val,$tag)',
    }],
    djmd => { # (DJI AC003 Osmo Action 4 cam)
        Name => 'DJIMetadata',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::DJI::Protobuf' },
    },
    dbgi => { # (DJI AC003 Osmo Action 4 cam)
        Name => 'DJIDebug',
        Unknown => 2,
        Notes => 'extracted only if Unknown option is 2 or greater',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::DJI::Protobuf' },
    },
    Unknown00 => { Unknown => 1 },
    Unknown01 => { Unknown => 1 },
    Unknown02 => { Unknown => 1 },
    Unknown03 => { Unknown => 1 },
    MagneticVariation => { }, # (from LIGOGPSINFO)
);

# accelerometer from newer Rove R2-4K cam
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::RoveGPS = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    0 => {
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        Format => 'double',
        ValueConv => 'my $deg = int($val/100); $val = $deg + ($val - $deg * 100) / 60',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    8 => {
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        Format => 'double',
        ValueConv => 'my $deg = int($val/100); $val = $deg + ($val - $deg * 100) / 60',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    20 => {
        Name => 'GPSSpeed',
        Format => 'int16u',
        ValueConv => '$val * 1.852', # convert from knots to km/h
    },
    22 => {
        Name => 'GPSDateTime',
        Description => 'GPS Date/Time',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        Format => 'int8u[6]',
        ValueConv => q{
            my @v = split ' ', $val;
            $v[0] += 2000;
            sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2d', @v);
        },
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    # Seen this in the next 4 bytes:
    # ff 01 01 00 - good GPS?
    # ff 00 ff ff - no GPS?
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 0 timed metadata (ref 4)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm0 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    NOTES => q{
        The camm0 through camm7 tables define tags extracted from the Google Street
        View Camera Motion Metadata of MP4 videos.  See
        L for the
        specification.
    },
    4 => {
        Name => 'AngleAxis',
        Notes => 'angle axis orientation in radians in local coordinate system',
        Format => 'float[3]',
    },
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 1 timed metadata (ref 4)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm1 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Camera' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    4 => {
        Name => 'PixelExposureTime',
        Format => 'int32s',
        ValueConv => '$val * 1e-9',
        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.4g ms", $val * 1000)',
    },
    8 => {
        Name => 'RollingShutterSkewTime',
        Format => 'int32s',
        ValueConv => '$val * 1e-9',
        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.4g ms", $val * 1000)',
    },
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 2 timed metadata (ref PH, Insta360Pro)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm2 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    4 => {
        Name => 'AngularVelocity',
        Notes => 'gyro angular velocity about X, Y and Z axes in rad/s',
        Format => 'float[3]',
    },
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 3 timed metadata (ref PH, Insta360Pro)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm3 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    4 => {
        Name => 'Acceleration',
        Notes => 'acceleration in the X, Y and Z directions in m/s^2',
        Format => 'float[3]',
    },
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 4 timed metadata (ref 4)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm4 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    4 => {
        Name => 'Position',
        Notes => 'X, Y, Z position in local coordinate system',
        Format => 'float[3]',
    },
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 5 timed metadata (ref 4)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm5 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    4 => {
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        Format => 'double',
        RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSLatitude} = 1; $val',
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    12 => {
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        Format => 'double',
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    20 => {
        Name => 'GPSAltitude',
        Format => 'double',
        PrintConv => '$_ = sprintf("%.6f", $val); s/\.?0+$//; "$_ m"',
    },
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 6 timed metadata (ref PH/4, Insta360)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm6 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    0x04 => {
        Name => 'GPSDateTime',
        Description => 'GPS Date/Time',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        Format => 'double',
        RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSDateTime} = 1; $val',
        # by the specification, this should use the GPS epoch of Jan 6, 1980,
        # but I have samples which use the Unix epoch of Jan 1, 1970, so convert
        # to the Unix Epoch only if it doesn't match the CreateDate within 5 years
        ValueConv => q{
            my $offset = 315964800;
            if ($$self{CreateDate} and $$self{CreateDate} - $val > 24 * 3600 * 365 * 5) {
                $val += $offset;
            }
            my $str = ConvertUnixTime($val);
            my $frac = $val - int($val);
            if ($frac != 0) {
                $frac = sprintf('%.6f', $frac);
                $frac =~ s/^0//;
                $frac =~ s/0+$//;
                $str .= $frac;
            }
            return $str . 'Z';
        },
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    0x0c => {
        Name => 'GPSMeasureMode',
        Format => 'int32u',
        PrintConv => {
            0 => 'No Measurement',
            2 => '2-Dimensional Measurement',
            3 => '3-Dimensional Measurement',
        },
    },
    0x10 => {
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        Format => 'double',
        RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSLatitude} = 1; $val',
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    0x18 => {
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        Format => 'double',
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    0x20 => {
        Name => 'GPSAltitude',
        Format => 'float',
        PrintConv => '$_ = sprintf("%.3f", $val); s/\.?0+$//; "$_ m"',
    },
    0x24 => { Name => 'GPSHorizontalAccuracy', Format => 'float', Notes => 'metres' },
    0x28 => { Name => 'GPSVerticalAccuracy',   Format => 'float' },
    0x2c => { Name => 'GPSVelocityEast',       Format => 'float', Notes => 'm/s' },
    0x30 => { Name => 'GPSVelocityNorth',      Format => 'float' },
    0x34 => { Name => 'GPSVelocityUp',         Format => 'float' },
    0x38 => { Name => 'GPSSpeedAccuracy',      Format => 'float' },
);

# tags found in 'camm' type 7 timed metadata (ref 4)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm7 = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCAMM,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    4 => {
        Name => 'MagneticField',
        Format => 'float[3]',
        Notes => 'microtesla',
    },
);

# preview image stored by TomTom Bandit ActionCam
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::PreviewInfo = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    NOTES => 'Preview stored by TomTom Bandit ActionCam.',
    8 => {
        Name => 'PreviewImage',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
        Binary => 1,
        Format => 'undef[$size-8]',
    },
);

# tags found in 'RVMI' 'gReV' timed metadata (ref PH)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::RVMI_gReV = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    NOTES => 'GPS information extracted from the RVMI box of MOV videos.',
    4 => {
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        Format => 'int32s',
        RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSLatitude} = 1; $val',
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val/1e6, 1)',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    8 => {
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        Format => 'int32s',
        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val/1e6, 1)',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    # 12 - int32s: space for altitude? (always zero in my sample)
    16 => {
        Name => 'GPSSpeed', # km/h
        Format => 'int16s',
        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
    },
    18 => {
        Name => 'GPSTrack',
        Format => 'int16u',
        ValueConv => '$val * 2',
    },
);

# tags found in 'RVMI' 'sReV' timed metadata (ref PH)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::RVMI_sReV = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    NOTES => q{
        G-sensor information extracted from the RVMI box of MOV videos.
    },
    4 => {
        Name => 'GSensor',
        Format => 'int16s[3]', # X Y Z
        ValueConv => 'my @a=split " ",$val; $_/=1000 foreach @a; "@a"',
    },
);

# tags found in 'tx3g' sbtl timed metadata (ref PH)
%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::tx3g = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Process_tx3g,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
    NOTES => q{
        Tags extracted from the tx3g sbtl timed metadata of Yuneec and Autel drones,
        and subtitle text in some other videos.
    },
    Lat => {
        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
        RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSLatitude} = 1; $val',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    Lon => {
        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    Alt => {
        Name => 'GPSAltitude',
        ValueConv => '$val =~ s/\s*m$//; $val', # remove " m"
        PrintConv => '"$val m"', # add it back again
    },
    Yaw      => 'Yaw',
    Pitch    => 'Pitch',
    Roll     => 'Roll',
    GimYaw   => 'GimbalYaw',
    GimPitch => 'GimbalPitch',
    GimRoll  => 'GimbalRoll',
    DateTime => { # for date/time-format subtitle text
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    Text => { Groups => { 2 => 'Other' } },
    # the following tags are extracted from Autel Evo II drone videos
    GPSDateTime  => {
        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
        Description => 'GPS Date/Time',
        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
    },
    HomeLat => {
        Name => 'GPSHomeLatitude',
        RawConv => '$$self{FoundGPSLatitude} = 1; $val',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
    },
    HomeLon => {
        Name => 'GPSHomeLongitude',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
    },
    ISO => { },
    SHUTTER => {
        Name => 'ExposureTime',
        ValueConv => '1 / $val',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)',
    },
    'F-NUM' => {
        Name => 'FNumber',
        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFNumber($val)',
    },
    EV => 'ExposureCompensation',
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::INSV_MakerNotes = (
    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MakerNotes', 2 => 'Camera' },
    0x0a => 'SerialNumber',
    0x12 => 'Model',
    0x1a => 'Firmware',
    0x2a => {
        Name => 'Parameters',
        # (see https://exiftool.org/forum/index.php?msg=78942)
        Notes => 'number of lenses, 6-axis orientation of each lens, raw resolution',
        ValueConv => '$val =~ tr/_/ /; $val',
    },
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Tags360Fly = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Process360Fly,
    NOTES => 'Timed metadata found in MP4 videos from the 360Fly.',
    1 => {
        Name => 'Accel360Fly',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Accel360Fly' },
    },
    2 => {
        Name => 'Gyro360Fly',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Gyro360Fly' },
    },
    3 => {
        Name => 'Mag360Fly',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Mag360Fly' },
    },
    5 => {
        Name => 'GPS360Fly',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::GPS360Fly' },
    },
    6 => {
        Name => 'Rot360Fly',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Rot360Fly' },
    },
    250 => {
        Name => 'Fusion360Fly',
        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Fusion360Fly' },
    },
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Accel360Fly = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    1  => { Name => 'AccelMode', Unknown => 1 }, # (always 2 in my sample)
    2  => {
        Name => 'SampleTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        Format => 'int64u',
        ValueConv => '$val / 1e6',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
    10 => { Name => 'AccelYPR',  Format => 'float[3]' },
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Gyro360Fly = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    1  => { Name => 'GyroMode', Unknown => 1 }, # (always 1 in my sample)
    2  => {
        Name => 'SampleTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        Format => 'int64u',
        ValueConv => '$val / 1e6',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
    10 => { Name => 'GyroYPR', Format => 'float[3]' },
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Mag360Fly = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    1  => { Name => 'MagMode', Unknown => 1 }, # (always 1 in my sample)
    2  => {
        Name => 'SampleTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        Format => 'int64u',
        ValueConv => '$val / 1e6',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
    10 => { Name => 'MagnetometerXYZ', Format => 'float[3]' },
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::GPS360Fly = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    1  => { Name => 'GPSMode', Unknown => 1 }, # (always 16 in my sample)
    2  => {
        Name => 'SampleTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        Format => 'int64u',
        ValueConv => '$val / 1e6',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
    10 => { Name => 'GPSLatitude',  Format => 'float', PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")' },
    14 => { Name => 'GPSLongitude', Format => 'float', PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")' },
    18 => { Name => 'GPSAltitude',  Format => 'float', PrintConv => '"$val m"' }, # (questionable accuracy)
    22 => {
        Name => 'GPSSpeed',
        Notes => 'converted to km/hr',
        Format => 'int16u',
        ValueConv => '$val * 0.036',
        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f",$val)',
    },
    24 => { Name => 'GPSTrack',     Format => 'int16u', ValueConv => '$val / 100' },
    26 => { Name => 'Acceleration', Format => 'int16u', ValueConv => '$val / 1000' },
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Rot360Fly = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    1  => { Name => 'RotMode', Unknown => 1 }, # (always 1 in my sample)
    2  => {
        Name => 'SampleTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        Format => 'int64u',
        ValueConv => '$val / 1e6',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
    10 => { Name => 'RotationXYZ', Format => 'float[3]' },
);

%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Fusion360Fly = (
    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Location' },
    1  => { Name => 'FusionMode', Unknown => 1 }, # (always 0 in my sample)
    2  => {
        Name => 'SampleTime',
        Groups => { 2 => 'Video' },
        Format => 'int64u',
        ValueConv => '$val / 1e6',
        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
    },
    10 => { Name => 'FusionYPR', Format => 'float[3]' },
);

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Convert unsigned 32-bit integer to signed
# Inputs:  (uses value in $_)
# Returns: signed integer
sub SignedInt32()
{
    return $_ < 0x80000000 ? $_ : $_ - 4294967296;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Save information from keys in OtherSampleDesc directory for processing timed metadata
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
# (ref "Timed Metadata Media" here:
#  https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap3/qtff3.html)
sub SaveMetaKeys($$$)
{
    local $_;
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
    return 0 unless $dirLen > 8;
    my $pos = 0;
    my $verbose = $$et{OPTIONS}{Verbose};
    my $oldIndent = $$et{INDENT};
    my $ee = $$et{ee};
    $ee or $ee = $$et{ee} = { };

    $verbose and $et->VerboseDir($$dirInfo{DirName}, undef, $dirLen);

    # loop through metadata key table
    while ($pos + 8 < $dirLen) {
        my $size = Get32u($dataPt, $pos);
        my $id = substr($$dataPt, $pos+4, 4);
        my $end = $pos + $size;
        $end = $dirLen if $end > $dirLen;
        $pos += 8;
        my ($tagID, $format, $pid);
        if ($verbose) {
            $pid = PrintableTagID($id,1);
            $et->VPrint(0, "$oldIndent+ [Metadata Key entry, Local ID=$pid, $size bytes]\n");
            $$et{INDENT} .= '| ';
        }

        while ($pos + 4 < $end) {
            my $len = unpack("x${pos}N", $$dataPt);
            last if $len < 8 or $pos + $len > $end;
            my $tag = substr($$dataPt, $pos + 4, 4);
            $pos += 8;  $len -= 8;
            my $val = substr($$dataPt, $pos, $len);
            $pos += $len;
            my $str;
            if ($tag eq 'keyd') {
                ($tagID = $val) =~ s/^(mdta|fiel)com\.apple\.quicktime\.//;
                $tagID = "Tag_$val" unless $tagID;
                ($str = $val) =~ s/(.{4})/$1 / if $verbose;
            } elsif ($tag eq 'dtyp') {
                next if length $val < 4;
                if (length $val >= 4) {
                    my $ns = unpack('N', $val);
                    if ($ns == 0) {
                        length $val >= 8 or $et->Warn('Short dtyp data'), next;
                        $str = unpack('x4N',$val);
                        $format = $qtFmt{$str} || 'undef';
                    } elsif ($ns == 1) {
                        $str = substr($val, 4);
                        $format = 'undef';
                    } else {
                        $format = 'undef';
                    }
                    $str .= " ($format)" if $verbose and defined $str;
                }
            }
            if ($verbose > 1) {
                if (defined $str) {
                    $str =~ tr/\x00-\x1f\x7f-\xff/./;
                    $str = " = $str";
                } else {
                    $str = '';
                }
                $et->VPrint(1, $$et{INDENT}."- Tag '".PrintableTagID($tag,2)."' ($len bytes)$str\n");
                $et->VerboseDump(\$val);
            }
        }
        if (defined $tagID and defined $format) {
            if ($verbose) {
                my $t2 = PrintableTagID($tagID);
                $et->VPrint(0, "$$et{INDENT}Added Local ID $pid = $t2 ($format)\n");
            }
            $$ee{'keys'}{$id} = { TagID => $tagID, Format => $format };
        }
        $$et{INDENT} = $oldIndent;
    }
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# We found some tags for this sample, so set document number and save timing information
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) tag table ref, 2) sample time, 3) sample duration
sub FoundSomething($$;$$)
{
    my ($et, $tagTbl, $time, $dur) = @_;
    $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, SampleTime => $time) if defined $time;
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, SampleDuration => $dur) if defined $dur;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Approximate GPSDateTime value from sample time and CreateDate
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) tag table ptr, 2) sample time (s)
#         3) true if CreateDate is UTC
# Notes: Uses ExifTool CreateDateAtEnd as flag to subtract video duration
sub SetGPSDateTime($$$;$)
{
    my ($et, $tagTbl, $sampleTime, $isUTC) = @_;
    my $value = $$et{VALUE};
    if (defined $sampleTime and $$value{CreateDate}) {
        $sampleTime += $$value{CreateDate}; # adjust sample time to seconds since the epoch
        if ($$et{CreateDateAtEnd}) {        # adjust if CreateDate is at end of video
            return unless $$value{TimeScale} and $$value{Duration};
            $sampleTime -= $$value{Duration} / $$value{TimeScale};
            $et->Warn('Approximating GPSDateTime as CreateDate - Duration + SampleTime', 1);
        } else {
            $et->Warn('Approximating GPSDateTime as CreateDate + SampleTime', 1);
        }
        my $utc = $et->Options('QuickTimeUTC');
        $utc = $isUTC unless defined $utc;  # (allow QuickTimeUTC=0 to override $isUTC default)
        unless ($utc) {
            my $tzOff = $$et{tzOff};    # use previously calculated offset
            unless (defined $tzOff) {
                # adjust to UTC, assuming time is local
                my @tm = localtime $$value{CreateDate};
                my @gm = gmtime $$value{CreateDate};
                $tzOff = $$et{tzOff} = Image::ExifTool::GetTimeZone(\@tm, \@gm) * 60;
            }
            $sampleTime -= $tzOff;  # shift from local time to UTC
        }
        $$et{SET_GROUP0} = 'Composite';
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime => Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($sampleTime,0,3) . 'Z');
        delete $$et{SET_GROUP0};
    }
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Handle tags that we found in the subtitle 'text'
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) tag table ref, 2) hash of tag names/values
sub HandleTextTags($$$)
{
    my ($et, $tagTbl, $tags) = @_;
    my $tag;
    delete $$tags{done};
    delete $$tags{GPSTimeStamp} if $$tags{GPSDateTime};
    foreach $tag (sort keys %$tags) {
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $tag => $$tags{$tag});
    }
    $$et{UnknownTextCount} = 0;
    undef %$tags;   # clear the hash
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Handle new time in NMEA stream and store queued tags if necessary
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) time string, 2) tag table ref, 3) tags hash
sub HandleNewTime($$$$)
{
    my ($et, $time, $tagTbl, $tags) = @_;
    if ($$et{LastTime}) {
        if ($$et{LastTime} eq $time) {
            # combine with the previous NMEA sentence
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = $$et{LastDoc};
        } elsif (%$tags) {
            # handle existing tags and start a new document
            # (see https://exiftool.org/forum/index.php?msg=75422)
            HandleTextTags($et, $tagTbl, $tags);
            # increment document number and update document count if necessary
            $$et{DOC_COUNT} < ++$$et{DOC_NUM} and $$et{DOC_COUNT} = $$et{DOC_NUM};
        }
    }
    $$et{LastTime} = $time;
    $$et{LastDoc} = $$et{DOC_NUM};
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process subtitle 'text'
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) data ref or dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
#         3) flag set if text was already stored
sub Process_text($$$;$)
{
    my ($et, $dataPt, $tagTbl, $handled) = @_;
    my %tags;

    return if $$et{NoMoreTextDecoding};

    if (ref $dataPt eq 'HASH') {
        my $dirName = $$dataPt{DirName};
        $dataPt = $$dataPt{DataPt};
        $et->VerboseDir($dirName, undef, length($$dataPt));
    }

