File Coverage

blib/lib/Attean/Algebra.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	1086	1267	85.7
branch	64	130	49.2
condition	18	34	52.9
subroutine	255	302	84.4
pod	0	118	0.0
total	1423	1851	76.8

use v5.14;
use warnings;
use utf8;

=head1 NAME

Attean::Algebra - Representation of SPARQL algebra operators

=head1 VERSION

This document describes Attean::Algebra version 0.032

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use v5.14;
  use Attean;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This is a utility package that defines all the Attean query algebra classes
in the Attean::Algebra namespace:

=over 4

=cut

use Attean::API::Query;

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(Bool ArrayRef HashRef ConsumerOf);
	use Moo;
	use namespace::clean;

	has 'dataset' => (is => 'ro', isa => HashRef[ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Term']]], default => sub { +{} });
	has 'subquery' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);

	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

		my $self	= shift;
		my $name	= $self->subquery ? 'SubQuery' : 'Query';

		my %dataset	= %{ $self->dataset };
		my @default	= @{ $dataset{ default } || [] };
		my @named	= @{ $dataset{ named } || [] };
		my $has_dataset	= (scalar(@default) + scalar(@named));

		my $s	= $name;
		if ($has_dataset) {
			my @parts;
			if (scalar(@default)) {
				push(@parts, 'Default graph(s): ' . join(', ', map { chomp; $_ } map { $_->as_sparql } @default));
			}
			if (scalar(@named)) {
				push(@parts, 'Named graph(s): ' . join(', ', map { chomp; $_ } map { $_->as_sparql } @named));
			}
			$s	.= ' { ' . join('; ', @parts) . ' }';
		}
		return $s;
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $child	= $self->child;
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;
		my $from		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('FROM');
		my $named		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('NAMED');

		my %dataset	= %{ $self->dataset };
		my @default	= @{ $dataset{ default } || [] };
		my @named	= @{ $dataset{ named } || [] };
		my $has_dataset	= (scalar(@default) + scalar(@named));
		if ($child->does('Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable')) {
			if ($self->subquery) {
				my @tokens;
				push(@tokens, $l);
				push(@tokens, $child->sparql_tokens->elements);
				push(@tokens, $r);
				return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
			} else {
				my %args;
				if ($has_dataset) {
					$args{dataset}	= $self->dataset;
				}
				return $child->query_tokens(%args);
			}
		} else {
			my $sel		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('SELECT');
			my $star	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->star;
			my $where	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('WHERE');

			my @tokens;
			if ($self->subquery) {
				push(@tokens, $l);
			}
			push(@tokens, $sel, $star);
			if ($has_dataset) {
				foreach my $i (sort { $a->as_string cmp $b->as_string } @default) {
					push(@tokens, $from);
					push(@tokens, $i->sparql_tokens->elements);
				}
				foreach my $i (sort { $a->as_string cmp $b->as_string } @named) {
					push(@tokens, $from);
					push(@tokens, $named);
					push(@tokens, $i->sparql_tokens->elements);
				}
			}
			push(@tokens, $where);
			push(@tokens, $l);
			push(@tokens, $child->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $r);
			if ($self->subquery) {
				push(@tokens, $r);
			}
			return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
		}
	}
}

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(Bool);
	use Moo;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';


		my $self	= shift;
		my $child	= $self->child;
		return $child->sparql_tokens;
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Sequence>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::QueryTree';

		my $self	= shift;
		return scalar(@{ $self->children });
	}


		my $self	= shift;
		my $semi	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->semicolon;

		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $semi);
		}
		pop(@tokens); # remove last SEMICOLON token
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Join>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::QueryTree';


		my $self	= shift;
		my $l	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $l);
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		}
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::LeftJoin>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::BinaryQueryTree';

	has 'expression' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Expression'], required => 1, default => sub { Attean::ValueExpression->new( value => Attean::Literal->true ) });
		my $self	= shift;
		return sprintf('LeftJoin { %s }', $self->expression->as_string);
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		my $opt	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('OPTIONAL');
		my $l	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;
		my ($lhs, $rhs)	= @{ $self->children };

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $l);
		push(@tokens, $lhs->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r, $opt, $l);
		push(@tokens, $rhs->sparql_subtokens->elements);

		my $expr	= $self->expression;
		my $is_true	= 0;
		if ($expr->isa('Attean::ValueExpression')) {
			my $value	= $expr->value;
			if ($value->equals(Attean::Literal->true)) {
				$is_true	= 1;
			}
		}

		unless ($is_true) {
			my $f		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('FILTER');
			my $lparen	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
			my $rparen	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;
			push(@tokens, $f);
			push(@tokens, $lparen);
			push(@tokens, $expr->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $rparen);
		}

		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}

}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Filter>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'expression' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Expression'], required => 1);
		my $self	= shift;
		return sprintf('Filter { %s }', $self->expression->as_string);
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		my $f		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('FILTER');
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };
		my $expr	= $self->expression;
		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $child->sparql_tokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $f);
		push(@tokens, $l);
		push(@tokens, $expr->sparql_tokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Union>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::BinaryQueryTree';

		my $self	= shift;
		my $union	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('UNION');
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;
		my ($lhs, $rhs)	= @{ $self->children };

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $l);
		push(@tokens, $lhs->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r, $union, $l);
		push(@tokens, $rhs->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Graph>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'graph' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TermOrVariable'], required => 1);

		my $self	= shift;
		my $graph	= $self->graph;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };
		my @vars	= $child->in_scope_variables;
		if ($graph->does('Attean::API::Variable')) {
			return Set::Scalar->new(@vars, $graph->value)->elements;
		} else {
			return @vars;
		}
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		return sprintf('Graph %s', $self->graph->as_string);
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		my $graph	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('GRAPH');
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $graph);
		push(@tokens, $self->graph->sparql_tokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $l);
		push(@tokens, $child->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Extend>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };
		my @vars	= $child->in_scope_variables;
		return Set::Scalar->new(@vars, $self->variable->value)->elements;
	}
	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'variable' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Variable'], required => 1);
	has 'expression' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Expression'], required => 1);

		my $self	= shift;
		return sprintf('Extend { %s ← %s }', $self->variable->as_string, $self->expression->as_string);
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		my $bind	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('BIND');
		my $as		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('AS');
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };
		my $var		= $self->variable;
		my $expr	= $self->expression;

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $child->sparql_tokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $bind);
		push(@tokens, $l);
		push(@tokens, $expr->sparql_tokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $as);
		push(@tokens, $var->sparql_tokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Minus>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::BinaryQueryTree';

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };
		return $child->in_scope_variables;
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $minus	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('MINUS');
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;
		my ($lhs, $rhs)	= @{ $self->children };

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $l);
		push(@tokens, $lhs->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r, $minus, $l);
		push(@tokens, $rhs->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}

}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Distinct>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Reduced>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Slice>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(Int);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'limit' => (is => 'ro', isa => Int, default => -1);
	has 'offset' => (is => 'ro', isa => Int, default => 0);
		my $self	= shift;
		my @str	= ('Slice');
		push(@str, "Limit=" . $self->limit) if ($self->limit >= 0);
		push(@str, "Offset=" . $self->offset) if ($self->offset > 0);
		return join(' ', @str);
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Project>

=cut

	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use Moo;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'variables' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Variable']], required => 1);

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };
		my $set		= Set::Scalar->new( $child->in_scope_variables );
		my $proj	= Set::Scalar->new( map { $_->value } @{ $self->variables } );
		return $set->intersection($proj)->elements;
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		return sprintf('Project { %s }', join(' ', map { '?' . $_->value } @{ $self->variables }));
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Comparator>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(Bool ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;


	has 'ascending' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 1);
	has 'expression' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Expression'], required => 1);

		my $self	= shift;
		if ($self->ascending) {
			return 'ASC(' . $self->expression->as_string . ')';
		} else {
			return 'DESC(' . $self->expression->as_string . ')';
		}
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $asc		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('ASC');
		my $desc	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('DESC');
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;

		my @tokens;
		if ($self->ascending) {
			push(@tokens, $self->expression->sparql_tokens->elements);
		} else {
			push(@tokens, $desc, $l);
			push(@tokens, $self->expression->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $r);
		}
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::OrderBy>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef InstanceOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables', 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'comparators' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[InstanceOf['Attean::Algebra::Comparator']], required => 1);

		my $self	= shift;
		return sprintf('Order { %s }', join(', ', map { $_->as_string } @{ $self->comparators }));
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::BGP>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use Attean::RDF;
	use Set::Scalar;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::NullaryQueryTree', 'Attean::API::CanonicalizingBindingSet';