    while ($$dataPt =~ /\$(\w+)([^\$\0]*)/g) {
        my ($tag, $dat) = ($1, $2);
        if ($tag =~ /^[A-Z]{2}RMC$/) {
            unless ($dat =~ /^,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(?:\.\d*)),A?,(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)/) {
                $tags{Text} = defined $tags{Text} ? $tags{Text} . "\$$tag$dat" : "\$$tag$dat" unless $handled;
                $dat =~ /^,\d+\.?\d*,V,/ and $$et{UnknownTextCount} = 0; # (allow any number of void fixes)
                next;
            }
            my $time = "$1:$2:$3";
            HandleNewTime($et, $time, $tagTbl, \%tags);
            my $year = $14 + ($14 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
            my $date = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d', $year, $13, $12);
            $$et{LastDate} = $date;
            $tags{GPSDateTime} = "$date ${time}Z";
            $tags{GPSLatitude} = (($4 || 0) + $5/60) * ($6 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $tags{GPSLongitude} = (($7 || 0) + $8/60) * ($9 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            $tags{GPSSpeed} = $10 * $knotsToKph if length $10;
            $tags{GPSTrack} = $11 if length $11;
        } elsif ($tag =~ /^[A-Z]{2}GGA$/ and $dat =~ /^,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(?:\.\d*)?),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),[1-6]?,(\d+)?,(\.\d+|\d+\.?\d*)?,(-?\d+\.?\d*)?,M?/s) {
            my $time = "$1:$2:$3";
            HandleNewTime($et, $time, $tagTbl, \%tags);
            $tags{GPSTimeStamp} = $time;
            $tags{GPSLatitude} = (($4 || 0) + $5/60) * ($6 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $tags{GPSLongitude} = (($7 || 0) + $8/60) * ($9 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            $tags{GPSSatellites} = $10 if defined $10;
            $tags{GPSDOP} = $11 if defined $11;
            $tags{GPSAltitude} = $12 if defined $12;
        # ($G and $GS are ref https://exiftool.org/forum/index.php?topic=13115.msg71743#msg71743)
        } elsif ($tag eq 'G' and $dat =~ /:(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2}) (\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2})-([NS])(\d+\.\d+)-([EW])(\d+\.\d+)-S(\d+)/) {
            $tags{GPSDateTime} = "$1:$2:$3 $4";
            $tags{GPSLatitude} = $6 * ($5 eq 'S' ? -1 : 1);
            $tags{GPSLongitude} = $8 * ($7 eq 'W' ? -1 : 1);
            $tags{GPSSpeed} = $9;
        } elsif ($tag eq 'GS' and $dat =~ /:([-+]?\d+),([-+]?\d+),([-+]?\d+)/) {
            # scale and re-arrange to match gsensor output from Win app (forum11665)
            my @acc = ( ($2+2432)/1000, ($3 + 361)/1000, ($1-3708)/1000 );
            $tags{Accelerometer} = "@acc";
        } elsif ($tag eq 'BEGINGSENSOR' and $dat =~ /^:([-+]\d+\.\d+):([-+]\d+\.\d+):([-+]\d+\.\d+)/) {
            $tags{Accelerometer} = "$1 $2 $3";
        } elsif ($tag eq 'TIME' and $dat =~ /^:(\d+)/) {
            $tags{TimeCode} = $1 / ($$et{MediaTS} || 1);
        } elsif ($tag eq 'BEGIN') {
            $tags{Text} = $dat if length $dat;
            $tags{done} = 1;
        } elsif ($tag ne 'END' and not $handled) {
            $tags{Text} = defined $tags{Text} ? $tags{Text} . "\$$tag$dat" : "\$$tag$dat";
        }
    }
    if (%tags) {
        unless ($tags{Accelerometer}) { # (probably unnecessary test)
            # check for NextBase 622GW accelerometer data
            # Example data (leading 2-byte length word has been stripped by ProcessSamples):
            # 0000: 00 00 00 00 32 30 32 32 30 39 30 35 31 36 34 30 [....202209051640]
            # 0010: 33 33 00 00 29 00 ba ff 48 ff 18 00 f2 07 5a ff [33..)...H.....Z.]
            # 0020: 64 ff e8 ff 58 ff e8 ff c1 07 43 ff 41 ff d2 ff [d...X.....C.A...]
            # 0030: 58 ff ea ff dc 07 50 ff 30 ff e0 ff 72 ff d8 ff [X.....P.0...r...]
            # 0040: f5 07 51 ff 16 ff dc ff 6a ff ca ff 33 08 45 ff [..Q.....j...3.E.]
            if ($$dataPt =~ /^\0{4}(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})\0\0.{2}/s) {
                $tags{DateTimeStamp} = "$1:$2:$2 $4:$5:$6";
                my $num = unpack('x20v', $$dataPt); # number of accelerometer readings
                if ($num and $num * 12 + 22 < length $$dataPt) {
                    $num *= 6;
                    my @acc = unpack("x22v$num", $$dataPt);
                    map { $_ = $_ - 0x10000 if $_ >= 0x8000 } @acc;
                    $tags{AccelerometerData} = "@acc";
                }
            }
        }
        if ($tags{GPSTimeStamp} and not $tags{GPSDateTime} and $$et{LastDate}) {
            # hack to fill in missing date for NextBase 662GW
            # (note: this doesn't necessarily handle day rollover properly)
            $tags{GPSDateTime} = "$$et{LastDate} $tags{GPSTimeStamp}Z";
        }
        HandleTextTags($et, $tagTbl, \%tags);
        return;
    }
    # check for enciphered binary GPS data
    # BlueSkySea:
    #   0000: 00 00 aa aa aa aa 54 54 98 9a 9b 93 9a 92 98 9a [......TT........]
    #   0010: 9a 9d 9f 9b 9f 9d aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa [................]
    #   0020: aa aa aa aa aa a9 e4 9e 92 9f 9b 9f 92 9d 99 ef [................]
    #   0030: 9a 9a 98 9b 93 9d 9d 9c 93 aa aa aa aa aa 9a 99 [................]
    #   0040: 9b aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa [................]
    #   [...]
    #  decrypted:
    #   0000: aa aa 00 00 00 00 fe fe 32 30 31 39 30 38 32 30 [........20190820]
    #   0010: 30 37 35 31 35 37 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [075157..........]
    #   0020: 00 00 00 00 00 03 4e 34 38 35 31 35 38 37 33 45 [......N48515873E]
    #   0030: 30 30 32 31 39 37 37 36 39 00 00 00 00 00 30 33 [002197769.....03]
    #   0040: 31 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [1...............]
    #   [...]
    # Ambarella A12:
    #   0000: 00 00 f2 e1 f0 ee 54 54 98 9a 9b 93 9b 9b 9b 9c [......TT........]
    #   0010: 9b 9a 9a 93 9a 9b a6 9a 9b 9b 93 9b 9a 9b 9c 9a [................]
    #   0020: 9d 9a 92 9f 93 a9 e4 9f 9f 9e 9f 9b 9b 9c 9d ef [................]
    #   0030: 9a 99 9d 9e 99 9a 9a 9e 9b 81 9a 9b 9f 9d 9a 9a [................]
    #   0040: 9a 87 9a 9a 9a 87 9a 98 99 87 9a 9a 99 87 9a 9a [................]
    #   [...]
    #  decrypted:
    #   0000: aa aa 58 4b 5a 44 fe fe 32 30 31 39 31 31 31 36 [..XKZD..20191116]
    #   0010: 31 30 30 39 30 31 0c 30 31 31 39 31 30 31 36 30 [100901.011910160]
    #   0020: 37 30 38 35 39 03 4e 35 35 34 35 31 31 36 37 45 [70859.N55451167E]
    #   0030: 30 33 37 34 33 30 30 34 31 2b 30 31 35 37 30 30 [037430041+015700]
    #   0040: 30 2d 30 30 30 2d 30 32 33 2d 30 30 33 2d 30 30 [0-000-023-003-00]
    #   [...]
    #   0100: aa 55 57 ed ed 45 58 54 44 00 01 30 30 30 30 31 [.UW..EXTD..00001]
    #   0110: 31 30 38 30 30 30 58 00 58 00 58 00 58 00 58 00 [108000X.X.X.X.X.]
    #   0120: 58 00 58 00 58 00 58 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [X.X.X.X.........]
    #   0130: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                            [.......]
    if ($$dataPt =~ /^\0\0(..\xaa\xaa|\xf2\xe1\xf0\xee)/s and length $$dataPt >= 282) {
        my $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 8, 14)));
        if ($val =~ /^(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})$/) {
            $tags{GPSDateTime} = "$1:$2:$3 $4:$5:$6";
            $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 38, 9)));
            if ($val =~ /^([NS])(\d{2})(\d+$)$/) {
                $tags{GPSLatitude} = ($2 + $3 / 600000) * ($1 eq 'S' ? -1 : 1);
            }
            $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 47, 10)));
            if ($val =~ /^([EW])(\d{3})(\d+$)$/) {
                $tags{GPSLongitude} = ($2 + $3 / 600000) * ($1 eq 'W' ? -1 : 1);
            }
            $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 0x39, 5)));
            $tags{GPSAltitude} = $val + 0 if $val =~ /^[-+]\d+$/;
            $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 0x3e, 3)));
            $tags{GPSSpeed} = $val + 0 if $val =~ /^\d+$/;
            if ($$dataPt =~ /^\0\0..\xaa\xaa/s) { # (BlueSkySea)
                $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 0xad, 12)));
                # the first X,Y,Z accelerometer readings from the AccelerometerData
                if ($val =~ /^([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})$/) {
                    $tags{Accelerometer} = "$1 $2 $3";
                    $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 0xba, 96)));
                    my $order = GetByteOrder();
                    SetByteOrder('II');
                    $val = ReadValue(\$val, 0, 'float');
                    SetByteOrder($order);
                    $tags{AccelerometerData} = $val;
                }
            } else { # (Ambarella)
                my @acc;
                $val = pack('C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, 0x41, 195)));
                push @acc, $1, $2, $3 while $val =~ /\G([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})/g;
                $tags{Accelerometer} = "@acc" if @acc;
            }
        }
        %tags and HandleTextTags($et, $tagTbl, \%tags), return;
    }

    # check for DJI telemetry data, eg:
    # "F/3.5, SS 1000, ISO 100, EV 0, GPS (8.6499, 53.1665, 18), D 24.26m,
    #  H 6.00m, H.S 2.10m/s, V.S 0.00m/s \n"
    if ($$dataPt =~ /GPS \(([-+]?\d*\.\d+),\s*([-+]?\d*\.\d+)/) {
        $$et{CreateDateAtEnd} = 1;  # set flag indicating the file creation date is at the end
        $tags{GPSLatitude} = $2;
        $tags{GPSLongitude} = $1;
        $tags{GPSAltitude} = $1 if $$dataPt =~ /,\s*H\s+([-+]?\d+\.?\d*)m/;
        $tags{GPSSpeed} = $1 * $mpsToKph if $$dataPt =~ /,\s*H.S\s+([-+]?\d+\.?\d*)/;
        $tags{Distance} = $1 * $mpsToKph if $$dataPt =~ /,\s*D\s+(\d+\.?\d*)m/;
        $tags{VerticalSpeed} = $1 if $$dataPt =~ /,\s*V.S\s+([-+]?\d+\.?\d*)/;
        $tags{FNumber} = $1 if $$dataPt =~ /\bF\/(\d+\.?\d*)/;
        $tags{ExposureTime} = 1 / $1 if $$dataPt =~ /\bSS\s+(\d+\.?\d*)/;
        $tags{ExposureCompensation} = ($1 / ($2 || 1)) if $$dataPt =~ /\bEV\s+([-+]?\d+\.?\d*)(\/\d+)?/;
        $tags{ISO} = $1 if $$dataPt =~ /\bISO\s+(\d+\.?\d*)/;
        HandleTextTags($et, $tagTbl, \%tags);
        return;
    }

    # check for Mini 0806 dashcam GPS, eg:
    # "A,270519,201555.000,3356.8925,N,08420.2071,W,000.0,331.0M,+01.84,-09.80,-00.61;\n"
    if ($$dataPt =~ /^A,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2}),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2}(\.\d+)?)/) {
        $tags{GPSDateTime} = "20$3:$2:$1 $4:$5:$6Z";
        if ($$dataPt =~ /^A,.*?,.*?,(\d{2})(\d+\.\d+),([NS])/) {
            $tags{GPSLatitude} = ($1 + $2/60) * ($3 eq 'S' ? -1 : 1);
        }
        if ($$dataPt =~ /^A,.*?,.*?,.*?,.*?,(\d{3})(\d+\.\d+),([EW])/) {
            $tags{GPSLongitude} = ($1 + $2/60) * ($3 eq 'W' ? -1 : 1);
        }
        my @a = split ',', $$dataPt;
        $tags{GPSAltitude} = $a[8] if $a[8] and $a[8] =~ s/M$//;
        $tags{GPSSpeed} = $a[7] if $a[7] and $a[7] =~ /^\d+\.\d+$/; # (NC)
        $tags{Accelerometer} = "$a[9] $a[10] $a[11]" if $a[11] and $a[11] =~ s/;\s*$//;
        HandleTextTags($et, $tagTbl, \%tags);
        return;
    }

    # check for Roadhawk dashcam text
    # ".;;;;D?JL;6+;;;D;R?;4;;;;DBB;;O;;;=D;L;;HO71G>F;-?=J-F:FNJJ;DPP-JF3F;;PL=DBRLBF0F;=?DNF-RD-PF;N;?=JF;;?D=F:*6F~"
    # decoded:
    # "X0000.2340Y-000.0720Z0000.9900G0001.0400$GPRMC,082138,A,5330.6683,N,00641.9749,W,012.5,87.86,050213,002.1,A"
    # (note: "002.1" is magnetic variation and is not decoded; it should have ",E" or ",W" afterward for direction)
    if ($$dataPt =~ /\*[0-9A-F]{2}~$/) {
        # (ref https://reverseengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/11582/how-to-reverse-engineer-dash-cam-metadata)
        my @decode = unpack 'C*', '-I8XQWRVNZOYPUTA0B1C2SJ9K.L,M$D3E4F5G6H7';
        my @chars = unpack 'C*', substr($$dataPt, 0, -4);
        foreach (@chars) {
            my $n = $_ - 43;
            $_ = $decode[$n] if $n >= 0 and defined $decode[$n];
        }
        my $buff = pack 'C*', @chars;
        if ($buff =~ /X(.*?)Y(.*?)Z(.*?)G(.*?)\$/) {
            # yup. the decoding worked out
            $tags{Accelerometer} = "$1 $2 $3 $4";
            $$dataPt = $buff;   # (process GPRMC below)
        }
    }

    # check for Thinkware format (and other NMEA RMC), eg:
    # "gsensori,4,512,-67,-12,100;GNRMC,161313.00,A,4529.87489,N,07337.01215,W,6.225,35.34,310819,,,A*52..;
    #  CAR,0,0,0,0.0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0"
    if ($$dataPt =~ /[A-Z]{2}RMC,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(\.\d*)?),A?,(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)/ and
        # do some basic sanity checks on the date
        $13 <= 31 and $14 <= 12 and $15 <= 99)
    {
        my $year = $15 + ($15 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
        $tags{GPSDateTime} = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2dZ', $year, $14, $13, $1, $2, $3);
        $tags{GPSLatitude} = (($5 || 0) + $6/60) * ($7 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
        $tags{GPSLongitude} = (($8 || 0) + $9/60) * ($10 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
        $tags{GPSSpeed} = $11 * $knotsToKph if length $11;
        $tags{GPSTrack} = $12 if length $12;
    }
    $tags{GSensor} = $1 if $$dataPt =~ /\bgsensori,(.*?)(;|$)/;
    $tags{Car} = $1 if $$dataPt =~ /\bCAR,(.*?)(;|$)/;

    if (%tags) {
        HandleTextTags($et, $tagTbl, \%tags);
    } else {
        $$et{UnknownTextCount} = ($$et{UnknownTextCount} || 0) + 1;
        # give up trying to decode useful information if we haven't found anything for a while
        $$et{NoMoreTextDecoding} = 1 if $$et{UnknownTextCount} > 100;
    }
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Extract embedded metadata from media samples
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref
# Notes: Also accesses ExifTool RAF*, SET_GROUP1, HandlerType, MetaFormat,
#        ee*, and avcC elements (* = must exist)
# - may be called either due to ExtractEmbedded option, or ImageDataHash requested
# - hash includes only video and audio data
sub ProcessSamples($)
{
    my $et = shift;
    my ($raf, $ee) = @$et{qw(RAF ee)};
    my ($i, $pos, $hdrLen, $hdrFmt, @time, @dur, $oldIndent, $hash);
    my ($mdatOffset, $mdatSize); # (for range-checking samples when hash is done)

    return unless $ee;
    delete $$et{ee};    # use only once

    my $eeOpt = $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded') || 0;
    my $type = $$et{HandlerType} || '';
    if ($type eq 'vide') {
        # only process specific types of video streams
        $hash = $$et{ImageDataHash};
        # only process specific video types if ExtractEmbedded was used
        # (otherwise we are only here to calculate the audio/video hash)
        if ($eeOpt) {
            if    ($$ee{avcC}) { $type = 'avcC' }
            elsif ($$ee{JPEG}) { $type = 'JPEG' }
            else { return unless $hash }
        }
    } elsif ($type eq 'soun') {
        $hash = $$et{ImageDataHash};
        return unless $hash;
    } else {
        return unless $eeOpt;   # (don't do hash on other types)
    }

    my $hashSize = 0;
    my ($start, $size) = @$ee{qw(start size)};
#
# determine sample start offsets from chunk offsets (stco) and sample-to-chunk table (stsc),
# and sample time/duration from time-to-sample (stts)
#
    unless ($start and $size) {
        return unless $size;
        my ($stco, $stsc, $stts) = @$ee{qw(stco stsc stts)};
        return unless $stco and $stsc and @$stsc;
        $start = [ ];
        my ($nextChunk, $iChunk) = (0, 1);
        my ($chunkStart, $startChunk, $samplesPerChunk, $descIdx, $timeCount, $timeDelta, $time);
        if ($stts and @$stts > 1) {
            $time = 0;
            $timeCount = shift @$stts;
            $timeDelta = shift @$stts;
        }
        my $ts = $$et{MediaTS} || 1;
        my @chunkSize;  # total size of each chunk
        foreach $chunkStart (@$stco) {
            if ($iChunk >= $nextChunk and @$stsc) {
                ($startChunk, $samplesPerChunk, $descIdx) = @{shift @$stsc};
                $nextChunk = $$stsc[0][0] if @$stsc;
            }
            @$size < @$start + $samplesPerChunk and $et->Warn('Sample size error'), last;
            last unless defined $chunkStart and length $chunkStart;
            my $sampleStart = $chunkStart;
            my $chunkSize = 0;
Sample:     for ($i=0; ; ) {
                push @$start, $sampleStart;
                if (defined $time) {
                    until ($timeCount) {
                        if (@$stts < 2) {
                            undef $time;
                            last Sample;
                        }
                        $timeCount = shift @$stts;
                        $timeDelta = shift @$stts;
                    }
                    push @time, $time / $ts;
                    push @dur, $timeDelta / $ts;
                    $time += $timeDelta;
                    --$timeCount;
                }
                # (eventually should use the description indices: $descIdx)
                $chunkSize += $$size[$#$start];
                last if ++$i >= $samplesPerChunk;
                $sampleStart += $$size[$#$start];
            }
            push @chunkSize, $chunkSize;
            ++$iChunk;
        }
        @$start == @$size or $et->Warn('Incorrect sample start/size count'), return;
        # process as chunks if we are only interested in calculating hash
        if ($type eq 'soun' or $type eq 'vide') {
            $start = $stco;
            $size = \@chunkSize;
        }
    }
#
# extract and parse the sample data
#
    my $tagTbl = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream');
    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
    my $metaFormat = $$et{MetaFormat} || '';
    my $tell = $raf->Tell();

    if ($verbose) {
        $et->VPrint(0, "---- Extract Embedded ----\n");
        $oldIndent = $$et{INDENT};
        $$et{INDENT} = '';
    }
    if ($hash) {
        $mdatSize = $$et{MediaDataSize};
        $mdatOffset = $$et{MediaDataOffset} if defined $mdatSize;
    }
    # get required information from avcC box if parsing video data
    if ($type eq 'avcC') {
        $hdrLen = (Get8u(\$$ee{avcC}, 4) & 0x03) + 1;
        $hdrFmt = ($hdrLen == 4 ? 'N' : $hdrLen == 2 ? 'n' : 'C');
        require Image::ExifTool::H264;
    }

    # loop through all samples
    for ($i=0; $i<@$start and $i<@$size; ++$i) {

        # initialize our flags for setting GPSDateTime
        delete $$et{FoundGPSLatitude};
        delete $$et{FoundGPSDateTime};

        # range check the sample data for hash if necessary
        my $size = $$size[$i];
        if (defined $mdatOffset) {
            if ($$start[$i] < $mdatOffset) {
                $et->Warn("Sample $i for '${type}' data is before start of mdat");
            } elsif ($$start[$i] + $size > $mdatOffset + $mdatSize) {
                $et->Warn("Sample $i for '${type}' data runs off end of mdat");
                $size = $mdatOffset + $mdatSize - $$start[$i];
                $size = 0 if $size < 0;
            }
        }
        # read the sample data
        $raf->Seek($$start[$i], 0) or $et->Warn("Seek error in $type data"), next;
        my $buff;
        my $n = $raf->Read($buff, $size);
        unless ($n == $size) {
            $et->Warn("Error reading $type data");
            next unless $n;
            $size = $n;
        }
        if ($hash) {
            $hash->add($buff);
            $hashSize += length $buff;
        }
        if ($type eq 'avcC') {
            next if length($buff) <= $hdrLen;
            # scan through all NAL units and send them to ParseH264Video()
            for ($pos=0; ; ) {
                my $len = unpack("x$pos$hdrFmt", $buff);
                last if $pos + $hdrLen + $len > length($buff);
                my $tmp = "\0\0\0\x01" . substr($buff, $pos+$hdrLen, $len);
                Image::ExifTool::H264::ParseH264Video($et, \$tmp);
                $pos += $hdrLen + $len;
                last if $pos + $hdrLen >= length($buff);
            }
            last if $$et{GotNAL06} and $eeOpt < 3;
            next;
        }
        if ($verbose > 1) {
            my $hdr = $$et{SET_GROUP1} ? "$$et{SET_GROUP1} Type='${type}' Format='${metaFormat}'" : "Type='${type}'";
            $et->VPrint(1, "${hdr}, Sample ".($i+1).' of '.scalar(@$start)." ($size bytes)\n");
            $et->VerboseDump(\$buff, Addr => $$start[$i]);
        }
        if ($type eq 'text' or
            # (PNDM is normally 'text', but was sbtl/tx3g in concatenated Garmin sample output_3videos.mp4)
            ($type eq 'sbtl' and $metaFormat eq 'tx3g' and $buff =~ /^..PNDM/s))
        {

            my $handled;
            FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $time[$i], $dur[$i]);
            unless ($buff =~ /^\$BEGIN/) {
                # remove ending "encd" box if it exists
                $buff =~ s/\0\0\0\x0cencd\0\0\x01\0$// and $size -= 12;
                # cameras such as the CanonPowerShotN100 store ASCII time codes with a
                # leading 2-byte integer giving the length of the string
                # (and chapter names start with a 2-byte integer too)
                if ($size >= 2 and unpack('n',$buff) == $size - 2) {
                    next if $size == 2;
                    $buff = substr($buff,2);
                }
                my $val;
                # check for encrypted GPS text as written by E-PRANCE B47FS camera
                if ($buff =~ /^\0/ and $buff =~ /\x0a$/ and length($buff) > 5) {
                    # decode simple ASCII difference cipher,
                    # based on known value of 4th-last char = '*'
                    my $dif = ord('*') - ord(substr($buff, -4, 1));
                    my $tmp = pack 'C*',map { $_=($_+$dif)&0xff } unpack 'C*',substr $buff,1,-1;
                    if ($verbose > 2) {
                        $et->VPrint(0, "[decrypted text]\n");
                        $et->VerboseDump(\$tmp);
                    }
                    if ($tmp =~ /^(.*?)(\$[A-Z]{2}RMC.*)/s) {
                        ($val, $buff) = ($1, $2);
                        $val =~ tr/\t/ /;
                        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, RawGSensor => $val) if length $val;
                    }
                } elsif ($buff =~ /^(\0.{3})?PNDM/s) {
                    # Garmin Dashcam format (actually binary, not text)
                    my $n = $1 ? 4 : 0; # skip leading 4-byte size word if it exists
                    next if length($buff) < 20 + $n;
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => Get32s(\$buff, 12+$n) * 180/0x80000000);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => Get32s(\$buff, 16+$n) * 180/0x80000000);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => Get16u(\$buff, 8+$n) * $mphToKph);
                    SetGPSDateTime($et, $tagTbl, $time[$i], 1);
                    next; # all done (don't store/process as text)
                }
                unless (defined $val or $buff =~ /\0[^\0]/) {
                    # just store any other plain text
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Text => $buff);
                    $handled = 1;
                }
            }
            Process_text($et, \$buff, $tagTbl, $handled);

        } elsif ($processByMetaFormat{$type}) {

            if ($$tagTbl{$metaFormat}) {
                my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTbl, $metaFormat, \$buff);
                if ($tagInfo and (not $$tagInfo{Unknown} or $$et{OPTIONS}{Unknown} >= $$tagInfo{Unknown})) {
                    FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $time[$i], $dur[$i]);
                    $$et{ee} = $ee; # need ee information for 'keys'
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $metaFormat, undef,
                        DataPt  => \$buff,
                        Base    => $$start[$i], # (Base must be set for CR3 files)
                        TagInfo => $tagInfo,
                    );
                    delete $$et{ee};
                    # synthesize GPSDateTime if necessary for djmd metadata
                    if ($metaFormat eq 'djmd') {
                        if (defined $$et{GPSLatitude} and defined $$et{GPSLongitude} and not $$et{GPSDateTime}) {
                            SetGPSDateTime($et, $tagTbl, $time[$i], 1); # (NC)
                        }
                        delete $$et{GPSLatitude};
                        delete $$et{GPSLongitude};
                        delete $$et{GPSDateTime};
                    }
                } elsif ($metaFormat eq 'camm' and $buff =~ /^X/) {
                    # seen 'camm' metadata in this format (X/Y/Z acceleration and G force? + GPRMC + ?)
                    # "X0000.0000Y0000.0000Z0000.0000G0000.0000$GPRMC,000125,V,,,,,000.0,,280908,002.1,N*71~, 794021  \x0a"
                    FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $time[$i], $dur[$i]);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "$1 $2 $3 $4") if $buff =~ /X(.*?)Y(.*?)Z(.*?)G(.*?)\$/;
                    Process_text($et, \$buff, $tagTbl);
                }
            } elsif ($verbose) {
                $et->VPrint(0, "Unknown $type format ($metaFormat)");
            }

        } elsif ($type eq 'gps ') { # (ie. GPSDataList tag)

            if ($buff =~ /^....freeGPS /s) {
                # parse freeGPS data unless done already in brute-force scan
                # (some videos don't reference all freeGPS info from 'gps ' table, eg. INNOV,
                #  and some videos don't put 'gps ' data in mdat, eg XGODY 12" 4K Dashcam)
                last if $$et{FoundGPSByScan};
                # decode "freeGPS " data (Novatek and others)
                ProcessFreeGPS($et, {
                    DataPt => \$buff,
                    DataPos => $$start[$i],
                    SampleTime => $time[$i],
                    SampleDuration => $dur[$i],
                }, $tagTbl);
            }

        } elsif ($$tagTbl{$type}) {

            my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTbl, $type, \$buff);
            if ($tagInfo) {
                FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $time[$i], $dur[$i]);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $type, undef,
                    DataPt  => \$buff,
                    Base    => $$start[$i], # (Base must be set for CR3 files)
                    TagInfo => $tagInfo,
                );
            }
        }
        # generate approximate GPSDateTime if necessary
        SetGPSDateTime($et, $tagTbl, $time[$i]) if $$et{FoundGPSLatitude} and not $$et{FoundGPSDateTime};
    }
    if ($verbose) {
        my $str = $type eq 'soun' ? 'Audio' : 'Video';
        $et->VPrint(0, "$$et{INDENT}(ImageDataHash: $hashSize bytes of $str data)\n") if $hashSize;
        $$et{INDENT} = $oldIndent;
        $et->VPrint(0, "--------------------------\n");
    }
    # clean up
    $raf->Seek($tell, 0); # restore original file position
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    $$et{HandlerType} = '';
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Convert latitude/longitude from DDDMM.MMMM format to decimal degrees
# Inputs: 0) latitude, 1) longitude
# Returns: lat/lon are changed in place
# (note: this method works fine for negative coordinates)
sub ConvertLatLon($$)
{
    my $deg = int($_[0] / 100);     # latitude
    $_[0] = $deg + ($_[0] - $deg * 100) / 60;
    $deg = int($_[1] / 100);        # longitude
    $_[1] = $deg + ($_[1] - $deg * 100) / 60;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Decrypt Lucky data
# Inputs: 0) string to decrypt, 1) encryption key
# Returns: decrypted string
my @luckyKeys = ('luckychip gps',  'customer ## gps');
sub DecryptLucky($$) {
    my ($str, $key) = @_;
    my @str = unpack('C*', $str);
    my @key = unpack('C*', $key);
    my @enc = (0..255);
    my ($i, $j, $k) = (0, 0, 0);
    do {
        $j = ($j + $enc[$i] + $key[$i % length($key)]) & 0xff;
        @enc[$i,$j] = @enc[$j,$i];
    } while (++$i < 256);
    ($i, $j, $k) = (0, 0, 0);
    do {
        $j = ($j + 1) & 0xff;
        $k = ($k + $enc[$j]) & 0xff;
        @enc[$j,$k] = @enc[$k,$j];
        $str[$i] ^= $enc[($enc[$j] + $enc[$k]) & 0xff];
    } while (++$i < @str);
    return pack('C*', @str);
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process "freeGPS " data blocks
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref {DataPt,SampleTime,SampleDuration}, 2) tagTable ref
# Returns: 1 on success (or 0 on unrecognized or "measurement-void" GPS data)
# Notes:
sub ProcessFreeGPS($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
    my ($yr, $mon, $day, $hr, $min, $sec, $ss, $stat, $lbl, $ddd, $done);
    my ($lat, $latRef, $lon, $lonRef, $spd, $trk, $alt, @acc, @xtra);

    return 0 if $dirLen < 82;

    my $debug = $et->Options('Debug');
    my $oldOrder = GetByteOrder();
    SetByteOrder('II');
    $$et{FoundEmbedded} = 1;

    if (substr($$dataPt,18,8) eq "\xaa\xaa\xf2\xe1\xf0\xee\x54\x54") {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 1);
        # (this is very similar to the encrypted text format)
        # decode encrypted ASCII-based GPS (DashCam Azdome GS63H, ref 5)
        # header looks like this in my sample:
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 05 01 00 00 [....freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 01 03 aa aa f2 e1 f0 ee 54 54 98 9a 9b 92 9a 93 [........TT......]
        #  0020: 98 9e 98 98 9e 93 98 92 a6 9f 9f 9c 9d ed fa 8a [................]
        # decrypted (from byte 18):
        #  0000: 00 00 58 4b 5a 44 fe fe 32 30 31 38 30 39 32 34 [..XKZD..20180924]
        #  0010: 32 32 34 39 32 38 0c 35 35 36 37 47 50 20 20 20 [224928.5567GP   ]
        #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 03 4e 34 30 34 36 34 33 35 30 57 [......N40464350W]
        #  0030: 30 30 37 30 34 30 33 30 38 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 [0070403080000000]
        #  0040: 37 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [7...............]
        #  [...]
        #  00a0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2b 30 39 [.............+09]
        #  00b0: 33 2d 30 30 33 2d 30 30 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [3-003-005.......]
        # header looks like this for EEEkit gps:
        #  0000: 00 00 04 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [....freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 01 03 aa aa f2 e1 f0 ee 54 54 98 9a 98 9a 9a 9f [........TT......]
        #  0020: 9b 93 9b 9c 98 99 99 9f a6 9a 9a 98 9a 9a 9f 9b [................]
        #  0030: 93 9b 9c 98 99 99 9c a9 e4 99 9d 9e 9f 98 9e 9b [................]
        #  0040: 9c fd 9b 98 98 98 9f 9f 9a 9a 93 81 9a 9b 9d 9f [................]
        # decrypted (from byte 18):
        #  0000: 00 00 58 4b 5a 44 fe fe 32 30 32 30 30 35 31 39 [..XKZD..20200519]
        #  0010: 31 36 32 33 33 35 0c 30 30 32 30 30 35 31 39 31 [162335.002005191]
        #  0020: 36 32 33 33 36 03 4e 33 37 34 35 32 34 31 36 57 [62336.N37452416W]
        #  0030: 31 32 32 32 35 35 30 30 39 2b 30 31 37 35 30 31 [122255009+017501]
        #  0040: 31 2b 30 31 34 2b 30 30 32 2b 30 32 36 2b 30 31 [1+014+002+026+01]
        my $n = $dirLen - 18;
        $n = 0x101 if $n > 0x101;
        my $buf2 = pack 'C*', map { $_ ^ 0xaa } unpack 'C*', substr($$dataPt,18,$n);
        if ($et->Options('Verbose') > 1) {
            $et->VPrint(1, '[decrypted freeGPS data]');
            $et->VerboseDump(\$buf2);
        }
        # (extract longitude as 9 digits, not 8, ref PH)
        if ($buf2 =~ /^.{8}(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2}).(.{15})([NS])(\d{8})([EW])(\d{9})(\d{8})?/s) {
            ($yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$lbl,$latRef,$lat,$lonRef,$lon,$spd) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9/1e4,$10,$11/1e4,$12);
            if (defined $spd) { # (Azdome)
                $spd += 0;  # remove leading 0's
            } elsif ($buf2 =~ /^.{57}([-+]\d{4})(\d{3})/s) { # (EEEkit)
                # $alt = $1 + 0;  (doesn't look right for my sample, but the Ambarella A12 text has this)
                $spd = $2 + 0;
            }
        }
        # extract accelerometer data (ref PH)
        if ($buf2 =~ /^.{65}(([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})*)/s) {
            $_ = $1;
            @acc = ($2/100, $3/100, $4/100);
            s/([-+])/ $1/g;  s/^ //;
            push @xtra, AccelerometerData => $_;
        } elsif ($buf2 =~ /^.{173}([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})([-+]\d{3})/s) { # (Azdome)
            # (Adzome may contain acc and date/time/label even if GPS doesn't exist)
            @acc = ($1/100, $2/100, $3/100);
            if (not defined $yr and $buf2 =~ /^.{8}(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2}).(.{15})/s) {
                ($yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$lbl) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7);
            }
        }
        if (defined $lbl) {
            $lbl =~ s/\0.*//s;  $lbl =~ s/\s+$//;  # truncate at null and remove trailing spaces
            push @xtra, UserLabel => $lbl if length $lbl;
        }

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{52}(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 2);
        # decode NMEA-format GPS data (Nextbase 512GW dashcam, ref PH)
        # header looks like this in my sample:
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 40 01 00 00 [....freeGPS @...]
        #  0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0030: 00 00 00 00 32 30 31 38 30 39 31 39 31 30 30 39 [....201809191009]
        #  0040: 35 39 00 00 1c 01 00 00 06 00 00 00 ef ff ff ff [59..............]
        #  0050: 20 24 47 50 52 4d 43 2c 30 38 30 39 35 31 2e 30 [ $GPRMC,080951.0]
        #  0060: 30 30 2c 41 2c 35 32 30 37 2e 39 30 39 37 2c 4e [00,A,5207.9097,N]
        #  0070: 2c 30 30 35 30 35 2e 35 31 37 35 2c 45 2c 35 35 [,00505.5175,E,55]
        #  0080: 2e 31 31 2c 31 32 35 2e 35 38 2c 31 39 30 39 31 [.11,125.58,19091]
        #  0090: 38 2c 2c 2c 41 2a 35 39 0d 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 [8,,,A*59........]
        push @xtra, CameraDateTime => "$1:$2:$3 $4:$5:$6";
        if ($$dataPt =~ /\$[A-Z]{2}RMC,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(\.\d*)?),A?,(\d+\.\d+),([NS]),(\d+\.\d+),([EW]),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)/s) {
            ($lat,$latRef,$lon,$lonRef) = ($5,$6,$7,$8);
            $yr = $13 + ($13 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
            ($mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec) = ($12,$11,$1,$2,$3);
            $spd = $9 * $knotsToKph if length $9;
            $trk = $10 if length $10;
        }
        if ($$dataPt =~ /\$[A-Z]{2}GGA,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(\.\d*)?),(\d+\.\d+),([NS]),(\d+\.\d+),([EW]),[1-6]?,(\d+)?,(\.\d+|\d+\.?\d*)?,(-?\d+\.?\d*)?,M?/s) {
            ($hr,$min,$sec,$lat,$latRef,$lon,$lonRef) = ($1,$2,$3,$5,$6,$7,$8) unless defined $yr;
            $alt = $11;
            unshift @xtra, GPSSatellites => $9;
            unshift @xtra, GPSDOP => $10;
        }
        if (defined $lat) {
            # extract accelerometer readings if GPS was valid
            # and change to signed integer and divide by 256
            @acc = map { SignedInt32 / 256 } unpack('x68V3', $$dataPt);
        }

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{37}\0\0\0A([NS])([EW])\0/s) {

        ($latRef, $lonRef) = ($1, $2);
        ($hr,$min,$sec,$yr,$mon,$day) = unpack('x16V6', $$dataPt);
        # test for base64-encoded and encrypted lucky gps strings
        my ($notEnc, $notStr, $lt, $ln);
        if (length($$dataPt) < 0x78) {
            $notEnc = $notStr = 1;
        } else {
            $lt = substr($$dataPt, 0x2c, 20), # latitude
            $ln = substr($$dataPt, 0x40, 20), # longitude
            /^[A-Za-z0-9+\/]{8,20}={0,2}\0*$/ or $notEnc = 1, last foreach ($lt, $ln);
            /^\d{1,5}\.\d+\0*$/ or $notStr = 1, last foreach ($lt, $ln);
        }
        if ($notEnc and $notStr) {