	has 'triples' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TriplePattern']], default => sub { [] });

		my $self	= shift;
		my $set		= Set::Scalar->new();
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->triples }) {
			my @vars	= $t->referenced_variables();
			$set->insert(@vars);
		}
		return $set->elements;
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my @tokens;
		my $dot	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->dot;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->triples }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $dot);
		}
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		return 'BGP { ' . join(', ', map { $_->as_string } @{ $self->triples }) . ' }';
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		return @{ $self->triples };
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($algebra, $mapping)	= $self->canonical_bgp_with_mapping();
		my @proj	= sort map { sprintf("(?v%03d AS $_)", $mapping->{$_}{id}) } grep { $mapping->{$_}{type} eq 'variable' } (keys %$mapping);
		foreach my $var (keys %$mapping) {
			$algebra	= Attean::Algebra::Extend->new(
				children	=> [$algebra],
				variable	=> variable($var),
				expression	=> Attean::ValueExpression->new( value => variable($mapping->{$var}{id}) ),
			);
		}
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($triples, $mapping)	= $self->canonical_set_with_mapping();
		my $algebra	= Attean::Algebra::BGP->new( triples => $triples );
		return ($algebra, $mapping);
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Service>

=cut

	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf Bool);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree', 'Attean::API::UnionScopeVariables';

	has 'endpoint' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TermOrVariable'], required => 1);
	has 'silent' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);

		my $self	= shift;
		my $endpoint	= $self->endpoint->as_sparql;
		chomp($endpoint);
		return sprintf('Service %s', $endpoint);
	}


		my $self	= shift;
		my $service	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('SERVICE');
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;
		my ($child)	= @{ $self->children };

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $service);
		if ($self->silent) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('SILENT'));
		}
		push(@tokens, $self->endpoint->sparql_tokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $l);
		push(@tokens, $child->sparql_subtokens->elements);
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Path>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::NullaryQueryTree';

	has 'subject' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TermOrVariableOrTriplePattern'], required => 1);
	has 'path' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::PropertyPath'], required => 1);
	has 'object' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TermOrVariableOrTriplePattern'], required => 1);

		my $self	= shift;
		my @vars	= map { $_->value } grep { $_->does('Attean::API::Variable') } ($self->subject, $self->object);
		return Set::Scalar->new(@vars)->elements;
	}


		my $self	= shift;
		return 'Path { ' . join(', ', map { $_->as_string } map { $self->$_() } qw(subject path object)) . ' }';
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t ($self->subject, $self->path, $self->object) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Group>

=cut

	use utf8;
	use Moo;
	use Attean::API::Query;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'groupby' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Expression']]);
	has 'aggregates' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::AggregateExpression']]);

		my $self	= shift;
		foreach my $a (@{ $self->aggregates }) {
			my $op	= $a->operator;
			if ($op eq 'RANK') {
				if (scalar(@{ $self->aggregates }) > 1) {
					die "Cannot use both aggregates and RANKing in grouping operator";
				}
			}
		}
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $aggs	= $self->aggregates // [];
		my $groups	= $self->groupby // [];
		my %vars;
		foreach my $a (@$aggs) {
			$vars{ $a->variable->value }++;
		}
		foreach my $e (@$groups) {
			if ($e->isa('Attean::ValueExpression')) {
				my $value	= $e->value;
				if ($value->does('Attean::API::Variable')) {
					$vars{ $value->value }++;
				}
			}
		}

		return keys %vars;
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my @aggs;
		my $aggs	= $self->aggregates // [];
		my $groups	= $self->groupby // [];
		foreach my $a (@$aggs) {
			my $v	= $a->variable->as_string;
			my $op	= $a->operator;
			my $d	= $a->distinct ? "DISTINCT " : '';
			my ($e)	= ((map { $_->as_string } @{ $a->children }), '');
			my $s	= "$v ← ${op}($d$e)";
			push(@aggs, $s);
		}
		return sprintf('Group { %s } aggregate { %s }', join(', ', map { $_->as_string() } @$groups), join(', ', @aggs));
	}