            $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 3);
            # decode freeGPS from ViofoA119v3 dashcam (similar to Novatek GPS format)
            # 0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
            # 0010: 05 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 13 00 00 00 [..../...........]
            # 0020: 09 00 00 00 1b 00 00 00 41 4e 57 00 25 d1 99 45 [........ANW.%..E]
            # 0030: f1 47 40 46 66 66 d2 41 85 eb 83 41 00 00 00 00 [.G@Fff.A...A....]
            if ($yr >= 2000) {
                # Kenwood dashcam sometimes stores absolute year and local time
                # (but sometimes year since 2000 and UTC time in same video!)
                require Time::Local;
                my $time = Image::ExifTool::TimeLocal($sec,$min,$hr,$day,$mon-1,$yr);
                ($sec,$min,$hr,$day,$mon,$yr) = gmtime($time);
                $yr += 1900;
                ++$mon;
                $et->Warn('Converting GPSDateTime to UTC based on local time zone',1);
            }
            $lat = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x2c);
            $lon = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x30);
            $spd = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x34) * $knotsToKph;
            $trk = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x38);
            # (may be all zeros or int16u counting from 1 to 6 if not valid)
            my $tmp = substr($$dataPt, 60, 12);
            if ($tmp ne "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" and $tmp ne "\x01\0\x02\0\x03\0\x04\0\x05\0\x06\0") {
                @acc = map { SignedInt32 / 256 } unpack('V3', $tmp);
            }

        } else {

            $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 4);
            # decode freeGPS from E-ACE B44 dashcam
            # 0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
            # 0010: 08 00 00 00 22 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 18 00 00 00 [...."...........]
            # 0020: 08 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 41 4e 45 00 67 4e 69 69 [........ANE.gNii]
            # 0030: 5a 38 4a 54 74 48 63 61 36 74 77 3d 00 00 00 00 [Z8JTtHca6tw=....]
            # 0040: 68 74 75 69 5a 4d 4a 53 73 58 55 58 37 4e 6f 3d [htuiZMJSsXUX7No=]
            # 0050: 00 00 00 00 64 3b ac 41 e1 3a 1d 43 2b 01 00 00 [....d;.A.:.C+...]
            # 0060: fd ff ff ff 43 00 00 00 32 4a 37 31 50 70 55 48 [....C...2J71PpUH]
            # 0070: 37 69 68 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [7ihf............]
            # (16-byte string at 0x68 is base64 encoded and encrypted 'luckychip' string)
            $spd = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x54) * $knotsToKph;
            $trk = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x58);
            @acc = map SignedInt32, unpack('x92V3', $$dataPt);
            # (accelerometer scaling is roughly 1G=250-300, but it varies depending on the axis,
            #  so leave the values as raw.  The axes are positive acceleration up,left,forward)
            if ($notEnc) { # (not encrypted)
                ($lat = $lt) =~ s/\0+$//;
                ($lon = $ln) =~ s/\0+$//;
            } else {
                # decode base64 strings
                require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
                $_ = ${Image::ExifTool::XMP::DecodeBase64($_)} foreach ($lt, $ln);
                # try various keys to decrypt lat/lon
                my ($i, $ch, $key) = (0, 'a', $luckyKeys[0]);
                for (; $i<20; ++$i) {
                    $i and ($key = $luckyKeys[1]) =~ s/#/$ch/g, ++$ch;
                    ($lat = DecryptLucky($lt, $key)) =~ /^\d{1,4}\.\d+$/ or undef($lat), next;
                    ($lon = DecryptLucky($ln, $key)) =~ /^\d{1,5}\.\d+$/ or undef($lon), next;
                    last;
                }
                $lon or $et->Warn('Unknown encryption for latitude/longitude');
            }
        }

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^(.{16}|.{48}|.{80})LIGOGPSINFO\0/s and length($$dataPt) >= length($1) + 0x84) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 5);
        my $pos = length $1;
        # iiway s1 dual dash cam - offset 16, encrypted and fuzzed with scale 1
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 4c 49 47 4f 47 50 53 49 4e 46 4f 00 00 00 00 05 [LIGOGPSINFO.....]
        #  0020: 0a 00 00 00 23 23 23 23 6a 00 00 00 c0 20 20 20 [....####j....   ]
        #  0030: 20 f0 12 10 12 22 e1 0e 10 12 2f 90 10 13 02 f2 [ ...."..../.....]
        # XGODY 12" 4K Dashcam - offset 16, encrypted and fuzzed with scale 1
        #  0000: 00 00 00 a8 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 98 00 00 00 [....freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 4c 49 47 4f 47 50 53 49 4e 46 4f 00 00 00 00 05 [LIGOGPSINFO.....]
        #  0020: cd 61 00 00 23 23 23 23 6d 00 00 00 c1 ec 41 20 [.a..####m.....A ]
        #  0030: 20 f0 12 10 12 24 e5 0e 10 11 2f 92 10 12 00 f6 [ ....$..../.....]
        # ABASK A8 4K Dashcam - offset 16, encrypted and fuzzed with scale 3
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 4c 49 47 4f 47 50 53 49 4e 46 4f 00 00 00 00 05 [LIGOGPSINFO.....]
        #  0020: 00 00 00 00 23 23 23 23 69 00 00 00 c0 20 20 20 [....####i....   ]
        #  0030: 20 f0 12 10 12 23 e5 0e 10 12 2f 99 10 11 02 f2 [ ....#..../.....]
        # Unknown dashcam (forum16060) - offset 16, enciphered and fuzzed with scale 1
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 98 00 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 4c 49 47 4f 47 50 53 49 4e 46 4f 00 00 00 00 0d [LIGOGPSINFO.....]
        #  0020: 0a 00 00 00 23 23 23 23 3b 00 a0 34 46 44 46 31 [....####;..4FDF1]
        #  0030: 2f 44 39 2f 45 38 20 44 3d 4c 47 4a 4c 39 38 20 [/D9/E8 D=LGJL98 ]
        # Rexing dashcam V1GW-4K - offset 48, encrypted and fuzzed with scale 1
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0030: 4c 49 47 4f 47 50 53 49 4e 46 4f 00 00 00 00 05 [LIGOGPSINFO.....]
        #  0040: 01 00 00 00 23 23 23 23 73 00 00 00 c0 20 20 20 [....####s....   ]
        #  0050: 20 f0 12 10 12 23 e5 0e 10 12 2f 95 10 12 01 f3 [ ....#..../.....]
        # Kingslim D4 dashcam - offset 80, encrypted and fuzzed with scale 1
        #  0000: 0a 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 e5 07 00 00 [................]
        #  0010: 06 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 41 4e 57 31 91 52 83 45 [........ANW1.R.E]
        #  0020: 15 70 fe c5 29 5c c3 41 ae c7 af 42 00 00 d1 be [.p..)\.A...B....]
        #  0030: 00 00 80 3b 00 00 2c 3e 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [...;..,>........]
        #  0040: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 26 26 26 26 [............&&&&]
        #  0050: 4c 49 47 4f 47 50 53 49 4e 46 4f 00 00 00 00 05 [LIGOGPSINFO.....]
        #  0060: 01 00 00 00 23 23 23 23 75 00 00 00 c0 22 20 20 [....####u...."  ]
        #  0070: 20 f0 12 10 12 21 e5 0e 10 12 2f 90 10 13 01 f2 [ ....!..../.....]
        my %dirInfo = ( DataPt => $dataPt, DirStart => $pos, DirName => "LigoGPS_$pos" );
        # (this is weak, but the only difference I could find between these 2 headers)
        # (NOTE: ../testpics/gps_video/forum16229.mp4 uses this word for a counter!)
        $$et{LigoGPSScale} = 3 if $pos == 16 and $$dataPt =~ /^.{12}\xf0\x03\0\0.{16}\0{4}/s;
        Image::ExifTool::LigoGPS::ProcessLigoGPS($et, \%dirInfo, $tagTbl);
        $done = 1;

        # also... when offset is 0x50 (Kingslim), the GPS also exists in this format:
        # ($latRef, $lonRef) = ($1, $2);
        # ($hr,$min,$sec,$yr,$mon,$day) = unpack("V6", $$dataPt);
        # # lat/lon aren't decoded properly, but spd,trk,acc are
        # $lat = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x1c);
        # $lon = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x20);
        # $et->VPrint(0, sprintf("Raw lat/lon = %.9f %.9f\n", $lat, $lon));
        # $et->Warn('GPSLatitude/Longitude encryption is not yet known, so these will be wrong');
        # $lat = abs $lat;
        # $lon = abs $lon;
        # $spd = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x24) * $knotsToKph; # (convert knots to km/h)
        # $trk = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x28);
        # $acc[0] = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x2c);
        # $acc[1] = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x30);
        # $acc[2] = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x34);

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{60}A\0{3}.{4}([NS])\0{3}.{4}([EW])\0{3}/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 6);
        # decode freeGPS from Akaso dashcam
        # 0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 60 00 00 00 [....freeGPS `...]
        # 0010: 78 2e 78 78 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [x.xx............]
        # 0020: 30 30 30 30 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [00000...........]
        # 0030: 12 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 41 00 00 00 [..../.......A...]
        # 0040: 13 b3 ca 44 4e 00 00 00 29 92 fb 45 45 00 00 00 [...DN...)..EE...]
        # 0050: d9 ee b4 41 ec d1 d3 42 e4 07 00 00 01 00 00 00 [...A...B........]
        # 0060: 0c 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        # (unknown dashcam, "Anticlock 2 2020_1125_1455_007.MOV"):
        # 0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 68 00 00 00 [....freeGPS h...]
        # 0010: 32 30 31 33 30 33 32 35 41 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [20130325A.......]
        # 0020: 41 70 72 20 20 36 20 32 30 31 36 2c 20 31 36 3a [Apr  6 2016, 16:]
        # 0030: 0e 00 00 00 38 00 00 00 22 00 00 00 41 00 00 00 [....8..."...A...]
        # 0040: 8a 63 24 45 53 00 00 00 9f e6 42 45 45 00 00 00 [.c$ES.....BEE...]
        # 0050: 59 c0 04 3f 52 b8 42 41 14 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00 [Y..?R.BA........]
        # 0060: 19 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 f6 ff ff ff [................]
        # 0070: 03 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        ($latRef, $lonRef) = ($1, $2);
        ($hr, $min, $sec, $yr, $mon, $day, @acc) = unpack('x48V3x28V6', $$dataPt);
        $lat = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x40);
        $lon = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x48);
        $spd = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x50);
        $trk = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x54);
        if (substr($$dataPt, 16, 4) eq 'x.xx') {
            $trk += 180;   # (why is this off by 180?)
            $trk -= 360 if $trk >= 360;
            undef @acc;
        } else {
            @acc = map { SignedInt32 / 1000 } @acc; # (NC)
        }

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{60}4W`b]S= 140) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 7);
        # 0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 01 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        # 0010: 5a 58 53 42 4e 58 59 53 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [ZXSBNXYS........]
        # 0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        # 0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 34 57 60 62 [............4W`b]
        # 0040: 5d 53 3c 41 44 45 41 41 42 3e 40 40 3c 51 3c 45 []S@@
        # 0050: 41 40 43 3e 41 47 49 48 44 3c 5e 3c 40 41 46 43 [A@C>AGIHD<^<@AFC]
        # 0060: 42 3e 49 49 40 42 45 3c 55 3c 45 47 3e 45 43 41 [B>II@BEECA]
        # decipher $GPRMC by subtracting 16 from each character value
        $_ = pack 'C*', map { $_>=16 and $_-=16 } unpack('x60C80', $$dataPt);
        if (/[A-Z]{2}RMC,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(\.\d*)?),A?,(\d*?\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)/) {
            ($yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$lat,$latRef,$lon,$lonRef) = ($13,$12,$11,$1,$2,$3,$5,$6,$7,$8);
            $yr += ($yr >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
            $spd = $9 * $knotsToKph if length $9;
            $trk = $10 if length $10;
        } else {
            $done = 1;
        }

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{64}[\x01-\x0c]\0{3}[\x01-\x1f]\0{3}A[NS][EW]\0{5}/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 8);
        # Akaso V1 dascham
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 78 00 00 00 [....freeGPS x...]
        #  0010: 59 6e 64 41 6b 61 73 6f 43 61 72 00 00 00 00 00 [YndAkasoCar.....]
        #  0020: 30 30 30 30 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [00000...........]
        #  0030: 0e 00 00 00 27 00 00 00 2c 00 00 00 e3 07 00 00 [....'...,.......]
        #  0040: 05 00 00 00 1d 00 00 00 41 4e 45 00 00 00 00 00 [........ANE.....]
        #  0050: f1 4e 3e 3d 90 df ca 40 e3 50 bf 0b 0b 31 a0 40 [.N>=...@.P...1.@]
        #  0060: 4b dc c8 41 9a 79 a7 43 34 58 43 31 4f 37 31 35 [K..A.y.C4XC1O715]
        #  0070: 35 31 32 36 36 35 37 35 59 4e 44 53 0d e7 cc f9 [51266575YNDS....]
        #  0080: 00 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        # Redtiger F7N dashcam
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 01 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0020: 01 00 00 00 b0 56 50 01 7b 18 68 45 17 02 3f 46 [.....VP.{.hE..?F]
        #  0030: 13 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 15 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0040: 0c 00 00 00 1c 00 00 00 41 4e 57 00 00 00 00 00 [........ANW.....]
        #  0050: 80 d4 26 4e 36 11 b5 40 74 b5 15 7b cd 7b f3 40 [..&N6..@t..{.{.@]
        #  0060: 0a d7 a3 3d cd 4c 4e 43 38 34 37 41 45 48 31 36 [...=.LNC847AEH16]
        #  0070: 33 36 30 38 32 34 35 37 59 53 4b 4a 01 00 00 00 [36082457YSKJ....]
        #  0080: ec ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 0e 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0090: 0a 00 00 00 e5 07 00 00 0c 00 00 00 1c 00 00 00 [................]
        ($hr,$min,$sec,$yr,$mon,$day,$stat,$latRef,$lonRef) =
            unpack('x48V6a1a1a1x1', $$dataPt);

        $et->Warn('GPSLatitude/Longitude encryption is not yet known, so these will be wrong');
        # (see https://exiftool.org/forum/index.php?topic=11320.0)

        $spd = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x60);
        $trk = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x64) + 180;   # (why is this off by 180?)
        $lat = GetDouble($dataPt, 0x50);    # latitude is here, but encrypted somehow
        $lon = GetDouble($dataPt, 0x58);    # longitude is here, but encrypted somehow
        $ddd = 1; # don't convert until we know what the format is
        #my $serialNum = substr($$dataPt, 0x68, 20); # (confirmed)

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{12}\xac\0\0\0.{44}(.{72})/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 9);
        # EACHPAI dash cam
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 ac 00 00 00 [....freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 34 57 60 62 [............4W`b]
        #  0040: 5d 53 3c 41 47 45 45 42 42 3e 40 40 40 3c 51 3c []S@@@
        #  0050: 44 42 44 40 3e 48 46 43 45 3c 5e 3c 40 48 43 41 [DBD@>HFCE<^<@HCA]
        #  0060: 42 3e 46 42 47 48 3c 67 3c 40 3e 40 42 3c 43 3e [B>FBGH@B]
        #  0070: 43 41 3c 40 42 40 46 42 40 3c 3c 3c 51 3a 47 46 [CA<@B@FB@<<
        #  0080: 00 2a 36 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [.*65............]

        $et->Warn("Can't yet decrypt EACHPAI timed GPS", 1);
        # (see https://exiftool.org/forum/index.php?topic=5095.msg61266#msg61266)
        $done = 1;

      #  my $time = pack 'C*', map { $_ ^= 0 } unpack 'C*', $1;
      #  # bytes 7-12 are the timestamp in ASCII HHMMSS after xor-ing with 0x70
      #  substr($time,7,6) = pack 'C*', map { $_ ^= 0x70 } unpack 'C*', substr($time,7,6);
      #  # (other values are currently unknown)

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{64}A([NS])([EW])\0/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 10);
        # Vantrue S1 dashcam
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 78 00 00 00 [....freeGPS x...]
        #  0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0030: 68 6f 72 73 6f 6e 74 65 63 68 00 00 00 00 00 00 [horsontech......]
        #  0040: 41 4e 45 00 15 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 [ANE.............]
        #  0050: 03 00 00 00 35 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 4f 74 4c 44 [....5.......OtLD]
        #  0060: e2 77 a0 45 89 c1 98 42 71 bd ac 42 02 ab 0d 43 [.w.E...Bq..B...C]
        #  0070: 05 00 00 00 7f 00 00 00 07 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        ($latRef, $lonRef) = ($1, $2);
        ($yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,@acc) = unpack('x68V6x20V3', $$dataPt);
        if ($mon>=1 and $mon<=12 and $day>=1 and $day<=31) {
            # (not sure about acc scaling)
            @acc = map { SignedInt32 / 1000 } @acc;
            $lon = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x5c);
            $lat = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x60);
            $spd = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x64) * $knotsToKph;
            $trk = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x68);
            $alt = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x6c);
        } else {
            $done = 1;
        }