}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::NegatedPropertySet>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::PropertyPath';

	has 'predicates' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::IRI']], required => 1);

		my $self	= shift;
		return sprintf("!(%s)", join('|', map { $_->ntriples_string } @{ $self->predicates }));
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		return "!(" . join('|', map { $_->as_sparql } @{$self->predicates}) . ")";
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $bang	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->op_bang;
		my $or		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->path_or;
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $bang, $l);
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->predicates }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $or);
		}
		pop(@tokens); # remove last OR token
		push(@tokens, $r);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::PredicatePath>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::PropertyPath';

	has 'predicate' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::IRI'], required => 1);
		my $self	= shift;
		return $self->predicate->ntriples_string;
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		return 'Property Path ' . $self->as_string;
	}
		my $self	= shift;
		return $self->predicate->as_sparql;
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		return $self->predicate->sparql_tokens;
	}

}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::InversePath>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnaryPropertyPath';

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($path)	= @{ $self->children };
		return '^' . $self->path->as_sparql;
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $hat		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->path_hat;
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;

		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}

		if (scalar(@tokens) > 1) {
			unshift(@tokens, $hat, $l);
			push(@tokens, $r);
		} else {
			unshift(@tokens, $hat);
		}

		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::SequencePath>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::NaryPropertyPath';

		my $self	= shift;
		my @paths	= @{ $self->children };
		return '(' . join('/', map { $_->as_sparql } @paths) . ')';
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $slash	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->slash;

		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $slash);
		}
		pop(@tokens); # remove last SLASH token
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::AlternativePath>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::NaryPropertyPath';

		my $self	= shift;
		my @paths	= @{ $self->children };
		return '(' . join('|', map { $_->as_sparql } @paths) . ')';
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $or		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->path_or;

		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
			push(@tokens, $or);
		}
		pop(@tokens); # remove last OR token
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::ZeroOrMorePath>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnaryPropertyPath';

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($path)	= @{ $self->children };
		return $self->path->as_sparql . '*';
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $star	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->star;
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;

		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}

		if (scalar(@tokens) > 1) {
			unshift(@tokens, $l);
			push(@tokens, $r);
		}
		push(@tokens, $star);

		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::OneOrMorePath>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnaryPropertyPath';

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($path)	= @{ $self->children };
		return $self->path->as_sparql . '+';
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $plus	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->op_plus;
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;

		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}

		if (scalar(@tokens) > 1) {
			unshift(@tokens, $l);
			push(@tokens, $r);
		}
		push(@tokens, $plus);

		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::ZeroOrOnePath>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::UnaryPropertyPath';

		my $self	= shift;
		my ($path)	= @{ $self->children };
		return $self->path->as_sparql . '?';
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $q		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->question;
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;

		my @tokens;
		foreach my $t (@{ $self->children }) {
			push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}

		if (scalar(@tokens) > 1) {
			unshift(@tokens, $l);
			push(@tokens, $r);
		}
		push(@tokens, $q);

		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Table>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::NullaryQueryTree';

	has variables => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Variable']]);
	has rows => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Result']]);

		my $self	= shift;
		return map { $_->value } @{ $self->variables };
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $values	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('VALUES');
		my $lparen	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lparen;
		my $rparen	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rparen;
		my $lbrace	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $rbrace	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, $values);
		push(@tokens, $lparen);
		foreach my $var (@{ $self->variables }) {
			push(@tokens, $var->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}
		push(@tokens, $rparen);

		push(@tokens, $lbrace);
		foreach my $row (@{ $self->rows }) {
			push(@tokens, $lparen);
			foreach my $val ($row->values) {
				# TODO: verify correct serialization of UNDEF
				push(@tokens, $val->sparql_tokens->elements);
			}
			push(@tokens, $rparen);
		}
		push(@tokens, $rbrace);

		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Ask>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';


}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Construct>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'triples' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TriplePattern']]);

		my $self	= shift;
		my $triples	= $self->triples;
		return sprintf('Construct { %s }', join(' . ', map { $_->as_string } @$triples));
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Describe>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::SPARQLQuerySerializable';
	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::UnaryQueryTree';

	has 'terms' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TermOrVariable']]);

}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Load>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(Bool ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::NullaryQueryTree';

	has 'silent' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);
	has 'url' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::IRI'], required => 1);
	has 'graph' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Term'], predicate => 'has_graph');

		my $self	= shift;
		return 'Load ' . $self->url->as_string;
	}

		my $self	= shift;