    } elsif (substr($$dataPt,0x45,3) eq 'ATC') {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 11);
        # header looks like this: (sample 1)
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 38 06 00 00 [....freeGPS 8...]
        #  0010: 49 51 53 32 30 31 33 30 33 30 36 42 00 00 00 00 [IQS20130306B....]
        #  0020: 4d 61 79 20 31 35 20 32 30 31 35 2c 20 31 39 3a [May 15 2015, 19:]
        # (sample 2)
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 4c 06 00 00 [....freeGPS L...]
        #  0010: 32 30 31 33 30 33 31 38 2e 30 31 00 00 00 00 00 [20130318.01.....]
        #  0020: 4d 61 72 20 31 38 20 32 30 31 33 2c 20 31 34 3a [Mar 18 2013, 14:]

        my ($recPos, $lastRecPos, $foundNew);
        my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
        my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
        my $then = $$et{FreeGPS2}{Then};
        $then or $then = $$et{FreeGPS2}{Then} = [ (0) x 6 ];
        # Loop through records in the ATC-type GPS block until we find the most recent.
        # If we have already found one, then we only need to check the first record
        # (in case the buffer wrapped around), and the record after the position of
        # the last record we found, because the others will be old.  Odd, but this
        # is the way it is done...  I have only seen one new 52-byte record in the
        # entire 32 kB block, but the entire device ring buffer (containing 30
        # entries in my samples) is stored every time.  The code below allows for
        # the possibility of missing blocks and multiple new records in a single
        # block, but I have never seen this.  Note that there may be some earlier
        # GPS records at the end of the first block that we will miss decoding, but
        # these should (I believe) be before the start of the video
ATCRec: for ($recPos = 0x30; $recPos + 52 < $dirLen; $recPos += 52) {

            my $a = substr($$dataPt, $recPos, 52); # isolate a single record
            # decrypt record
            my @a = unpack('C*', $a);
            my ($key1, $key2) = @a[0x14, 0x1c];
            $a[$_] ^= $key1 foreach 0x00..0x14, 0x18..0x1b;
            $a[$_] ^= $key2 foreach 0x1c, 0x20..0x32;
            my $b = pack 'C*', @a;
            # unpack and validate date/time
            my @now = unpack 'x13C3x28vC2', $b; # (H-1,M,S,Y,m,d)
            $now[0] = ($now[0] + 1) & 0xff;     # increment hour
            my $i;
            for ($i=0; $i<@dateMax; ++$i) {
                next if $now[$i] <= $dateMax[$i];
                $et->Warn('Invalid GPS date/time');
                next ATCRec;    # ignore this record
            }
            # look for next ATC record in temporal sequence
            foreach $i (3..5, 0..2) {
                if ($now[$i] < $$then[$i]) {
                    last ATCRec if $foundNew;
                    last;
                }
                next if $now[$i] == $$then[$i];
                # we found a more recent record -- extract it and remember its location
                if ($verbose) {
                    $et->VPrint(2, "  + [encrypted GPS record]\n");
                    $et->VerboseDump(\$a, DataPos => $dataPos + $recPos);
                    $et->VPrint(2, "  + [decrypted GPS record]\n");
                    $et->VerboseDump(\$b);
                    #my @v = unpack 'H8VVC4V!CA3V!CA3VvvV!vCCCCH4', $b;
                    #$et->VPrint(2, "  + [unpacked: @v]\n");
                    # values unpacked above (ref PH):
                    #  0) 0x00 4 bytes - byte 0=1, 1=counts to 255, 2=record index, 3=0 (ref 3)
                    #  1) 0x04 4 bytes - int32u: bits 0-4=day, 5-8=mon, 9-19=year (ref 3)
                    #  2) 0x08 4 bytes - int32u: bits 0-5=sec, 6-11=min, 12-16=hour (ref 3)
                    #  3) 0x0c 1 byte  - seen values of 0,1,2 - GPS status maybe?
                    #  4) 0x0d 1 byte  - hour minus 1
                    #  5) 0x0e 1 byte  - minute
                    #  6) 0x0f 1 byte  - second
                    #  7) 0x10 4 bytes - int32s latitude * 1e7
                    #  8) 0x14 1 byte  - always 0 (used for decryption)
                    #  9) 0x15 3 bytes - always "ATC"
                    # 10) 0x18 4 bytes - int32s longitude * 1e7
                    # 11) 0x1c 1 byte  - always 0 (used for decryption)
                    # 12) 0x1d 3 bytes - always "001"
                    # 13) 0x20 4 bytes - int32s speed * 100 (m/s)
                    # 14) 0x24 2 bytes - int16u heading * 100 (-180 to 180 deg)
                    # 15) 0x26 2 bytes - always zero
                    # 16) 0x28 4 bytes - int32s altitude * 1000 (ref 3)
                    # 17) 0x2c 2 bytes - int16u year
                    # 18) 0x2e 1 byte  - month
                    # 19) 0x2f 1 byte  - day
                    # 20) 0x30 1 byte  - unknown
                    # 21) 0x31 1 byte  - always zero
                    # 22) 0x32 2 bytes - checksum ?
                }
                @$then = @now;
                $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                $trk = Get16s(\$b, 0x24) / 100;
                $trk += 360 if $trk < 0;
                my $time = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2dZ', @now[3..5, 0..2]);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => $time);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => Get32s(\$b, 0x10) / 1e7);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => Get32s(\$b, 0x18) / 1e7);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => Get32s(\$b, 0x20) / 100 * $mpsToKph);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $trk);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => Get32s(\$b, 0x28) / 1000);
                $lastRecPos = $recPos;
                $foundNew = 1;
                # don't skip to location of previous recent record in ring buffer
                # since we found a more recent record here
                delete $$et{FreeGPS2}{RecentRecPos};
                last;
            }
            # skip older records
            my $recentRecPos = $$et{FreeGPS2}{RecentRecPos};
            $recPos = $recentRecPos if $recentRecPos and $recPos < $recentRecPos;
        }
        # save position of most recent record (needed when parsing the next freeGPS block)
        $$et{FreeGPS2}{RecentRecPos} = $lastRecPos;
        $done = 1;

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{60}A\0.{10}([NS])\0.{14}([EW])\0/s and $dirLen >= 0x88) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 12);
        # header looks like this in my sample:
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 08 01 00 00 [....freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 32 30 31 33 30 38 31 35 2e 30 31 00 00 00 00 00 [20130815.01.....]
        #  0020: 4a 75 6e 20 31 30 20 32 30 31 37 2c 20 31 34 3a [Jun 10 2017, 14:]

        # Type 2 (ref PH):
        # 0x30 - int32u hour
        # 0x34 - int32u minute
        # 0x38 - int32u second
        # 0x3c - int32u GPS status ('A' or 'V')
        # 0x40 - double latitude  (DDMM.MMMMMM)
        # 0x48 - int32u latitude ref  ('N' or 'S')
        # 0x50 - double longitude (DDMM.MMMMMM)
        # 0x58 - int32u longitude ref ('E' or 'W')
        # 0x60 - double speed (knots)
        # 0x68 - double heading (deg)
        # 0x70 - int32u year - 2000
        # 0x74 - int32u month
        # 0x78 - int32u day
        # 0x7c - int32s[3] accelerometer * 1000
        ($latRef, $lonRef) = ($1, $2);
        ($hr,$min,$sec,$yr,$mon,$day,@acc) = unpack('x48V3x52V6', $$dataPt);
        @acc = map { SignedInt32 / 1000 } @acc;
        $lat = GetDouble($dataPt, 0x40);
        $lon = GetDouble($dataPt, 0x50);
        $spd = GetDouble($dataPt, 0x60) * $knotsToKph;
        $trk = GetDouble($dataPt, 0x68);

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{16}A([NS])([EW])\0/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 13);
        # INNOVV MP4 video (same format as INNOVV TS)
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 41 4e 45 00 e4 56 96 45 86 b1 ca 44 5c 8f e2 40 [ANE..V.E...D\..@]
        #  0020: 33 33 58 43 c3 00 00 00 30 00 00 00 a0 fe ff ff [33XC....0.......]
        #  0030: 41 4e 45 00 e3 56 96 45 82 b1 ca 44 5c 8f fa 40 [ANE..V.E...D\..@]
        #  0040: c3 75 56 43 8c ff ff ff 8c 00 00 00 c3 fd ff ff [.uVC............]
        while ($$dataPt =~ /(A[NS][EW]\0.{28})/sg) {
            my $dat = $1;
            $lat = abs(GetFloat(\$dat, 4)); # (abs just to be safe)
            $lon = abs(GetFloat(\$dat, 8)); # (abs just to be safe)
            $spd = GetFloat(\$dat, 12) * $knotsToKph;
            $trk = GetFloat(\$dat, 16);
            @acc = map SignedInt32, unpack('x20V3', $dat);
            ConvertLatLon($lat, $lon);
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat * (substr($dat,1,1) eq 'S' ? -1 : 1));
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon * (substr($dat,2,1) eq 'W' ? -1 : 1));
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $spd);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $trk);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc");
        }
        $done = 1;

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{20}[\0-\x18][\0-\x3b]{2}[\0-\x09]A([NS])([EW])/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 14);
        # XBHT motorcycle dashcam Model XB702
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 00 17 05 11 0d 25 18 00 41 4e 45 64 83 3f 00 00 [.....%..ANEd.?..]
        #  0020: 44 3d c5 02 48 6d ff 07 df 03 00 00 6b 00 00 00 [D=..Hm......k...]
        #  0030: 00 00 00 00 00 17 05 11 0d 25 18 01 41 4e 45 64 [.........%..ANEd]
        #  0040: 8b 3f 00 00 30 3d c5 02 50 6d ff 07 df 03 00 00 [.?..0=..Pm......]
        while ($$dataPt =~ /(.{7}[\0-\x09]A[NS][EW].{25})/sg) {
            my $dat = $1;
            ($yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$ss,$latRef,$lonRef,$lat,$lon,$spd) =
                unpack('xC7xCCx5VVx4v', $dat);
            $yr += 2000;  $lat /= 1e4;  $lon /= 1e4;
            ConvertLatLon($lat, $lon);
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
            my $time = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2d.%d',$yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$ss);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => $time);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat * ($latRef eq 'S' ? -1 : 1));
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon * ($lonRef eq 'W' ? -1 : 1));
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $spd);
        }
        $done = 1;

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{28}A.{11}([NS]).{15}([EW])/s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 15);
        # Vantrue N4 dashcam
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 f0 03 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 0d 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 1e 00 00 00 41 00 00 00 [............A...]
        #  0020: 2c b7 b4 1a 5a 71 b2 40 4e 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [,...Zq.@N.......]
        #  0030: fb ae 08 fe 77 f6 89 40 45 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [....w..@E.......]
        #  0040: be 9f 1a 2f dd 84 36 40 5c 8f c2 f5 28 fc 68 40 [.../..6@\...(.h@]
        #  0050: 16 00 00 00 0c 00 00 00 0e 00 00 00 f2 fb ff ff [................]
        #  0060: 42 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 20 24 47 4e 52 4d 43 2c [B....... $GNRMC,]
        #  0070: 31 33 32 32 33 30 2e 30 30 30 2c 41 2c 34 37 32 [132230.000,A,472]
        #  0080: 31 2e 33 35 31 39 37 2c 4e 2c 30 30 38 33 30 2e [1.35197,N,00830.]
        #  0090: 38 30 38 35 39 2c 45 2c 32 32 2e 35 31 39 2c 31 [80859,E,22.519,1]
        #  00a0: 39 39 2e 38 38 2c 31 34 31 32 32 32 2c 2c 2c 41 [99.88,141222,,,A]
        #  00b0: 2a 37 35 0d 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [*75.............]
        ($latRef, $lonRef) = ($1, $2);
        ($hr,$min,$sec,$yr,$mon,$day,@acc) = unpack('x16V3x52V3V3',$$dataPt);
        $lat = abs(GetDouble($dataPt, 32)); # (abs just to be safe)
        $lon = abs(GetDouble($dataPt, 48)); # (abs just to be safe)
        $spd = GetDouble($dataPt, 64) * $knotsToKph;
        $trk = GetDouble($dataPt, 72);
        @acc = map { SignedInt32 / 1000 } @acc; # (NC)
        # (not necessary to read RMC sentence because we already have it all)

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{72}A[NS][EW]\0/s) {

        # decode binary GPS format (Viofo A119S, ref 2)
        # header looks like this in my sample:
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 4c 00 00 00 [....freeGPS L...]
        #  0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        #  0030: 10 00 00 00 2d 00 00 00 14 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 [....-...........]
        #  0040: 0c 00 00 00 1f 00 00 00 41 4e 45 00 5d 9a a9 45 [........ANE.]..E]
        #  0050: ab 1e e5 44 ec 51 f0 40 b8 5e a5 43 00 00 00 00 [...D.Q.@.^.C....]
        # (records are same structure as Type 3 Novatek GPS:)
        # Type 3 (Novatek GPS, ref 2):
        # 0x30 - int32u hour
        # 0x34 - int32u minute
        # 0x38 - int32u second
        # 0x3c - int32u year - 2000
        # 0x40 - int32u month
        # 0x44 - int32u day
        # 0x48 - int8u  GPS status ('A' or 'V')
        # 0x49 - int8u  latitude ref  ('N' or 'S')
        # 0x4a - int8u  longitude ref ('E' or 'W')
        # 0x4b - 0
        # 0x4c - float  latitude  (DDMM.MMMMMM)
        # 0x50 - float  longitude (DDMM.MMMMMM)
        # 0x54 - float  speed (knots)
        # 0x58 - float  heading (deg)
        # Type 3b, same as above for 0x30-0x4a (ref PH)
        # 0x4c - int32s latitude (decimal degrees * 1e7)
        # 0x50 - int32s longitude (decimal degrees * 1e7)
        # 0x54 - int32s speed (m/s * 100)
        # 0x58 - float  altitude (m * 1000, NC)
        ($hr,$min,$sec,$yr,$mon,$day,$stat,$latRef,$lonRef) =
            unpack('x48V6a1a1a1x1V4', $$dataPt);
        if (substr($$dataPt, 16, 3) eq 'IQS') {
            $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 16);
            # IQS variant (ref PH)
            # header looks like this in my sample:
            #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 4c 00 00 00 [....freeGPS L...]
            #  0010: 49 51 53 5f 41 37 5f 32 30 31 35 30 34 31 37 00 [IQS_A7_20150417.]
            #  0020: 4d 61 72 20 32 39 20 32 30 31 37 2c 20 31 36 3a [Mar 29 2017, 16:]
            $ddd = 1;
            $lat = abs Get32s($dataPt, 0x4c) / 1e7;
            $lon = abs Get32s($dataPt, 0x50) / 1e7;
            $spd = Get32s($dataPt, 0x54) / 100 * $mpsToKph;
            $alt = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x58) / 1000; # (NC)
        } else {
            $lat = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x4c);
            $lon = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x50);
            $spd = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x54) * $knotsToKph;
            $trk = GetFloat($dataPt, 0x58); # (NC, may be GPSImageDirection)
            # Rexing V1-4k dashcam scales the lat/lon
            # (recognize this dashcam by the KodakVersion, "3.01.054" for my sample)
            #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 4c 00 00 00 [....freeGPS L...]
            #  0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
            #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
            #  0030: 0e 00 00 00 22 00 00 00 28 00 00 00 14 00 00 00 [...."...(.......]
            #  0040: 02 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 41 4e 57 00 e9 7e 90 43 [........ANW..~.C]
            #  0050: 48 76 17 45 0c 02 48 42 14 6e 85 43 00 00 00 00 [Hv.E..HB.n.C....]
            if ($$et{KodakVersion} and $$et{KodakVersion} eq '3.01.054') {
                $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => '17b');
                $lat = ($lat - 187.982162849635) / 3;
                $lon = ($lon - 2199.19873715495) / 2;
                $ddd = 1;
            } elsif (Get32u($dataPt,0) == 0x400000 and abs($lat) <= 90 and abs($lon) <= 180) {
                $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => '17c');
                # Transcend Drive Body Camera 70
                #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 4c 00 00 00 [..@.freeGPS L...]
                #  0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
                #  0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
                #  0030: 09 00 00 00 26 00 00 00 15 00 00 00 e9 07 00 00 [....&...........]
                #  0040: 05 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 41 53 45 00 6c 59 ee 41 [........ASE.lY.A]
                #  0050: 9f 1a f7 41 3c 6b 0f 41 9a 99 99 43 00 00 00 00 [...A
                $ddd = 1;               # already in decimal degrees
                $spd /= $knotsToKph;    # already in km/h
            } else {
                $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 17);
            }
        }
        if ($dirLen >= 0xb0) {
            # lat/lon also stored as doubles by Transcend Driver Pro 230 (ref PH)
            my ($lat2, $lon2) = ( GetDouble($dataPt, 0x70), GetDouble($dataPt, 0x80) );
            # (0xa0 is altitude, don't know what 0x98 and 0xa8 are)
            if (abs($lat2-$lat) < 0.001 and abs($lon2-$lon) < 0.001) {
                $lat = $lat2;
                $lon = $lon2;
                $alt = GetDouble($dataPt, 0xa0);
            }
        }

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ m<^.{23}(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d{2}) (\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2}) [N|S]>s) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 18);
        # XGODY 12" 4K Dashcam
        #  0000: 00 00 00 a8 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 98 00 00 00 [....freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 3a 32 30 32 34 2f 30 35 2f 32 [normal:2024/05/2]
        #  0020: 32 20 30 32 3a 35 34 3a 32 39 20 4e 3a 34 32 2e [2 02:54:29 N:42.]
        #  0030: 33 38 32 34 37 30 20 57 3a 38 33 2e 33 38 39 35 [382470 W:83.3895]
        #  0040: 37 30 20 35 33 2e 36 20 6b 6d 2f 68 20 78 3a 2d [70 53.6 km/h x:-]
        #  0050: 30 2e 30 32 20 79 3a 30 2e 39 39 20 7a 3a 30 2e [0.02 y:0.99 z:0.]
        #  0060: 31 30 20 41 3a 32 36 39 2e 32 20 48 3a 32 34 35 [10 A:269.2 H:245]
        #  0070: 2e 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [.5..............]
        ($yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6);
        $$dataPt =~ s/\0+$//;   # remove trailing nulls
        my @a = split ' ', substr($$dataPt,43);
        $ddd = 1;
        foreach (@a) {
            unless (/^([A-Z]):([-+]?\d+(\.\d+)?)$/i) {
                # (the "km/h" after spd is display units? because the value is stored in knots)
                defined $lon and not defined $spd and /^\d+\.\d+$/ and $spd = $_ * $knotsToKph;
                next;
            }
            ($1 eq 'N' or $1 eq 'S') and $lat = $2, $latRef = $1, next;
            ($1 eq 'E' or $1 eq 'W') and $lon = $2, $lonRef = $1, next;
            ($1 eq 'x' or $1 eq 'y' or $1 eq 'z') and push(@acc,$2), next;
            $1 eq 'A' and $trk = $2, next; # (verified, but why 'A'?)
            # seen 'H' - one might expect altitude ('H'eight), but it doesn't fit
            # the sample data, so save all other information as an "Unknown_X" tag
            $$tagTbl{$1} or AddTagToTable($tagTbl, $1, { Name => "Unknown_$1", Unknown => 1 });
            push(@xtra, $1 => $2), next;
        }

    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ m/^.{30}A.{20}VV/) {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 19);
        # 70mai A810 dashcam (note: no timestamps in the samples I have)
        #  0000: 00 00 40 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 ed 01 00 00 [..@.freeGPS ....]
        #  0010: 03 00 ed 01 00 00 00 0f 00 00 70 08 00 00 41 66 [..........p...Af]
        #  0020: 13 7d 1e 3c 11 dc 03 5d 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 23 [.}.<...].......#]
        #  0030: 00 00 00 56 56 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [...VV...........]
        #  0040: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
        SetByteOrder('II');
        SetGPSDateTime($et, $tagTbl, $$dirInfo{SampleTime});
        $lat = Get32s($dataPt, 31) / 1e5;
        $lon = Get32s($dataPt, 35) / 1e5;
        $spd = Get32s($dataPt, 43);  # (seems to be km/h but not confirmed)
        # offset 475 - int16u=N string[N] - some sort of settings?:
        # eg. "\x15\x00{pA:V,rA:V,sF:0,tF:2}"

    } else {

        $debug and $et->FoundTag(GPSType => 20);
        # (look for binary GPS as stored by Nextbase 512G, ref PH)
        #  0000: 00 00 80 00 66 72 65 65 47 50 53 20 78 01 00 00 [....freeGPS x...]
        #  0010: 78 2e 78 78 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [x.xx............]
        #  0020: 30 30 30 30 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [00000...........]
        #  0030: 24 53 02 79 d4 85 07 e2 0a 08 06 2a 01 d1 02 20 [$S.y.......*... ]
        #  0040: 14 98 ff ff 21 67 97 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [....!g..........]
        #  0050: 24 53 02 a2 d4 42 07 e2 0a 08 06 2a 01 d2 02 20 [$S...B.....*... ]
        #  0060: 14 98 e3 ff 21 67 3b 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [....!g;.........]
        # 32-byte record structure (big endian!):
        # 0x30 - int16u unknown (seen: 0x24 0x53 = "$S")
        # 0x32 - int16u speed (m/s * 100)
        # 0x34 - int16s heading (deg * 100) (or GPSImgDirection?)
        # 0x36 - int16u year
        # 0x38 - int8u  month
        # 0x39 - int8u  day
        # 0x3a - int8u  hour
        # 0x3b - int8u  min
        # 0x3c - int16u sec * 10
        # 0x3e - int8u  unknown (seen: 2)
        # 0x3f - int32s latitude (decimal degrees * 1e7)
        # 0x43 - int32s longitude (decimal degrees * 1e7)
        # 0x47 - int8u  unknown (seen: 16)
        # 0x48-0x4f -   all zero
        my $pos;
        for ($pos=0x32; ; ) {
            ($spd,$trk,$yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$lat,$lon) = unpack "x${pos}nnnCCCCnx1NN", $$dataPt;
            # validate record using date/time
            last if $yr < 2000 or $yr > 2200 or
                    $mon < 1 or $mon > 12 or
                    $day < 1 or $day > 31 or
                    $hr > 59 or $min > 59 or $sec > 600;
            # change lat/lon to signed integer and divide by 1e7
            ($lat, $lon) = map { SignedInt32 / 1e7 } $lat, $lon;
            $trk -= 0x10000 if $trk >= 0x8000;  # make it signed
            $trk /= 100;
            $trk += 360 if $trk < 0;
            my $time = sprintf("%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%04.1fZ", $yr, $mon, $day, $hr, $min, $sec/10);
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => $time);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $spd / 100 * $mpsToKph);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $trk);
            last if $pos += 0x20 > length($$dataPt) - 0x1e;
        }
        $done = 1;
    }
    SetByteOrder($oldOrder);
    return $$et{DOC_NUM} ? 1 : 0 if $done;
    return 0 if defined $yr and ($mon < 1 or $mon > 12);  # quick sanity check
#
# save tag values extracted by above code
#
    FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $$dirInfo{SampleTime}, $$dirInfo{SampleDuration});
    $sec = '0' . $sec if defined $sec and $sec !~ /^\d{2}/;   # pad integer part of seconds to 2 digits
    if (defined $yr) {
        $yr += 2000 if $yr < 2000;
        my $time = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%sZ',$yr,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime => $time);
    } elsif (defined $hr) {
        my $time = sprintf('%.2d:%.2d:%sZ',$hr,$min,$sec);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTimeStamp => $time);
    }
    if (defined $lat and defined $lon) {
        # lat/long are in DDDMM.MMMM format unless $ddd is set
        ConvertLatLon($lat, $lon) unless $ddd;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat * (($latRef and $latRef eq 'S') ? -1 : 1));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon * (($lonRef and $lonRef eq 'W') ? -1 : 1));
    }
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => $alt) if defined $alt;
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $spd) if defined $spd;
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $trk) if defined $trk;
    while (@xtra) {
        my $tag = shift @xtra;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $tag => shift @xtra);
    }
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc") if @acc;
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Extract embedded information referenced from a track
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) tag name, 2) data ref
sub ParseTag($$$)
{
    local $_;
    my ($et, $tag, $dataPt) = @_;
    my $dataLen = length $$dataPt;

    if ($tag eq 'stsz' or $tag eq 'stz2' and $dataLen > 12) {
        # read the sample sizes
        my ($sz, $num) = unpack('x4N2', $$dataPt);
        my $size = $$et{ee}{size} = [ ];
        if ($tag eq 'stsz') {
            if ($sz == 0) {
                @$size = ReadValue($dataPt, 12, 'int32u', $num, $dataLen-12);
            } else {
                @$size = ($sz) x $num;
            }
        } else {
            $sz &= 0xff;
            if ($sz == 4) {
                my @tmp = ReadValue($dataPt, 12, 'int8u', int(($num+1)/2), $dataLen-12);
                foreach (@tmp) {
                    push @$size, $_ >> 4;
                    push @$size, $_ & 0xff;
                }
            } elsif ($sz == 8 || $sz == 16) {
                @$size = ReadValue($dataPt, 12, "int${sz}u", $num, $dataLen-12);
            }
        }
    } elsif ($tag eq 'stco' or $tag eq 'co64' and $dataLen > 8) {
        # read the chunk offsets
        my $num = unpack('x4N', $$dataPt);
        my $stco = $$et{ee}{stco} = [ ];
        @$stco = ReadValue($dataPt, 8, $tag eq 'stco' ? 'int32u' : 'int64u', $num, $dataLen-8);
    } elsif ($tag eq 'stsc' and $dataLen > 8) {
        # read the sample-to-chunk box
        my $num = unpack('x4N', $$dataPt);
        if ($dataLen >= 8 + $num * 12) {
            my ($i, @stsc);
            for ($i=0; $i<$num; ++$i) {
                # list of (first-chunk, samples-per-chunk, sample-description-index)
                push @stsc, [ unpack('x'.(8+$i*12).'N3', $$dataPt) ];
            }
            $$et{ee}{stsc} = \@stsc;
        }
    } elsif ($tag eq 'stts' and $dataLen > 8) {
        # read the time-to-sample box
        my $num = unpack('x4N', $$dataPt);
        if ($dataLen >= 8 + $num * 8) {
            $$et{ee}{stts} = [ unpack('x8N'.($num*2), $$dataPt) ];
        }
    } elsif ($tag eq 'avcC') {
        # read the AVC compressor configuration
        $$et{ee}{avcC} = $$dataPt if $dataLen >= 7;  # (minimum length is 7)
    } elsif ($tag eq 'JPEG') {
        $$et{ee}{JPEG} = $$dataPt;
    } elsif ($tag eq 'gps ' and $dataLen > 8) {
        # decode Novatek 'gps ' box (ref 2)
        my $num = Get32u($dataPt, 4);
        $num = int(($dataLen - 8) / 8) if $num * 8 + 8 > $dataLen;
        my $start = $$et{ee}{start} = [ ];
        my $size = $$et{ee}{size} = [ ];
        my $i;
        for ($i=0; $i<$num; ++$i) {
            push @$start, Get32u($dataPt, 8 + $i * 8);
            push @$size, Get32u($dataPt, 12 + $i * 8);
        }
        $$et{HandlerType} = $tag;   # fake handler type
        ProcessSamples($et);        # we have all we need to process sample data now
    } elsif ($tag eq 'GPS ') {
        my $pos = 0;
        my $tagTbl = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream');
        SetByteOrder('II');
        while ($pos + 36 < $dataLen) {
            my $dat = substr($$dataPt, $pos, 36);
            last if $dat eq "\x0" x 36;
            my @a = unpack 'VVVVaVaV', $dat;
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
            # 0=1, 1=1, 2=secs, 3=?
            SetGPSDateTime($et, $tagTbl, $a[2]);
            my $lat = $a[5] / 1e3;
            my $lon = $a[7] / 1e3;
            ConvertLatLon($lat, $lon);
            $lat = -abs($lat) if $a[4] eq 'S';
            $lon = -abs($lon) if $a[6] eq 'W';
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $a[3] / 1e3);
            $pos += 36;
        }
        SetByteOrder('MM');
        delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    }
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process Yuneec 'tx3g' and Autel sbtl metadata (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub Process_tx3g($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    return 0 if length $$dataPt < 2;
    $et->VerboseDir('tx3g', undef, length($$dataPt)-2);
    my $text = substr($$dataPt, 2); # remove 2-byte length word
    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, 'Text', $text);
    if ($text =~ /^HOME\(/) {
        # --- sample text from Autel Evo II drone ---
        # HOME(W: 109.318642, N: 40.769371) 2023-09-12 10:28:07
        # GPS(W: 109.339287, N: 40.768574, 2371.76m)
        # HDR ISO:100 SHUTTER:1000 EV:-0.7 F-NUM:1.8
        # F.PRY (1.0\xc2\xb0, -3.7\xc2\xb0, -59.0\xc2\xb0), G.PRY (-51.1\xc2\xb0, 0.0\xc2\xb0, -58.9\xc2\xb0)
        my $line;
        foreach $line (split /\x0a/, $text) {
            if ($line =~ /^HOME\(([EW]):\s*(\d+\.\d+),\s*([NS]):\s*(\d+\.\d+)\)\s*(.*)/) {
                my ($lon, $lat, $time) = ($2, $4, $5);
                $lon = -$lon if $1 eq 'W';
                $lat = -$lat if $3 eq 'S';
                $time =~ tr/-/:/; # (likely local time zone, but not confirmed)
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, GPSDateTime => $time);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, HomeLat     => $lat);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, HomeLon     => $lon);
            } elsif ($line =~ /^GPS\(([EW]):\s*(\d+\.\d+),\s*([NS]):\s*(\d+\.\d+),\s*(.*)m/) {
                my ($lon, $lat, $alt) = ($2, $4, $5);
                $lon = -$lon if $1 eq 'W';
                $lat = -$lat if $3 eq 'S';
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, Lat  => $lat);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, Lon  => $lon);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, Alt  => $alt);
            } elsif ($line =~ /^F\.PRY\s*\((-?[\d.]+)\xc2\xb0,\s*(-?[\d.]+)\xc2\xb0,\s*(-?[\d.]+)\xc2\xb0/) {
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, Yaw   => $1);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, Pitch => $2);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, Roll  => $3);
                if ($line =~ /G\.PRY\s*\((-?[\d.]+)\xc2\xb0,\s*(-?[\d.]+)\xc2\xb0,\s*(-?[\d.]+)\xc2\xb0/) {
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, GimYaw   => $1);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, GimPitch => $2);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, GimRoll  => $3);
                }
            } else {
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $1, $2) while $line =~ /([-\w]+):([^:]*[^:\s])(\s|$)/sg;
            }
        }
    } elsif ($text =~ /^\w{3} (\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2}) (\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}) ?([-+])(\d{2}):?(\d{2})$/s) {
        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, 'DateTime', "$1:$2:$3 $4$5$6:$7");
    } else {
        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $1, $2) while $text =~ /(\w+):([^:]*[^:\s])(\s|$)/sg;
    }
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process QuickTime 'mebx' timed metadata
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
# - uses tag ID keys stored in the ExifTool ee data member by a previous call to SaveMetaKeys
sub Process_mebx($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $ee = $$et{ee} or return 0;
    return 0 unless $$ee{'keys'};
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};

    # parse using information from 'keys' table (eg. Apple iPhone7+ hevc 'Core Media Data Handler')
    $et->VerboseDir('mebx', undef, length $$dataPt);
    my ($pos, $len);
    for ($pos=0; $pos+8
        $len = Get32u($dataPt, $pos);
        last if $len < 8 or $pos + $len > length $$dataPt;
        my $id = substr($$dataPt, $pos+4, 4);
        my $info = $$ee{'keys'}{$id};
        if ($info) {
            my $tag = $$info{TagID};
            unless ($$tagTbl{$tag}) {
                next unless $tag =~ /^[-\w.]+$/;
                # create info for tags with reasonable id's
                my $name = $tag;
                $name =~ s/[-.](.)/\U$1/g;
                AddTagToTable($tagTbl, $tag, { Name => ucfirst($name) });
            }
            my $val = ReadValue($dataPt, $pos+8, $$info{Format}, undef, $len-8);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $tag, $val,
                DataPt => $dataPt,
                Base   => $$dirInfo{Base},
                Start  => $pos + 8,
                Size   => $len - 8,
            );
        } else {
            $et->Warn('No key information for mebx ID ' . PrintableTagID($id,1));
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process QuickTime '3gf' timed metadata (ref PH, Pittasoft Blackvue dashcam)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub Process_3gf($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
    my $recLen = 10;     # 10-byte record length
    $et->VerboseDir('3gf', undef, $dirLen);
    if ($dirLen > $recLen and not $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded')) {
        $dirLen = $recLen;
        EEWarn($et);
    }
    my $pos;
    for ($pos=0; $pos+$recLen<=$dirLen; $pos+=$recLen) {
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        my $tc = Get32u($dataPt, $pos);
        last if $tc == 0xffffffff;
        my ($x, $y, $z) = (Get16s($dataPt, $pos+4)/10, Get16s($dataPt, $pos+6)/10, Get16s($dataPt, $pos+8)/10);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, TimeCode => $tc / 1000);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "$x $y $z");
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process DuDuBell M1 dashcam / VSYS M6L 'gps0' atom (ref PH)
# (Lamax S9 dual dashcam also uses 'gps0' atom, but encrypted text format)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub Process_gps0($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
    my ($pos, $recLen);
    $et->VerboseDir('gps0', undef, $dirLen);
    # check for encrypted format written by Lamax S9 dual dashcam
    # (similar to Ambarella A12, but in multiple 311-byte records)
    if ($$dataPt =~ /^.{2}\xf2\xe1\xf0\xeeTT\x98/s) {
        $recLen = 311;
        for ($pos=0; $pos+$recLen<=$dirLen; $pos+=$recLen) {
            my $dat = substr($$dataPt, $pos, $recLen);
            last unless $dat =~ /^.{2}\xf2\xe1\xf0\xeeTT\x98/s;
            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
            Process_text($et, \$dat, $tagTbl);
            $pos += $recLen;
        }
        delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
        return 1;
    }
    $recLen = 32;    # 32-byte record length
    SetByteOrder('II');
    if ($dirLen > $recLen and not $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded')) {
        $dirLen = $recLen;
        EEWarn($et);
    }
    for ($pos=0; $pos+$recLen<=$dirLen; $pos+=$recLen) {
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        # lat/long are in DDDMM.MMMM format
        my $lat = GetDouble($dataPt, $pos);
        my $lon = GetDouble($dataPt, $pos+8);
        next if abs($lat) > 9000 or abs($lon) > 18000;
        ConvertLatLon($lat, $lon);
        my @a = unpack('C*', substr($$dataPt, $pos+22, 6)); # unpack date/time
        $a[0] += 2000;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => sprintf("%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2dZ", @a));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => Get16u($dataPt, $pos+0x14));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => Get8u($dataPt, $pos+0x1c) * 2); # (NC)
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => Get32s($dataPt, $pos + 0x10));
        # yet to be decoded:
        # 0x1d - int8u[3] seen: "1 1 0"
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    SetByteOrder('MM');
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process DuDuBell M1 dashcam / VSYS M6L 'gsen' atom (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub Process_gsen($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
    my $recLen = 3;     # 3-byte record length
    $et->VerboseDir('gsen', undef, $dirLen);
    if ($dirLen > $recLen and not $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded')) {
        $dirLen = $recLen;
        EEWarn($et);
    }
    my $pos;
    for ($pos=0; $pos+$recLen<=$dirLen; $pos+=$recLen) {
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        my @acc = map { $_ /= 16 } unpack "x${pos}c3", $$dataPt;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc");
        # (there are no associated timestamps, but these are sampled at 5 Hz in my test video)
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process 'gdat' atom Base64-encoded JSON-format timed GPS used by Nextbase software (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub Process_gdat($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    unless ($$et{OPTIONS}{ExtractEmbedded}) {
        $et->Warn('Use the ExtractEmbedded option to extract timed GPSData',3);
        return 0;
    }
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
    $dataPt = Image::ExifTool::XMP::DecodeBase64($$dataPt);
    my (%dbase, $fix);
    require Image::ExifTool::Import;
    Image::ExifTool::Import::ReadJSON($dataPt, \%dbase);
    my $info = $dbase{'*'} or return 0;
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, CameraModel => $$info{cameraModel}) if $$info{cameraModel};
    my $gps = $$info{gpsData} or return 0;
    return 0 unless ref $gps eq 'ARRAY';
    foreach $fix (@$gps) {
        next unless ref $fix eq 'HASH' and $$fix{gpsStatus} and $$fix{gpsStatus} eq 'A';
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        if ($$fix{datetime}) {
            $$fix{datetime} =~ tr/-T/: /;
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime => $$fix{datetime});
        }
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $$fix{lat}) if defined $$fix{lat};
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $$fix{lon}) if defined $$fix{lon};
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $$fix{speed} * $mphToKph) if defined $$fix{speed};
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $$fix{bearing}) if defined $$fix{bearing};
        if (defined $$fix{xAcc} and defined $$fix{yAcc} and defined $$fix{zAcc}) {
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "$$fix{xAcc} $$fix{yAcc} $$fix{zAcc}");
        }
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Extract GPS from Nextbase 'nbmt' atom
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) data ref or dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub Process_nbmt($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dataPt, $tagTbl) = @_;

    if ($$et{OPTIONS}{ExtractEmbedded}) {
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = $$et{DOC_COUNT} + 1;
        delete $$et{UnknownTextCount};
        delete $$et{NoMoreTextDecoding};
        $$et{SET_GROUP1} = 'Nextbase';
        Process_text($et, $dataPt, $tagTbl, 1);
        delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
        delete $$et{UnknownTextCount};
        delete $$et{NoMoreTextDecoding};
        delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    } else {
        $et->Warn('Use the ExtractEmbedded option to extract timed GPSData',3);
    }
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process Kenwood drv-a301w dashcam 'udta' atom (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
# Sample data:
# 0000: 56 49 44 45 4f 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 [VIDEOUUUUUUUUUUU]
# 0010: 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 fe fe 32 30 32 [UUUUUUUUUUU..202]
# 0020: 33 30 31 30 37 31 31 31 39 31 34 2e 32 30 32 33 [30107111914.2023]
# 0030: 30 31 30 37 31 31 31 39 31 35 03 4e 34 37 33 37 [0107111915.N4737]
# 0040: 37 30 35 33 57 31 32 32 30 39 39 30 31 34 2b 30 [7053W122099014+0]
# 0050: 30 35 38 30 30 30 2b 30 30 36 2b 30 30 39 2b 30 [058000+006+009+0]
# 0060: 30 34 2b 30 30 32 2b 30 30 39 2b 30 30 35 2b 30 [04+002+009+005+0]
sub ProcessKenwood($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
    while ($$dataPt =~ /\xfe\xfe([^\xfe]+)/g) {
        my $dat = $1;
        next unless $dat =~ /^(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})./gs;
        my $time = "$1:$2:$3 $4:$5:$6"; # (likely local time zone, but not confirmed)
        # ignore second date (what is this for?)
        next unless $dat =~ /\G(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})./gs;
        next unless $dat =~ /\G([NS])(\d+)([EW])(\d+)/g;
        my ($lat, $lon) = ($2/1e4, $4/1e4);
        ConvertLatLon($lat, $lon);
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => $time);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat * ($1 eq 'S' ? -1 : 1));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon * ($3 eq 'W' ? -1 : 1));
        next unless $dat =~ /\G([-+]\d{4})(\d+)/g;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude => $1 + 0); # (NC, educated guess)
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed => $2); # (km/h)
        my @acc;
        while ($dat =~ /\G([-+]\d+)([-+]\d+)([-+]\d+)/g) {
            push @acc, $1/1000, $2/1000, $3/1000;
        }
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc") if @acc;
        unless ($et->Options('ExtractEmbedded')) {
            $et->Warn('Use the ExtractEmbedded option to extract all timed GPS',3);
            last;
        }
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process RIFF-format trailer written by Auto-Vox dashcam (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
# Note: This trailer is basically RIFF chunks added to a QuickTime-format file (augh!),
#       but there are differences in the record formats so we can't just call
#       ProcessRIFF to process the gps0 and gsen atoms using the routines above
sub ProcessRIFFTrailer($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
    my ($buff, $pos);
    SetByteOrder('II');
    for (;;) {
        last unless $raf->Read($buff, 8) == 8;
        my ($tag, $len) = unpack('a4V', $buff);
        last if $tag eq "\0\0\0\0";
        unless ($tag =~ /^[\w ]{4}/ and $len < 0x2000000) {
            $et->Warn('Bad RIFF trailer');
            last;
        }
        $raf->Read($buff, $len) == $len or $et->Warn("Truncated $tag record in RIFF trailer"), last;
        if ($verbose) {
            $et->VPrint(0, "  - RIFF trailer '${tag}' ($len bytes)\n");
            $et->VerboseDump(\$buff, Addr => $raf->Tell() - $len) if $verbose > 2;
            $$et{INDENT} .= '| ';
            $et->VerboseDir($tag, undef, $len) if $tag =~ /^(gps0|gsen)$/;
        }
        if ($tag eq 'gps0') {
            # (similar to record decoded in Process_gps0, but with some differences)
            # 0000: 41 49 54 47 74 46 94 f6 c6 c5 b4 40 34 a2 b4 37 [AITGtF.....@4..7]
            # 0010: f8 7b 8a 40 ff ff 00 00 38 00 77 0a 1a 0c 12 28 [.{.@....8.w....(]
            # 0020: 8d 01 02 40 29 07 00 00                         [...@)...]
            # 0x00 - undef[4] 'AITG'
            # 0x04 - double   latitude  (always positive)
            # 0x0c - double   longitude (always positive)
            # 0x14 - ?        seen hex "ff ff 00 00" (altitude in Process_gps0 record below)
            # 0x18 - int16u   speed in knots (different than km/hr in Process_gps0)
            # 0x1a - int8u[6] yr-1900,mon,day,hr,min,sec (different than -2000 in Process_gps0)
            # 0x20 - int8u    direction in degrees / 2
            # 0x21 - int8u    guessing that this is 1=N, 2=S - PH
            # 0x22 - int8u    guessing that this is 1=E, 2=W - PH
            # 0x23 - ?        seen hex "40"
            # 0x24 - in32u    time since start of video (ms)
            my $recLen = 0x28;
            for ($pos=0; $pos+$recLen<$len; $pos+=$recLen) {
                substr($buff, $pos, 4) eq 'AITG' or $et->Warn('Unrecognized gps0 record'), last;
                $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                # lat/long are in DDDMM.MMMM format
                my $lat = GetDouble(\$buff, $pos+4);
                my $lon = GetDouble(\$buff, $pos+12);
                $et->Warn('Bad gps0 record') and last if abs($lat) > 9000 or abs($lon) > 18000;
                ConvertLatLon($lat, $lon);
                $lat = -$lat if Get8u(\$buff, $pos+0x21) == 2;   # wild guess
                $lon = -$lon if Get8u(\$buff, $pos+0x22) == 2;   # wild guess
                my @a = unpack('C*', substr($buff, $pos+26, 6)); # unpack date/time
                $a[0] += 1900; # (different than Proces_gps0)
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, SampleTime => Get32u(\$buff, $pos + 0x24) / 1000);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => sprintf("%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2dZ", @a));
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => Get16u(\$buff, $pos+0x18) * $knotsToKph);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => Get8u(\$buff, $pos+0x20) * 2);
            }
        } elsif ($tag eq 'gsen') {
            # (similar to record decoded in Process_gsen)
            # 0000: 41 49 54 53 1a 0d 05 ff c8 00 00 00 [AITS........]
            # 0x00 - undef[4] 'AITS'
            # 0x04 - int8s[3] accelerometer readings
            # 0x07 - ?        seen hex "ff"
            # 0x08 - in32u    time since start of video (ms)
            my $recLen = 0x0c;
            for ($pos=0; $pos+$recLen<$len; $pos+=$recLen) {
                substr($buff, $pos, 4) eq 'AITS' or $et->Warn('Unrecognized gsen record'), last;
                $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                my @acc = map { $_ /= 24 } unpack('x'.($pos+4).'c3', $buff);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, SampleTime => Get32u(\$buff, $pos + 8) / 1000);
                # 0=+Up, 1=+Right, 3=+Forward (calibration of 24 counts/g is a wild guess - PH)
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc");
            }
        }
        # also seen, but not decoded:
        # gpsa (8 bytes): hex "01 20 00 00 08 03 02 08 "
        # gsea (20 bytes): all zeros
        $$et{INDENT} = substr($$et{INDENT}, 0, -2) if $verbose;
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    SetByteOrder('MM');
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process Kenwood Dashcam trailer (forum16229)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
# Sample data (chained 512-byte records starting like this):
# 0000:  43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 47 50 [CCCCCCCCCCCCCCGP]
# 0010:  53 44 41 54 41 2d 2d 32 30 32 34 30 37 31 31 31 [SDATA--202407111]
# 0020:  32 30 34 31 32 4e 35 30 2e 36 31 32 33 38 36 30 [20412N50.6123860]
# 0030:  36 37 37 45 38 2e 37 30 32 37 31 38 30 39 38 39 [677E8.7027180989]
# 0040:  35 33 33 2e 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 [533.000000000000]
# 0050:  2e 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 2e 30 [.0000000000000.0]
# 0060:  31 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 35 35 33 2d 30 2e 30 39 [19999999553-0.09]
# 0070:  30 30 30 30 30 30 33 35 37 2d 30 2e 31 34 30 30 [000000357-0.1400]
# 0080:  30 30 30 30 30 35 39 47 50 53 44 41 54 41 2d 2d [0000059GPSDATA--]
sub ProcessKenwoodTrailer($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
    my $buff;
    # current file position is 8 bytes into the 14 C's, so test the next 6:
    $raf->Read($buff, 14) and $buff eq 'CCCCCCCCCCCCCC' or return 0;
    $et->VerboseDir('Kenwood trailer', undef, undef);
    unless ($$et{OPTIONS}{ExtractEmbedded}) {
        $et->Warn('Use the ExtractEmbedded option to extract timed GPSData from Kenwood trailer',3);
        return 1;
    }
    while ($raf->Read($buff, 121) and $buff =~ /^GPSDATA--(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/) {
        FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl);
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime => "$1:$2:$3 $4:$5:$6");
        my $i = 9 + 14;
        my ($val, @acc, $tag);
        foreach $tag (qw(GPSLatitude GPSLongitude GPSSpeed unk acc acc acc)) {
            $val = substr($buff, $i, 14); $i += 14;
            next if $tag eq 'unk';
            my $hemi;
            $hemi = $1 if $val =~ s/^([NSEW])//;
            $val =~ /^[-+]?\d+\.\d+$/ or next;
            $tag eq 'acc' and push(@acc,$val), next;
            $val = -$val if $hemi and ($hemi eq 'S' or $hemi eq 'W');
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $tag => $val);
        }
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@acc") if @acc == 3;
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process 'gps ' atom containing NMEA from Pittasoft Blackvue dashcam (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessNMEA($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my ($rtnVal, %fix);
    # parse only RMC and GGA sentence [with leading timecode] for now
    for (;;) {
        my ($tc, $type, $tim);
        if ($$dataPt =~ /(?:\[(\d+)\])?\$[A-Z]{2}(RMC|GGA),(\d{2}\d{2}\d+(\.\d*)?),/g) {
            ($tc, $type, $tim) = ($1, $2, $3);
        }
        # write out last fix now if complete
        # (use the GPS timestamps because they may be different for the same timecode)
        if ($fix{tim} and (not $tim or $fix{tim} != $tim)) {
            if ($fix{dat} and defined $fix{lat} and defined $fix{lon}) {
                my $sampleTime;
                $sampleTime = ($fix{tc} - $$et{StartTime}) / 1000 if $fix{tc} and $$et{StartTime};
                FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $sampleTime);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => $fix{dat});
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $fix{lat});
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $fix{lon});
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $fix{spd} * $knotsToKph) if defined $fix{spd};
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $fix{trk}) if defined $fix{trk};
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => $fix{alt}) if defined $fix{alt};
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSatellites=> $fix{nsats}+0) if defined $fix{nsats};
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDOP       => $fix{hdop}) if defined $fix{hdop};
            }
            undef %fix;
        }
        $fix{tim} = $tim or last;
        my $pos = pos($$dataPt);
        pos($$dataPt) = $pos - length($tim) - 1; # rewind to re-parse time
        # (parsing of NMEA strings copied from Geotag.pm)
        if ($type eq 'RMC' and
            $$dataPt =~ /\G(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(\.\d*)?),A?,(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)/g)
        {
            my $year = $15 + ($15 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
            $fix{tc} = $tc; # use timecode of RMC sentence
            $fix{dat} = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%sZ',$year,$14,$13,$1,$2,$3);
            $fix{lat} = (($5 || 0) + $6/60) * ($7 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{lon} = (($8 || 0) + $9/60) * ($10 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{spd} = $11 if length $11;
            $fix{trk} = $12 if length $12;
        } elsif ($type eq 'GGA' and
            $$dataPt =~ /\G(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+(\.\d*)?),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),[1-6]?,(\d+)?,(\.\d+|\d+\.?\d*)?,(-?\d+\.?\d*)?,M?/g)
        {
            $fix{lat} = (($5 || 0) + $6/60) * ($7 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{lon} = (($8 || 0) + $9/60) * ($10 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            @fix{qw(nsats hdop alt)} = ($11,$12,$13);
        } else {
            pos($$dataPt) = $pos;   # continue searching from our last match
        }
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return $rtnVal;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process 'gps ' or 'udat' atom possibly containing NMEA (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessGPSLog($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my ($rtnVal, @a);

    # try NMEA format first
    return 1 if ProcessNMEA($et,$dirInfo,$tagTbl);

    # DENVER ACG-8050WMK2 format looks like this:
    # 210318073213[1][N][52200970][E][006362321][+00152][100][00140][C000000]+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000+000
    # YYMMDDHHMMSS A? NS lat       EW lon         alt    kph  dir    kCal    accel
    while ($$dataPt =~ /\b(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})\[1\]\[([NS])\]\[(\d{8})\]\[([EW])\]\[(\d{9})\]\[([-+]?\d*)\]\[(\d*)\]\[(\d*)\]\[C?(\d*)\](([-+]\d{3})+)/g) {
        my $lat = substr( $8,0,2) + substr( $8,2) / 600000;
        my $lon = substr($10,0,3) + substr($10,3) / 600000;
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => "20$1:$2:$3 $4:$5:$6Z");
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat * ($7 eq 'S' ? -1 : 1));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon * ($9 eq 'W' ? -1 : 1));
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => $11 / 10) if length $11;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $12 + 0)  if length $12;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $13 + 0)  if length $13;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, KiloCalories => $14 / 10) if length $14;
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer=> $15)      if length $15;
        $rtnVal = 1;
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return $rtnVal;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process TomTom Bandit Action Cam TTAD atom (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
my %ttLen = ( # lengths of known TomTom records
    0 => 12,    # angular velocity (NC)
    1 => 4,     # ?
    2 => 12,    # ?
    3 => 12,    # accelerometer (NC)
    # (haven't seen a record 4 yet)
    5 => 92,    # GPS
    0xff => 4,  # timecode
);
sub ProcessTTAD($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
    my $pos = 76;

    return 0 if $dirLen < $pos;

    $et->VerboseDir('TTAD', undef, $dirLen);
    SetByteOrder('II');

    my $eeOpt = $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded');
    my $unknown = $et->Options('Unknown');
    my $found = 0;
    my $sampleTime = 0;
    my $resync = 1;
    my $skipped = 0;
    my $warned;

    while ($pos < $dirLen) {
        # get next record type
        my $type = Get8u($dataPt, $pos++);
        # resync if necessary by skipping data until next timecode record
        if ($resync and $type != 0xff) {
            ++$skipped > 0x100 and $et->Warn('Unrecognized or bad TTAD data', 1), last;
            next;
        }
        unless ($ttLen{$type}) {
            # skip unknown records
            $et->Warn("Unknown TTAD record type $type",1) unless $warned;
            $resync = $warned = 1;
            ++$skipped;
            next;
        }
        last if $pos + $ttLen{$type} > $dirLen;
        if ($type == 0xff) {    # timecode?
            my $tm = Get32u($dataPt, $pos);
            # validate timecode if skipping unknown data
            if ($resync) {
                if ($tm < $sampleTime or $tm > $sampleTime + 250) {
                    ++$skipped;
                    next;
                }
                undef $resync;
                $skipped = 0;
            }
            $pos += $ttLen{$type};
            $sampleTime = $tm;
            next;
        }
        unless ($eeOpt) {
            # only extract one of each type without -ee option
            $found & (1 << $type) and $pos += $ttLen{$type}, next;
            $found |= (1 << $type);
        }
        if ($type == 0 or $type == 3) {
            # (these are both just educated guesses - PH)
            FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $sampleTime / 1000);
            my @a = map { Get32s($dataPt,$pos+4*$_) / 1000 } 0..2;
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, ($type ? 'Accelerometer' : 'AngularVelocity') => "@a");
        } elsif ($type == 5) {
            # example records unpacked with 'dVddddVddddv*'
            # datetime                 ? spd  ele    lat        lon       ? trk   ?     ?      ?      ? ? ? ?     ? ?
            # 2019:03:05 07:52:58.999Z 3 0.02 242    48.0254203 7.8497567 0 45.69 13.34 17.218 17.218 0 0 0 32760 5 0
            # 2019:03:05 07:52:59.999Z 3 0.14 242    48.0254203 7.8497567 0 45.7  12.96 15.662 15.662 0 0 0 32760 5 0
            # 2019:03:05 07:53:00.999Z 3 0.67 243.78 48.0254584 7.8497907 0 50.93  9.16 10.84  10.84  0 0 0 32760 5 0
            # (I think "5" may be the number of satellites.  seen: 5,6,7 - PH)
            FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $sampleTime / 1000);
            my $t = GetDouble($dataPt, $pos);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($t,undef,3) . 'Z');
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => GetDouble($dataPt, $pos+0x1c));
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => GetDouble($dataPt, $pos+0x24));
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => GetDouble($dataPt, $pos+0x14));
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => GetDouble($dataPt, $pos+0x0c) * $mpsToKph);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => GetDouble($dataPt, $pos+0x30));
            if ($unknown) {
                my @a = map { GetDouble($dataPt, $pos+0x38+8*$_) } 0..2;
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Unknown03 => "@a");
            }
        } elsif ($type < 3) {
            # as yet unknown:
            # 1 - int32s[1]? (values around 98k)
            # 2 - int32s[3] (values like "806 8124 4323" -- probably something * 1000 again)
            if ($unknown) {
                FoundSomething($et, $tagTbl, $sampleTime / 1000);
                my $n = $type == 1 ? 0 : 2;
                my @a = map { Get32s($dataPt,$pos+4*$_) } 0..$n;
                $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, "Unknown0$type" => "@a");
            }
        } else {
            $et->Warn("Unknown TTAD record type $type",1);
        }
        # without -ee, stop after we find types 0,3,5 (ie. bitmask 0x29)
        $eeOpt or ($found & 0x29) != 0x29 or EEWarn($et), last;
        $pos += $ttLen{$type};
    }
    SetByteOrder('MM');
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Extract information from Insta360 trailer (INSV, INSP and MP4 files) or 'inst' box (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) Optional dirInfo ref for returning trailer info
# (dirInfo has Offset from end of trailer to end of file or DirEnd absolute end of trailer)
# Returns: true on success
# Notes: There looks to be some useful information by telemetry-parser, but
#        the code is cryptic:  https://github.com/AdrianEddy/telemetry-parser
sub ProcessInsta360($;$)
{
    local $_;
    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
    my $raf = $$et{RAF};
    my $offset = $dirInfo ? $$dirInfo{Offset} || 0 : 0;
    my ($buff, $dirTable, $dirTablePos);

    if ($dirInfo and $$dirInfo{DirEnd}) {
        $raf->Seek(0, 2);
        $offset = $raf->Tell() - $$dirInfo{DirEnd};
    }
    return 0 unless $raf->Seek(-78-$offset, 2) and $raf->Read($buff, 78) == 78 and
        substr($buff,-32) eq "8db42d694ccc418790edff439fe026bf";    # check magic number

    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
    my $tagTbl = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream');
    my $trailEnd = $raf->Tell();
    my $trailerLen = unpack('x38V', $buff);
    $trailerLen > $trailEnd and $et->Warn('Bad Insta360 trailer size'), return 0;
    if ($dirInfo) {
        $$dirInfo{DirLen} = $trailerLen;
        $$dirInfo{DataPos} = $trailEnd - $trailerLen;
        if ($$dirInfo{OutFile}) {
            if ($$et{DEL_GROUP}{Insta360}) {
                ++$$et{CHANGED};
                return 1;
            # just copy the trailer when writing
            } elsif ($trailerLen > $trailEnd or not $raf->Seek($$dirInfo{DataPos}, 0) or
                     $raf->Read(${$$dirInfo{OutFile}}, $trailerLen) != $trailerLen)
            {
                return 0;
            } else {
                return 1;
            }
        }
        $et->DumpTrailer($dirInfo) if $verbose or $$et{HTML_DUMP};
    }
    unless ($et->Options('ExtractEmbedded')) {
        # can arrive here when reading Insta360 trailer on JPEG image (INSP file)
        $et->Warn('Use ExtractEmbedded option to extract timed metadata from Insta360 trailer',3);
        return 1;
    }

    my $unknown = $et->Options('Unknown');
    # position relative to end of trailer (avoids using large offsets for files > 2 GB)
    my $epos = -78;
    my ($i, $p);
    $$et{SET_GROUP0} = 'Trailer';
    $$et{SET_GROUP1} = 'Insta360';
    SetByteOrder('II');
    # loop through all records in the trailer, from last to first
    for (;;) {
        my ($id, $len) = unpack('vV', $buff);
        ($epos -= $len) + $trailerLen < 0 and last;
        $raf->Seek($epos-$offset, 2) or last;
        if ($verbose) {
            $et->VPrint(0, sprintf("Insta360 Record 0x%x (offset 0x%x, %d bytes):\n", $id, $trailEnd + $epos, $len));
        }
        # there are 2 types of record 0x300:
        # 1. 56 byte records
        # 0000: 4a f7 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1e e7 3f [J..............?]
        # 0010: 00 00 00 00 00 b2 ef bf 00 00 00 00 00 70 c1 bf [.............p..]
        # 0020: 00 00 00 e0 91 5c 8c bf 00 00 00 20 8f ff 87 bf [.....\..... ....]
        # 0030: 00 00 00 00 88 7f c9 bf
        # 2. 20 byte records
        # 0000: c1 d8 d9 0b 00 00 00 00 f5 83 14 80 df 7f fe 7f [................]
        # 0010: fe 7f 01 80
        my $dlen = $insvDataLen{$id};
        if (defined $dlen and not $dlen) {
            if ($id == 0x300) {
                if ($len % 20 and not $len % 56) {
                    $dlen = 56;
                } elsif ($len % 56 and not $len % 20) {
                    $dlen = 20;
                } else {
                    if ($raf->Read($buff, 20) == 20) {
                        if (substr($buff, 16, 3) eq "\0\0\0") {
                            $dlen = 56;
                        } else {
                            $dlen = 20;
                        }
                    }
                    $raf->Seek($epos-$offset, 2) or last;
                }
            } elsif ($id == 0x200) {
                $dlen = $len;
            }
        }
        # limit the number of records we read if necessary
        if ($dlen and $insvLimit{$id} and $len > $insvLimit{$id}[1] * $dlen and
            $et->Warn("Insta360 $insvLimit{$id}[0] data is huge. Processing only the first $insvLimit{$id}[1] records",2))
        {
            $len = $insvLimit{$id}[1] * $dlen;
        }
        $raf->Read($buff, $len) == $len or last;
        $et->VerboseDump(\$buff) if $verbose > 2;
        if ($dlen) {
            if ($len % $dlen and $id != 0x700) { # (have seen one 0x700 record which was expected format but not multiple of 53 bytes)
                $et->Warn(sprintf('Unexpected Insta360 record 0x%x length',$id));
            } elsif ($id == 0x200) {
                # there are 4 types of record 0x200
                # 1. JPEG preview (starts with ff d8 ff e1)
                # 2. TIFF preview (starts with 01 00 00 00, then record length)
                # 3. Unknown 1 (starts with 00 00 00 01)
                # 4. Unknown 2 (starts with 00 00 01 34)
                if ($buff =~ /^\xff\xd8\xff/) {
                    $et->FoundTag(PreviewImage => $buff);
                } elsif ($buff =~ /^\x01\0\0\0(.{4})\x01/s and unpack('V',$1) == $dlen) {
                    my ($w, $h) = unpack('x16V2',$buff);
                    # build the TIFF image (could the 1 at byte 9 be the SamplesPerPixel?)
                    my $hdr = Image::ExifTool::MakeTiffHeader($w, $h, 1, 8);
                    $et->FoundTag(PreviewTIFF => $hdr . substr($buff, 40));
                }
            } elsif ($id == 0x300) {
                for ($p=0; $p<$len; $p+=$dlen) {
                    $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                    my @a;
                    if ($dlen == 56) {
                        @a = map { GetDouble(\$buff, $p + 8 * $_) } 1..6;
                    } else {
                        @a = unpack("x${p}x8v6", $buff);
                        map { $_ = ($_ - 0x8000) / 1000 } @a;
                    }
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, TimeCode => sprintf('%.3f', Get64u(\$buff, $p) / 1000));
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer => "@a[0..2]"); # (NC)
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, AngularVelocity => "@a[3..5]"); # (NC)
                }
            } elsif ($id == 0x400) {
                for ($p=0; $p<$len; $p+=$dlen) {
                    $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, TimeCode => sprintf('%.3f', Get64u(\$buff, $p) / 1000));
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, ExposureTime => GetDouble(\$buff, $p + 8)); #6
                }
            } elsif ($id == 0x600) { #6
                for ($p=0; $p<$len; $p+=$dlen) {
                    $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, VideoTimeStamp => sprintf('%.3f', Get64u(\$buff, $p) / 1000));
                }
            } elsif ($id == 0x700) {
                for ($p=0; $p+$dlen<=$len; $p+=$dlen) {
                    my $tmp = substr($buff, $p, $dlen);
                    my @a = unpack('VVvaa8aa8aa8a8a8', $tmp);
                    unless (($a[5] eq 'N' or $a[5] eq 'S') and # (quick validation)
                            ($a[7] eq 'E' or $a[7] eq 'W' or
                             # (odd, but I've seen "O" instead of "W".  Perhaps
                             #  when the language is french? ie. "Ouest"?)
                             $a[7] eq 'O'))
                    {
                        next if $a[3] eq 'V';   # void fixes don't have N/S E/W
                        $et->Warn('Unrecognized INSV GPS format');
                        last;
                    }
                    next unless $a[3] eq 'A';   # (ignore void fixes)
                    $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                    $a[$_] = GetDouble(\$a[$_], 0) foreach 4,6,8,9,10;
                    $a[4] = -abs($a[4]) if $a[5] eq 'S'; # (abs just in case it was already signed)
                    $a[6] = -abs($a[6]) if $a[7] ne 'E';
                    my $ms = '';
                    $a[2] and ($ms = sprintf('.%.3d', $a[2])) =~ s/0+$//;
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($a[0]) . $ms . 'Z');
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $a[4]);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $a[6]);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $a[8] * $mpsToKph);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $a[9]);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => $a[10]);
                    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Unknown02    => $a[1]) if $unknown;
                }
            }
        } elsif ($id == 0x101) {
            my $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::INSV_MakerNotes');
            for ($i=0, $p=0; $i<4; ++$i) {
                last if $p + 2 > $len;
                my ($t, $n) = unpack("x${p}CC", $buff);
                last if $p + 2 + $n > $len;
                my $val = substr($buff, $p+2, $n);
                $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $t, $val);
                $p += 2 + $n;
            }
        } elsif ($id == 0x0) {
            last if not $len;
            # example directory table for record locations from Insta360AcePro MP4 video:
            #  vv vv                         - record ID
            #        vv vv vv vv             - record size
            #                    vv vv vv vv - offset from start of footer
            #  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
            #  01 01 82 04 00 00 1b 45 62 00
            #  02 00 28 46 05 00 ed fe 5c 00
            #  03 00 40 aa 24 00 ed fe 34 00
            #  04 00 00 c1 01 00 ed fe 30 00
            #  [...]
            unless ($dirTable) {
                $dirTable = $buff;
                $dirTablePos = 0;
            }
        }
        # step through directory table instead of sequential scanning if possible
        if ($dirTable) {
            undef $epos;
            for (;;) {
                last if $dirTablePos + 10 > length($dirTable);
                my ($id, $siz, $off) = unpack("x${dirTablePos}vVV", $dirTable);
                $dirTablePos += 10;
                if ($id and $siz and $off + $siz < $trailerLen) {
                    $epos = $off + $siz - $trailerLen;
                    last;
                }
            }
            last unless defined $epos;
        } else {
            ($epos -= 6) + $trailerLen < 0 and last;    # step back to previous record
        }
        $raf->Seek($epos-$offset, 2) or last;   # seek to start of next footer
        $raf->Read($buff, 6) == 6 or last;      # read footer
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    SetByteOrder('MM');
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP0};
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process CAMM metadata (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessCAMM($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $pos = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
    my $end = $pos + ($$dirInfo{DirLen} || length($$dataPt) - $pos);
    # camm record size for each type, including 4-byte header
    my %size = ( 1 => 12, 2 => 16, 3 => 16, 4 => 16, 5 => 28, 6 => 60, 7 => 16 );
    my $rtnVal = 0;
    while ($pos + 4 < $end) {
        my $type = Get16u($dataPt, $pos + 2);
        my $size = $size{$type} or $et->Warn("Unknown camm record type $type"), last;
        $pos + $size > $end and $et->Warn("Truncated camm record $type"), last;
        my $tagTbl = GetTagTable("Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::camm$type");
        $$dirInfo{DirStart} = $pos;
        $$dirInfo{DirLen} = $size;
        $et->ProcessBinaryData($dirInfo, $tagTbl) and $rtnVal = 1;
        # not sure if this is according to specification, but I have seen multiple
        # camm records all in a single sample, so step forward to process the next one
        $pos += $size;
    }
    return $rtnVal;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process Garmin GPS 'uuid' atom (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
# Note: This format is used by the Garmin DriveAssist 51, but the DriveAssist 50
#       uses a completely different format.  :(
sub ProcessGarminGPS($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dataLen = length $$dataPt;
    my $pos = 33;
    my $epoch = (66 * 365 + 17) * 24 * 3600; # time is relative to Jan 1, 1904
    my $scl = 180 / (32768 * 65536);         # scaling factor for lat/lon
    $et->VerboseDir('GarminGPS');
    $$et{SET_GROUP1} = 'Garmin';
    while ($pos + 20 <= $dataLen) {
        $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
        my $time = Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime(Get32u($dataPt, $pos) - $epoch) . 'Z';
        my $lat = Get32s($dataPt, $pos + 12);
        my $lon = Get32s($dataPt, $pos + 16);
        my $spd = Get16u($dataPt, $pos + 4); # (in mph)
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, 'GPSDateTime',  $time);
        # skip bad GPS fixes
        if ($lat != -2147483648 or $lon != -2147483648) {
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, 'GPSLatitude',  $lat * $scl);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, 'GPSLongitude', $lon * $scl);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, 'GPSSpeed',     $spd);
            $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, 'GPSSpeedRef', 'M');
        }
        $pos += 20;
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process 360Fly 'uuid' atom containing sensor data
# (ref https://github.com/JamesHeinrich/getID3/blob/master/getid3/module.audio-video.quicktime.php)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub Process360Fly($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    my $dataLen = length $$dataPt;
    my $pos = 16;
    my $lastTime = -1;
    my $streamTbl = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream');
    while ($pos + 32 <= $dataLen) {
        my $type = ord substr $$dataPt, $pos, 1;
        my $time = Get64u($dataPt, $pos + 2); # (only valid for some types)
        if ($$tagTbl{$type}) {
            if ($time != $lastTime) {
                $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
                $lastTime = $time;
            }
        }
        $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, $type, undef, DataPt => $dataPt, Start => $pos, Size => 32);
        # synthesize GPSDateTime from the timestamp for GPS records
        SetGPSDateTime($et, $streamTbl, $time / 1e6) if $type == 5;
        $pos += 32;
    }
    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process GPS from Vantrue N2S dashcam
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessFMAS($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    return 0 unless $$dataPt =~ /^FMAS\0\0\0\0.{72}SAMM.{36}A/s and length($$dataPt) >= 160;
    $et->VerboseDir('FMAS', undef, length($$dataPt));
    # 0000: 46 4d 41 53 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [FMAS............]
    # 0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 0030: 02 08 01 08 06 08 02 04 07 02 06 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 0040: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4f 46 4e 49 4d 4d 41 53 [........OFNIMMAS]
    # 0050: 53 41 4d 4d 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [SAMM............]
    # 0060: e5 07 09 18 08 00 22 00 02 00 00 00 a1 82 8a bf [......".........]
    # 0070: 89 23 8e bd 0b 2c 30 bc 41 57 4e 51 16 00 a1 01 [.#...,0.AWNQ....]
    # 0080: 29 26 27 0c 4b 00 49 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [)&'.K.I.........]
    # 0090: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 52 00 00 00 00 00 00 [.........R......]
    my @a = unpack('x96vCCCCCCx16AAACCCvCCvvv',$$dataPt);
    SetByteOrder('II');
    my $acc = ReadValue($dataPt, 0x6c, 'float', 3); # (looks like Z comes first in my sample)
    my $lon = $a[10] + ($a[11] + $a[13]/6000) / 60; # (why zero byte at $a[12]?)
    my $lat = $a[14] + ($a[15] + $a[16]/6000) / 60;
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2d', @a[0..5]));
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $lat * ($a[9] eq 'S' ? -1 : 1));
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $lon * ($a[8] eq 'W' ? -1 : 1));
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $a[17] * $mphToKph); # convert mph -> kph
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $a[18]);
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, Accelerometer=> $acc);
    SetByteOrder('MM');
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Process GPS from Wolfbox G900 Dashcam and Redtiger F9 4K
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
# Returns: 1 on success
sub ProcessWolfbox($$$)
{
    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl) = @_;
    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
    return 0 if length($$dataPt) < 0xf8;
    $et->VerboseDir('Wolfbox', undef, length($$dataPt));
    # 0000: 65 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 31 01 01 00 e3 ff 00 00 [e.......1.......]
    # 0010: 04 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 2a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [........*.......]
    # 0020: 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8b 33 ff 51 00 00 00 00 [.........3.Q....]
    # 0030: a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 4d 5e 07 fa ff ff ff ff [........M^......]
    # 0040: a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 0050: 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 90 21 00 00 00 00 00 00 [d........!......]
    # 0060: 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 [d...............]
    # 0070: e8 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 0080: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 [........00000000]
    # 0090: 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 48 59 54 48 00 00 00 00 [00000000HYTH....]
    # 00a0: 0c 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 2a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [........*.......]
    # 00b0: 4f 3f 0c 1f 00 00 00 00 a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 [O?..............]
    # 00c0: 7f cf 2d ff ff ff ff ff a0 86 01 00 00 00 00 00 [..-.............]
    # 00d0: 01 00 00 00 08 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 00e0: 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e8 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 00f0: 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4d 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [........M.......]
    # lat/lon at 0xb0/0xc0 and 0x128/0x138
    # h/m/s at 0x10 and 0xa0 and 0x148 (the first imprinted on the video, and
    # the latter 2 presumed UTC, but there is a 1 second offset for the Redtiger)
    # spd at 0x48, dir at 0x58, alt at 0xe8
    # Redtiger F9 4K Dual Front and Rear Mini Dash Cam
    # 0000: 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 f4 ff 5d fe 24 00 00 00 [..........].$...]
    # 0010: 10 00 00 00 2d 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [....-...%.......]
    # 0020: 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 44 eb 8f 00 00 00 00 00 [........D.......]
    # 0030: 10 27 00 00 00 00 00 00 1b 94 8a 04 00 00 00 00 [.'..............]
    # 0040: 10 27 00 00 00 00 00 00 8c 69 00 00 00 00 00 00 [.'.......i......]
    # 0050: e8 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 ba 47 00 00 00 00 00 00 [.........G......]
    # 0060: 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 [d...............]
    # 0070: e9 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [................]
    # 0080: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 [........00000000]
    # 0090: 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 58 58 58 58 00 00 00 00 [00000000XXXX....]
    # 00a0: 08 00 00 00 2d 00 00 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [....-...$.......]
    # 00b0: 90 eb 8f 00 00 00 00 00 10 27 00 00 00 00 00 00 [.........'......]
    # 00c0: 20 94 8a 04 00 00 00 00 10 27 00 00 00 00 00 00 [ ........'......]
    # 00d0: 01 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [........@.......]
    # 00e0: 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [d...............]
    # 00f0: 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4d 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [........M.......]
    SetByteOrder('II');
    my ($d,$mo,$yr,$h,$m,$s) = unpack('x104V3x44V3',$$dataPt);
    my $time = sprintf '%.4d:%.2d:%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2dZ', $yr, $mo, $d, $h, $m, $s;
    my ($pos, @a);
    #             0=spd 1=dir 2=lat 3=lon 4=alt
    foreach $pos (0x48, 0x58, 0xb0, 0xc0, 0xe8) {
        my $val = Get64s($dataPt, $pos);
        my $scl = Get64s($dataPt, $pos + 8);
        push @a, $val / ($scl || 1);
    }
    ConvertLatLon($a[2], $a[3]);
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSDateTime  => $time);
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLatitude  => $a[2]);
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSLongitude => $a[3]);
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSSpeed     => $a[0] * $knotsToKph);
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSTrack     => $a[1]);
    $et->HandleTag($tagTbl, GPSAltitude  => $a[4]);
    return 1;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Scan media data for "freeGPS" and GoPro metadata if not found already (ref PH)
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref
sub ScanMediaData($)
{
    my $et = shift;
    my $raf = $$et{RAF} or return;
    my ($tagTbl, $verbose, $buff, $dataLen, $found);

    # don't rescan for freeGPS if we already found embedded metadata
    my $dataPos = $$et{MediaDataOffset};
    return if $$et{FoundEmbedded} or not $dataPos;

    my ($pos, $buf2) = (0, '');
    my $ee = $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded');
    if ($ee > 2) { # scan entire file from start of mdat if ExtractEmbedded > 2
        $raf->Seek(0,2);
        $dataLen = $raf->Tell() - $$et{MediaDataOffset};
    } else {
        $dataLen = $$et{MediaDataSize};
    }
    return unless $dataLen and $raf->Seek($dataPos);

    # loop through 'mdat' media data looking for GPS information
    while ($dataLen) {
        my $n = $gpsBlockSize;
        $n = $dataLen - $pos if $n + $pos > $dataLen;
        last unless $n > length($buf2) and $raf->Read($buff, $n - length($buf2));
        $buff = $buf2 . $buff if length $buf2;
        # look for "freeGPS " or GoPro record
        # (freeGPS found on an absolute 0x8000-byte boundary in all of my samples,
        #  but allow for any alignment when searching)
        if ($buff !~ /(\0..\0freeGPS |GP\x06\0\0)/sg) {
            $buf2 = substr($buff,-12);
            $pos += length($buff)-12;
            # in all of my samples the first freeGPS block is within 2 MB of the start
            # of the mdat, so limit the scan to the first 20 MB to be fast and safe
            next if $found or $pos < 20e6 or $ee > 1;
            last;
        } elsif ($1 eq "GP\x06\0\0") { # (GoPro GPS record header)
            # (found in Chigee Aio-5 Lite and some Insta360 videos)
            my $buffPos = pos($buff);
            my $filePos = $raf->Tell();
            my $start = $filePos - length($buff) + $buffPos - length($1);
            $raf->Seek($start) or last;
            unless (defined $found) {
                $et->VPrint(0, "---- Extract Embedded ----\n");
                $$et{INDENT} .= '| ';
                $found = 0;
            }
            my $maxLen = $dataLen - ($start - $$et{MediaDataOffset});
            require Image::ExifTool::GoPro;
            $et->VPrint(0, sprintf("Unreferenced GoPro record at 0x%x\n",$filePos));
            my $size = Image::ExifTool::GoPro::ProcessGP6($et, { RAF => $raf, DirLen => $maxLen });
            if ($size) {
                unless ($found) {
                    # scan entire file if we found a valid GoPro record
                    # (some records may exist in trailer)
                    $raf->Seek(0, 2) and $dataLen = $raf->Tell() - $$et{MediaDataOffset};
                    $found = 2;
                }
                $raf->Seek($start + $size) or last;
                $pos = $start + $size - $$et{MediaDataOffset};
                $buf2 = '';
            } else {
                # (could have been a random match -- continue with search)
                $raf->Seek($filePos) or last;
                $buf2 = substr($buff, $buffPos);
                $pos += $buffPos;
            }
            next;
        }
        last if length $buff < $gpsBlockSize;
        if (not $tagTbl) {
            # initialize variables for extracting metadata from this block
            $tagTbl = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Stream');
            $verbose = $$et{OPTIONS}{Verbose};
            $et->VPrint(0, "---- Extract Embedded ----\n");
            $$et{INDENT} .= '| ';
            $found = 1;
        }
        if (pos($buff) > 12) {
            $pos += pos($buff) - 12;
            $buff = substr($buff, pos($buff) - 12);
        }
        # make sure we have the full freeGPS record
        my $len = unpack('N', $buff);
        if ($len < 12) {
            $len = 12;
        } else {
            my $more = $len - length($buff);
            if ($more > 0) {
                last unless $raf->Read($buf2, $more) == $more;
                $buff .= $buf2;
            }
            if ($verbose) {
                $et->VerboseDir('GPS', undef, $len);
                $et->VerboseDump(\$buff, DataPos => $pos + $dataPos);
            }
            my $dirInfo = { DataPt => \$buff, DataPos => $pos + $dataPos, DirLen => $len };
            ProcessFreeGPS($et, $dirInfo, $tagTbl);
            $$et{FoundGPSByScan} = 1;
        }
        $pos += $len;
        $buf2 = substr($buff, $len);
    }
    if ($found) {
        delete $$et{DOC_NUM}; # reset DOC_NUM after extracting embedded metadata
        $et->VPrint(0, "--------------------------\n");
        $$et{INDENT} = substr $$et{INDENT}, 0, -2;
    }
}

1;  # end

__END__