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('LOAD'));
		if ($self->silent) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('SILENT'));
		}
		push(@tokens, $self->url->sparql_tokens->elements);

		if ($self->has_graph) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('INTO'));
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('GRAPH'));
			push(@tokens, $self->graph->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Clear>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use Scalar::Util qw(blessed);
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(Enum Bool ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::NullaryQueryTree';

	has 'drop' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);
	has 'silent' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);
	has 'target' => (is => 'ro', isa => Enum[qw(GRAPH DEFAULT NAMED ALL)], required => 1);
	has 'graph' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Term']);

		my $self	= shift;
		if ($self->target eq 'GRAPH') {
			unless (blessed($self->graph)) {
				die "Attean::Algebra::Clear operations with a GRAPH target must include a graph IRI";
			}
		}
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		return $self->drop ? 'Drop' : 'Clear';
	}

		my $self	= shift;

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword($self->drop ? 'DROP' : 'CLEAR'));
		if ($self->silent) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('SILENT'));
		}

		if ($self->target =~ /^(DEFAULT|NAMED|ALL)$/) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword($self->target));
		} else {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('GRAPH'));
			push(@tokens, $self->graph->sparql_tokens->elements);
		}
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Create>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use Scalar::Util qw(blessed);
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(Bool ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::NullaryQueryTree';

	has 'silent' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);
	has 'graph' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Term'], required => 1);


		my $self	= shift;

		my @tokens;
		push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('CREATE'));
		if ($self->silent) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('SILENT'));
		}
		push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('GRAPH'));
		push(@tokens, $self->graph->sparql_tokens->elements);
		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Add>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use Scalar::Util qw(blessed);
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use Types::Standard qw(Enum Bool ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::NullaryQueryTree';

	has 'silent' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);
	has 'drop_source' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);
	has 'drop_destination' => (is => 'ro', isa => Bool, default => 0);

	has 'source' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Term'], predicate => 'has_source');
	has 'destination' => (is => 'ro', isa => ConsumerOf['Attean::API::Term'], predicate => 'has_destination');

		my $self	= shift;
		return ($self->drop_source and $self->drop_destination) ? 'Move' : ($self->drop_destination) ? 'Copy' : 'Add';
	}

		my $self	= shift;

		my @tokens;
		my $op	= ($self->drop_source and $self->drop_destination) ? 'MOVE' : ($self->drop_destination) ? 'COPY' : 'ADD';
		push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword($op));
		if ($self->silent) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('SILENT'));
		}

		if ($self->has_source) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('GRAPH'));
			push(@tokens, $self->source->sparql_tokens->elements);
		} else {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('DEFAULT'));
		}

		push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('TO'));

		if ($self->has_destination) {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('GRAPH'));
			push(@tokens, $self->destination->sparql_tokens->elements);
		} else {
			push(@tokens, AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('DEFAULT'));
		}

		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

=item * L<Attean::Algebra::Modify>

=cut

	use Moo;
	use Scalar::Util qw(blessed);
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Constants;
	use AtteanX::SPARQL::Token;
	use List::MoreUtils qw(all any);
	use Types::Standard qw(HashRef ArrayRef ConsumerOf);
	use namespace::clean;

	with 'Attean::API::Algebra', 'Attean::API::QueryTree';

	has 'dataset' => (is => 'ro', isa => HashRef, default => sub { +{} });
	has 'insert' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TripleOrQuadPattern']], default => sub { [] });
	has 'delete' => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[ConsumerOf['Attean::API::TripleOrQuadPattern']], default => sub { [] });


		my $self	= shift;
		my $i		= scalar(@{ $self->insert });
		my $d		= scalar(@{ $self->delete });
		my $w		= scalar(@{ $self->children });
		my $ig		= all { $_->is_ground } @{ $self->insert };
		my $dg		= all { $_->is_ground } @{ $self->delete };
		if ($i and not $d) {
			# INSERT
			return ($ig and not $w) ? 'ID' : 'I';
		} elsif ($d and not $i) {
			# DELETE
			return ($dg and not $w) ? 'DD' : 'D';
		} else {
			# INSERT + DELETE
			return 'U'
		}
	}

	around 'blank_nodes' => sub {
		my $orig	= shift;
		my $self	= shift;
		my @blanks	= $orig->($self, @_);
		my %seen	= map { $_->value => 1 } @blanks;
		foreach my $data ($self->insert, $self->delete) {
			my @triples	= @{ $data };
			my @b	= grep { $_->does('Attean::API::Blank') } map { $_->values } @triples;
			push(@blanks, grep { not $seen{$_->value}++ } @b);
		}
		return @blanks;
	};

		my $self	= shift;
		my $level	= shift;
		my $indent	= '  ' x ($level + 1);
		state $S	= {
			'ID'	=> 'Insert Data',
			'I'		=> 'Insert',
			'DD'	=> 'Delete Data',
			'D'		=> 'Delete',
			'U'		=> 'Update',
		};
		my $op	= $self->_op_type();
		my $s	= $S->{ $op };
		my @data;
		my $ic	= scalar(@{ $self->insert });
		my $dc	= scalar(@{ $self->delete });
		if ($ic) {
			my $name	= $dc ? 'Insert Data' : 'Data';
			push(@data, [$name, $self->insert]);
		}
		if ($dc) {
			my $name	= $ic ? 'Delete Data' : 'Data';
			push(@data, [$name, $self->delete]);
		}
		foreach my $data (@data) {
			my ($name, $quads)	= @$data;
			$s	.= "\n-${indent} $name";
			foreach my $q (@$quads) {
				$s	.= "\n-${indent}   " . $q->as_string;
			}
		}
		return $s;
	}

		my $self	= shift;
		my $op		= $self->_op_type();
		my $l		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->lbrace;
		my $r		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->rbrace;
		my $dot		= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->dot;
		my $data	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('DATA');
		my $insert	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('INSERT');
		my $delete	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('DELETE');
		my $where	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('WHERE');
		my $using	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('USING');
		my $named	= AtteanX::SPARQL::Token->keyword('NAMED');

		# TODO: Support 'DELETE WHERE' shortcut syntax
		# TODO: Support WITH

		my @dataset;
		my $dataset	= $self->dataset;
		my @default	= @{ $dataset->{default} || [] };
		my @named	= values %{ $dataset->{named} || {} };
		if (scalar(@default) or scalar(@named)) {
			foreach my $g (sort { $a->as_string cmp $b->as_string } @default) {
				push(@dataset, $using, $g->sparql_tokens->elements);
			}
			foreach my $g (sort { $a->as_string cmp $b->as_string } @named) {
				push(@dataset, $using, $named, $g->sparql_tokens->elements);
			}
		}

		my @tokens;
		if ($op eq 'ID' or $op eq 'DD') {
			my $statements	= ($op eq 'ID') ? $self->insert : $self->delete;
			my $kw	= ($op eq 'ID') ? $insert : $delete;
			push(@tokens, $kw);
			push(@tokens, $data);
			push(@tokens, $l);
			foreach my $t (@{ $statements }) {
				push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
				push(@tokens, $dot);
			}
			push(@tokens, $r);
		} elsif ($op eq 'I' or $op eq 'D') {
			my $statements	= ($op eq 'I') ? $self->insert : $self->delete;
			my $kw	= ($op eq 'I') ? $insert : $delete;
			push(@tokens, $kw);
			push(@tokens, $l);
			foreach my $t (@{ $statements }) {
				push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
				push(@tokens, $dot);
			}
			push(@tokens, $r);
			push(@tokens, @dataset);
			push(@tokens, $where);
			push(@tokens, $l);
			foreach my $c (@{ $self->children }) {
				push(@tokens, $c->sparql_tokens->elements);
			}
			push(@tokens, $r);
		} else {
			foreach my $x ([$delete, $self->delete], [$insert, $self->insert]) {
				my ($kw, $statements)	= @$x;
				push(@tokens, $kw);
				push(@tokens, $l);
				foreach my $t (@{ $statements }) {
					push(@tokens, $t->sparql_tokens->elements);
					push(@tokens, $dot);
				}
				push(@tokens, $r);
			}
			push(@tokens, @dataset);
			push(@tokens, $where);
			push(@tokens, $l);
			foreach my $c (@{ $self->children }) {
				push(@tokens, $c->sparql_tokens->elements);
			}
			push(@tokens, $r);
		}

		return Attean::ListIterator->new( values => \@tokens, item_type => 'AtteanX::SPARQL::Token' );
	}
}

1;


=back

=head1 BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to through the GitHub web interface
at L<https://github.com/kasei/attean/issues>.

=head1 SEE ALSO



=head1 AUTHOR

Gregory Todd Williams  C<< <[e-mail]> >>

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2014--2022 Gregory Todd Williams.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut