File Coverage

lib/mb.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	1311	1726	75.9
branch	1090	1616	67.4
condition	97	220	44.0
subroutine	107	107	100.0
pod	6	48	12.5
total	2611	3717	70.2

package mb;
######################################################################
#
# mb - run Perl script written in MBCS
#
# https://metacpan.org/release/mb
#
# Copyright (c) 2020 INABA Hitoshi  in a CPAN
######################################################################

use 5.00503;    # Universal Consensus 1998 for primetools
# use 5.008001; # Lancaster Consensus 2013 for toolchains

$VERSION = '0.06';
$VERSION = $VERSION;

# internal use
$mb::last_s_passed = 0; # last s/// status (1 if s/// passed)

BEGIN { pop @INC if $INC[-1] eq '.' } # CVE-2016-1238: Important unsafe module load path flaw
use strict;
BEGIN { $INC{'warnings.pm'} = '' if $] < 5.006 } use warnings; local $^W=1;
use Symbol ();

# set OSNAME
my $OSNAME = $^O;

# encoding name of MBCS script
my $script_encoding = undef;

# over US-ASCII
${mb::over_ascii} = undef;

# supports qr/./ in MBCS script
${mb::x} = undef;

# supports [\b] \d \h \s \v \w in MBCS script
${mb::bare_backspace} = '\x08';
${mb::bare_d} = '0123456789';
${mb::bare_h} = '\x09\x20';
${mb::bare_s} = '\t\n\f\r\x20';
${mb::bare_v} = '\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D';
${mb::bare_w} = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_';

# as many escapes as possible to avoid perl's feature
my $escapee_in_qq_like = join('', map {"\\$_"} grep( ! /[A-Za-z0-9_]/, map { CORE::chr } 0x21..0x7E));

# as less escapes as possible to avoid over-escaping
my $escapee_in_q__like = '\\' . "\x5C";

# check running perl interpreter
if ($^X =~ /jperl/i) {
    die "script '@{[__FILE__]}' can run on only perl, not JPerl\n";
}

# this file is used as command on command line
if ($0 eq __FILE__) {
    main();
}

######################################################################
# main program
######################################################################

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# running as module, runtime routines
sub import {
    my $self = shift @_;

    # confirm version
    if (defined($_[0]) and ($_[0] =~ /\A [0-9] /xms)) {
        if ($_[0] ne $mb::VERSION) {
            die "@{[__FILE__]} just $_[0] required--but this is version $mb::VERSION, stopped";
        }
        shift @_;
    }

    # set script encoding
    if (defined $_[0]) {
        my $encoding = $_[0];
        if ($encoding =~ /\A (?: big5 | big5hkscs | eucjp | gb18030 | gbk | sjis | uhc | utf8 ) \z/xms) {
            set_script_encoding($encoding);
        }
        else {
            die "@{[__FILE__]} script_encoding '$encoding' not supported.\n";
        }
    }
    else {
        set_script_encoding(detect_system_encoding());
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# running as command
sub main {

    # usage
    if (scalar(@ARGV) == 0) {
        die <
usage:

perl mb.pm              MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e big5      MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e big5hkscs MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e eucjp     MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e gb18030   MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e gbk       MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e sjis      MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e uhc       MBCS_Perl_script.pl
perl mb.pm -e utf8      MBCS_Perl_script.pl

END
    }

    # set script encoding from command line
    my $encoding = '';
    if (($encoding) = $ARGV[0] =~ /\A -e ( .+ ) \z/xms) {
        if ($encoding =~ /\A (?: big5 | big5hkscs | eucjp | gb18030 | gbk | sjis | uhc | utf8 ) \z/xms) {
            set_script_encoding($encoding);
            shift @ARGV;
        }
        else {
            die "script_encoding '$encoding' not supported.\n";
        }
    }
    elsif ($ARGV[0] =~ /\A -e \z/xms) {
        $encoding = $ARGV[1];
        if ($encoding =~ /\A (?: big5 | big5hkscs | eucjp | gb18030 | gbk | sjis | uhc | utf8 ) \z/xms) {
            set_script_encoding($encoding);
            shift @ARGV;
            shift @ARGV;
        }
        else {
            die "script_encoding '$encoding' not supported.\n";
        }
    }
    else {
        set_script_encoding(detect_system_encoding());
    }

    # poor "make"
    (my $script_oo = $ARGV[0]) =~ s{\A (.*) \. ([^.]+) \z}{$1.oo.$2}xms;
    if (
        (not -e $script_oo)            or
        (-M $script_oo <= -M $ARGV[0]) or
        (-M $script_oo <= -M __FILE__)
    ) {

        # read application script
        mb::_open_r(my $fh, $ARGV[0]) or die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't open file: $ARGV[0]\n";
        local $_ = CORE::do { local $/; <$fh> };
        close $fh;

        # poor file locking
        local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { rmdir("$ARGV[0].lock"); };
        if (mkdir("$ARGV[0].lock", 0755)) {
            mb::_open_w($fh, ">$script_oo") or die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't open file: $script_oo\n";
            print {$fh} mb::parse();
            close $fh;
            rmdir("$ARGV[0].lock");
        }
        else {
            die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't mkdir: $ARGV[0].lock\n";
        }
    }

    # run octet-oriented script
    my $module_path = '';
    my $module_name = '';
    my $quote = '';
    if ($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) {
        if ($0 =~ m{ ([^\/\\]+)\.pm \z}xmsi) {
            ($module_path, $module_name) = ($`, $1);
            $module_path ||= '.';
            $module_path =~ s{ [\/\\] \z}{}xms;
        }
        else {
            die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): can't run as module.\n";
        }
        $quote = q{"};
    }
    else {
        if ($0 =~ m{ ([^\/]+)\.pm \z}xmsi) {
            ($module_path, $module_name) = ($`, $1);
            $module_path ||= '.';
            $module_path =~ s{ / \z}{}xms;
        }
        else {
            die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): can't run as module.\n";
        }
        $quote = q{'};
    }

    # run octet-oriented script
    $| = 1;
    system($^X, "-I$module_path", "-M$module_name=$mb::VERSION,$script_encoding", map { / / ? "$quote$_$quote" : $_ } $script_oo, @ARGV[1..$#ARGV]);
    exit($? >> 8);
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# confess() for MBCS encoding
sub confess {
    my $i = 0;
    my @confess = ();
    while (my($package,$filename,$line,$subroutine) = caller($i)) {
        push @confess, "[$i] $filename($line) $package::$subroutine\n";
        $i++;
    }
    print STDERR CORE::reverse @confess;
    print STDERR "\n";
    print STDERR @_;
    die "\n";
}

######################################################################
# subroutines for MBCS application programmers
######################################################################

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# chop() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::chop {
    my $chop = '';
    for (@_ ? @_ : $_) {
        if (my @x = /\G${mb::x}/g) {
            $chop = pop @x;
            $_ = join '', @x;
        }
    }
    return $chop;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# chr() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::chr {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    my @octet = ();
    CORE::do {
        unshift @octet, ($_ % 0x100);
        $_ = int($_ / 0x100);
    } while ($_ > 0);
    return pack 'C*', @octet;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# do FILE for MBCS encoding
sub mb::do {
    my($file) = @_;
    for my $prefix_file ($file, map { "$_/$file" } @INC) {
        if (-f $prefix_file) {

            # poor "make"
            (my $prefix_file_oo = $prefix_file) =~ s{\A (.*) \. ([^.]+) \z}{$1.oo.$2}xms;
            if (
                (not -e $prefix_file_oo)                or
                (-M $prefix_file_oo <= -M $prefix_file) or
                (-M $prefix_file_oo <= -M __FILE__)
            ) {
                mb::_open_r(my $fh, $prefix_file) or confess "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't open file: $prefix_file\n";
                local $_ = CORE::do { local $/; <$fh> };
                close $fh;

                # poor file locking
                local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { rmdir("$prefix_file.lock"); };
                if (mkdir("$prefix_file.lock", 0755)) {
                    mb::_open_w(my $fh, ">$prefix_file_oo") or confess "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't open file: $prefix_file_oo\n";
                    print {$fh} mb::parse();
                    close $fh;
                    rmdir("$prefix_file.lock");
                }
                else {
                    confess "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't mkdir: $prefix_file.lock\n";
                }
            }
            $INC{$file} = $prefix_file_oo;

            # run as Perl script
            # must use CORE::do to use , because CORE::eval cannot do it
            # moreover "goto &CORE::do" doesn't work
            return CORE::eval sprintf(<<'END', (caller)[0]);
package %s;
CORE::do "$prefix_file_oo";
END
        }
    }
    confess "Can't find $file in \@INC";
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# DOS-like glob() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::dosglob {
    my $expr = @_ ? $_[0] : $_;
    my @glob = ();

    # works on not MSWin32
    if ($OSNAME !~ /MSWin32/) {
        @glob = CORE::glob($expr);
    }

    # works on MSWin32
    else {

        # gets pattern
        while ($expr =~ s{\A [\x20]* ( "(?:${mb::x})+?" | (?:(?!["\x20])${mb::x})+ ) }{}xms) {
            my $pattern = $1;

            # avoids command injection
            next if $pattern =~ /\G${mb::_anchor} \& /xms;
            next if $pattern =~ /\G${mb::_anchor} \( /xms;
            next if $pattern =~ /\G${mb::_anchor} \) /xms;
            next if $pattern =~ /\G${mb::_anchor} \< /xms;
            next if $pattern =~ /\G${mb::_anchor} \> /xms;
            next if $pattern =~ /\G${mb::_anchor} \^ /xms;
            next if $pattern =~ /\G${mb::_anchor} \| /xms;

            # makes globbing result
            mb::tr($pattern, '/', "\x5C");
            if (my($dir) = $pattern =~ m{\A (${mb::x}*) \\ }xms) {
                push @glob, map { "$dir\\$_" } CORE::split /\n/, `DIR /B $pattern 2>NUL`;
            }
            else {
                push @glob,                    CORE::split /\n/, `DIR /B $pattern 2>NUL`;
            }
        }
    }

    # returns globbing result
    my %glob = map { $_ => 1 } @glob;
    return sort { (mb::uc($a) cmp mb::uc($b)) || ($a cmp $b) } keys %glob;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# eval STRING for MBCS encoding
sub mb::eval {
    local $_ = shift if @_;

    # run as Perl script
    return CORE::eval mb::parse();
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# getc() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::getc (;*@) {
    my $fh = @_ ? Symbol::qualify_to_ref(shift @_,caller()) : \*STDIN;
    confess 'Too many arguments for mb::getc' if @_ and not wantarray;
    my $getc = CORE::getc $fh;
    if ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis ) \z/xms) {
        if ($getc =~ /\A [\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC] \z/xms) {
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
        }
    }
    elsif ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: eucjp ) \z/xms) {
        if ($getc =~ /\A [\xA1-\xFE] \z/xms) {
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
        }
    }
    elsif ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs ) \z/xms) {
        if ($getc =~ /\A [\x81-\xFE] \z/xms) {
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
        }
    }
    elsif ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: gb18030 ) \z/xms) {
        if ($getc =~ /\A [\x81-\xFE] \z/xms) {
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
            if ($getc =~ /\A [\x81-\xFE] [\x30-\x39] \z/xms) {
                $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
                $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
            }
        }
    }
    elsif ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: utf8 ) \z/xms) {
        if ($getc =~ /\A [\xC2-\xDF] \z/xms) {
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
        }
        elsif ($getc =~ /\A [\xE0-\xEF] \z/xms) {
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
        }
        elsif ($getc =~ /\A [\xF0-\xF4] \z/xms) {
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
            $getc .= CORE::getc $fh;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? ($getc,@_) : $getc;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# index() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::index {
    my $index = 0;
    if (@_ == 3) {
        $index = mb::index_byte($_[0], $_[1], CORE::length(mb::substr($_[0], 0, $_[2])));
    }
    else {
        $index = mb::index_byte($_[0], $_[1]);
    }
    if ($index == -1) {
        return -1;
    }
    else {
        return mb::length(CORE::substr $_[0], 0, $index);
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# JPerl like index() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::index_byte {
    my($str,$substr,$position) = @_;
    $position ||= 0;
    my $pos = 0;
    while ($pos < CORE::length($str)) {
        if (CORE::substr($str,$pos,CORE::length($substr)) eq $substr) {
            if ($pos >= $position) {
                return $pos;
            }
        }
        if (CORE::substr($str,$pos) =~ /\A(${mb::x})/oxms) {
            $pos += CORE::length($1);
        }
        else {
            $pos += 1;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# universal lc() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::lc {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    #                          A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z
    return join '', map { {qw( A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z )}->{$_}||$_ } /\G${mb::x}/g;
    #                          A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# universal lcfirst() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::lcfirst {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    if (/\A(${mb::x})(.*)\z/s) {
        return mb::lc($1) . $2;
    }
    else {
        return '';
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# length() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::length {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    return scalar(() = /\G${mb::x}/g);
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# ord() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::ord {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    my $ord = 0;
    if (/\A(${mb::x})/) {
        for my $octet (unpack 'C*', $1) {
            $ord = $ord * 0x100 + $octet;
        }
    }
    return $ord;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# require for MBCS encoding
sub mb::require {
    local $_ = shift if @_;

    # require perl version
    if (/^[0-9]/) {
        if ($] < $_) {
            confess "Perl $_ required--this is only version $], stopped";
        }
        else {
            return 1;
        }
    }

    # require expr
    else {
        if (exists $INC{$_}) {
            return 1 if $INC{$_};
            confess "Compilation failed in require";
        }

        # find expr in @INC
        my $file = $_;
        for my $prefix_file ($file, map { "$_/$file" } @INC) {
            if (-f $prefix_file) {

                # poor "make"
                (my $prefix_file_oo = $prefix_file) =~ s{\A (.*) \. ([^.]+) \z}{$1.oo.$2}xms;
                if (
                    (not -e $prefix_file_oo)                or
                    (-M $prefix_file_oo <= -M $prefix_file) or
                    (-M $prefix_file_oo <= -M __FILE__)
                ) {
                    mb::_open_r(my $fh, $prefix_file) or confess "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't open file: $prefix_file\n";
                    local $_ = CORE::do { local $/; <$fh> };
                    close $fh;

                    # poor file locking
                    local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { rmdir("$prefix_file.lock"); };
                    if (mkdir("$prefix_file.lock", 0755)) {
                        mb::_open_w(my $fh, ">$prefix_file_oo") or confess "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't open file: $prefix_file_oo\n";
                        print {$fh} mb::parse();
                        close $fh;
                        rmdir("$prefix_file.lock");
                    }
                    else {
                        confess "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): cant't mkdir: $prefix_file.lock\n";
                    }
                }
                $INC{$_} = $prefix_file_oo;

                # run as Perl script
                # must use CORE::do to use , because CORE::eval cannot do it.
                local $@;
                my $result = CORE::eval sprintf(<<'END', (caller)[0]);
package %s;
CORE::do "$prefix_file_oo";
END

                # return result
                if ($@) {
                    $INC{$_} = undef;
                    confess $@;
                }
                elsif (not $result) {
                    delete $INC{$_};
                    confess "$_ did not return true value";
                }
                else {
                    return $result;
                }
            }
        }
        confess "Can't find $_ in \@INC";
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# reverse() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::reverse {
    if (wantarray) {
        return CORE::reverse @_;
    }
    else {
        return join '', CORE::reverse(join('',@_) =~ /\G${mb::x}/g);
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# rindex() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::rindex {
    my $rindex = 0;
    if (@_ == 3) {
        $rindex = mb::rindex_byte($_[0], $_[1], CORE::length(mb::substr($_[0], 0, $_[2])));
    }
    else {
        $rindex = mb::rindex_byte($_[0], $_[1]);
    }
    if ($rindex == -1) {
        return -1;
    }
    else {
        return mb::length(CORE::substr $_[0], 0, $rindex);
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# JPerl like rindex() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::rindex_byte {
    my($str,$substr,$position) = @_;
    $position ||= CORE::length($str) - 1;
    my $pos = 0;
    my $rindex = -1;
    while (($pos < CORE::length($str)) and ($pos <= $position)) {
        if (CORE::substr($str,$pos,CORE::length($substr)) eq $substr) {
            $rindex = $pos;
        }
        if (CORE::substr($str,$pos) =~ /\A(${mb::x})/oxms) {
            $pos += CORE::length($1);
        }
        else {
            $pos += 1;
        }
    }
    return $rindex;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# set OSNAME
sub mb::set_OSNAME {
    $OSNAME = $_[0];
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# set script encoding name and more
sub mb::set_script_encoding {
    $script_encoding = $_[0];

    # over US-ASCII
    ${mb::over_ascii} = {
        'sjis'      => '(?>[\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC][\x00-\xFF]|[\x80-\xFF])',                         # shift_jis ANSI/OEM Japanese; Japanese (Shift-JIS)
        'gbk'       => '(?>[\x81-\xFE][\x00-\xFF])',                                              # gb2312 ANSI/OEM Simplified Chinese (PRC, Singapore); Chinese Simplified (GB2312)
        'uhc'       => '(?>[\x81-\xFE][\x00-\xFF])',                                              # ks_c_5601-1987 ANSI/OEM Korean (Unified Hangul Code)
        'big5'      => '(?>[\x81-\xFE][\x00-\xFF])',                                              # big5 ANSI/OEM Traditional Chinese (Taiwan; Hong Kong SAR, PRC); Chinese Traditional (Big5)
        'big5hkscs' => '(?>[\x81-\xFE][\x00-\xFF])',                                              # HKSCS support on top of traditional Chinese Windows
        'eucjp'     => '(?>[\xA1-\xFE][\x00-\xFF])',                                              # EUC-JP Japanese (JIS 0208-1990 and 0121-1990)
        'gb18030'   => '(?>[\x81-\xFE][\x30-\x39][\x81-\xFE][\x30-\x39]|[\x81-\xFE][\x00-\xFF])', # GB18030 Windows XP and later: GB18030 Simplified Chinese (4 byte); Chinese Simplified (GB18030)
    #   'utf8'      => '(?>[\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xE0-\xEF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xF0-\xF4][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF])', # utf-8 Unicode (UTF-8) RFC2279
        'utf8'      => '(?>[\xE1-\xEC][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xF0-\xF0][\x90-\xBF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xE0-\xE0][\xA0-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xED-\xED][\x80-\x9F][\x80-\xBF]|[\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]|[\xF4-\xF4][\x80-\x8F][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF])', # utf-8 Unicode (UTF-8) optimized RFC3629 for ja_JP
    }->{$script_encoding} || '[\x80-\xFF]';

    # supports qr/./ in MBCS script
    ${mb::x} = qr/(?>${mb::over_ascii}|[\x00-\x7F])/;

    # regexp of multi-byte anchoring

    # Quantifiers
    #   {n,m}  ---  Match at least n but not more than m times
    #
    # n and m are limited to non-negative integral values less than a
    # preset limit defined when perl is built. This is usually 32766 on
    # the most common platforms.
    #
    # The following code is an attempt to solve the above limitations
    # in a multi-byte anchoring.
    #
    # avoid "Segmentation fault" and "Error: Parse exception"
    #
    # perl5101delta
    # http://perldoc.perl.org/perl5101delta.html
    # In 5.10.0, the * quantifier in patterns was sometimes treated as {0,32767}
    # [RT #60034, #60464]. For example, this match would fail:
    #   ("ab" x 32768) =~ /^(ab)*$/
    #
    # SEE ALSO
    #
    # Complex regular subexpression recursion limit
    # http://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=810857
    #
    # regexp iteration limits
    # http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2009/02/msg144065.html
    #
    # latest Perl won't match certain regexes more than 32768 characters long
    # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/26226630/latest-perl-wont-match-certain-regexes-more-than-32768-characters-long
    #
    # Break through the limitations of regular expressions of Perl
    # http://d.hatena.ne.jp/gfx/20110212/1297512479

    if ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: utf8 ) \z/xms) {
        ${mb::_anchor} = qr{.*?}xms;
    }
    elsif ($] >= 5.030000) {
        ${mb::_anchor} = {
            'sjis'      => qr{(?(?=.{0,65534}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC](?>[\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC][\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC])*?))}xms,
            'eucjp'     => qr{(?(?=.{0,65534}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE](?>[\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE][\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'gbk'       => qr{(?(?=.{0,65534}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'uhc'       => qr{(?(?=.{0,65534}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'big5'      => qr{(?(?=.{0,65534}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'big5hkscs' => qr{(?(?=.{0,65534}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'gb18030'   => qr{(?(?=.{0,65534}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
        }->{$script_encoding} || die;
    }
    elsif ($] >= 5.010001) {
        ${mb::_anchor} = {
            'sjis'      => qr{(?(?=.{0,32766}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC](?>[\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC][\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC])*?))}xms,
            'eucjp'     => qr{(?(?=.{0,32766}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE](?>[\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE][\xA1-\xFE\xA1-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'gbk'       => qr{(?(?=.{0,32766}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'uhc'       => qr{(?(?=.{0,32766}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'big5'      => qr{(?(?=.{0,32766}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'big5hkscs' => qr{(?(?=.{0,32766}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
            'gb18030'   => qr{(?(?=.{0,32766}\z)(?:${mb::x})*?|(?(?=[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE]+\z).*?|.*?[^\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE](?>[\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE][\x81-\xFE\x81-\xFE])*?))}xms,
        }->{$script_encoding} || die;
    }
    else {
        ${mb::_anchor} = qr{(?:${mb::x})*?}xms;
    }

    # codepoint class shortcuts in qq-like regular expression
    @{mb::_dot} = "(?>${mb::over_ascii}|.)";
    @{mb::_B} = "(?:(?
    @{mb::_D} = "(?:(?![0-9])${mb::x})";
    @{mb::_H} = "(?:(?![\\x09\\x20])${mb::x})";
    @{mb::_N} = "(?:(?!\\n)${mb::x})";
    @{mb::_R} = "(?>\\r\\n|[\\x0A\\x0B\\x0C\\x0D])";
    @{mb::_S} = "(?:(?![\\t\\n\\f\\r\\x20])${mb::x})";
    @{mb::_V} = "(?:(?![\\x0A\\x0B\\x0C\\x0D])${mb::x})";
    @{mb::_W} = "(?:(?![A-Za-z0-9_])${mb::x})";
    @{mb::_b} = "(?:(?
    @{mb::_d} = "[0-9]";
    @{mb::_h} = "[\\x09\\x20]";
    @{mb::_s} = "[\\t\\n\\f\\r\\x20]";
    @{mb::_v} = "[\\x0A\\x0B\\x0C\\x0D]";
    @{mb::_w} = "[A-Za-z0-9_]";
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# substr() for MBCS encoding
BEGIN {
    CORE::eval sprintf <<'END', ($] >= 5.014) ? ':lvalue' : '';
#              VV--------------------------------AAAAAAA
sub mb::substr %s {
    my @x = $_[0] =~ /\G${mb::x}/g;

    # If the substring is beyond either end of the string, substr() returns the undefined
    # value and produces a warning. When used as an lvalue, specifying a substring that
    # is entirely outside the string raises an exception.
    # http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/substr.html

    # A return with no argument returns the scalar value undef in scalar context,
    # an empty list () in list context, and (naturally) nothing at all in void
    # context.

    if (($_[1] < (-1 * scalar(@x))) or (+1 * scalar(@x) < $_[1])) {
        return;
    }

    # substr($string,$offset,$length,$replacement)
    if (@_ == 4) {
        my $substr = join '', splice @x, $_[1], $_[2], $_[3];
        $_[0] = join '', @x;
        $substr; # "return $substr" doesn't work, don't write "return"
    }

    # substr($string,$offset,$length)
    elsif (@_ == 3) {
        local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {}; # avoid: Use of uninitialized value in join or string at here
        my $octet_offset =
            ($_[1] < 0) ? -1 * CORE::length(join '', @x[$#x+$_[1]+1 .. $#x])     :
            ($_[1] > 0) ?      CORE::length(join '', @x[0           .. $_[1]-1]) :
            0;
        my $octet_length =
            ($_[2] < 0) ? -1 * CORE::length(join '', @x[$#x+$_[2]+1 .. $#x])           :
            ($_[2] > 0) ?      CORE::length(join '', @x[$_[1]       .. $_[1]+$_[2]-1]) :
            0;
        CORE::substr($_[0], $octet_offset, $octet_length);
    }

    # substr($string,$offset)
    else {
        my $octet_offset =
            ($_[1] < 0) ? -1 * CORE::length(join '', @x[$#x+$_[1]+1 .. $#x])     :
            ($_[1] > 0) ?      CORE::length(join '', @x[0           .. $_[1]-1]) :
            0;
        CORE::substr($_[0], $octet_offset);
    }
}
END
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# tr/// and y/// for MBCS encoding
sub mb::tr {
    my @x           = $_[0] =~ /\G${mb::x}/g;
    my @search      = $_[1] =~ /\G${mb::x}/g;
    my @replacement = $_[2] =~ /\G${mb::x}/g;
    my %modifier    = (defined $_[3]) ? (map { $_ => 1 } CORE::split //, $_[3]) : ();

    my %tr = ();
    for (my $i=0; $i <= $#search; $i++) {

        # tr/AAA/123/ works as tr/A/1/
        if (not exists $tr{$search[$i]}) {

            # tr/ABC/123/ makes %tr = ('A'=>'1','B'=>'2','C'=>'3',);
            if (defined $replacement[$i] and ($replacement[$i] ne '')) {
                $tr{$search[$i]} = $replacement[$i];
            }

            # tr/ABC/12/d makes %tr = ('A'=>'1','B'=>'2','C'=>'',);
            elsif (exists $modifier{d}) {
                $tr{$search[$i]} = '';
            }

            # tr/ABC/12/ makes %tr = ('A'=>'1','B'=>'2','C'=>'2',);
            elsif (defined $replacement[-1] and ($replacement[-1] ne '')) {
                $tr{$search[$i]} = $replacement[-1];
            }

            # tr/ABC// makes %tr = ('A'=>'A','B'=>'B','C'=>'C',);
            else {
                $tr{$search[$i]} = $search[$i];
            }
        }
    }

    my $tr = 0;
    my $replaced = '';

    # has /c modifier
    if (exists $modifier{c}) {

        # has /s modifier
        if (exists $modifier{s}) {
            my $last_transliterated = undef;
            while (defined(my $x = shift @x)) {

                # /c modifier works here
                if (exists $tr{$x}) {
                    $replaced .= $x;
                    $last_transliterated = undef;
                }
                else {

                    # /d modifier works here
                    if (exists $modifier{d}) {
                    }

                    elsif (defined $replacement[-1]) {

                        # /s modifier works here
                        if (defined($last_transliterated) and ($replacement[-1] eq $last_transliterated)) {
                        }

                        # tr/// works here
                        else {
                            $replaced .= ($last_transliterated = $replacement[-1]);
                        }
                    }
                    $tr++;
                }
            }
        }

        # has no /s modifier
        else {
            while (defined(my $x = shift @x)) {

                # /c modifier works here
                if (exists $tr{$x}) {
                    $replaced .= $x;
                }
                else {

                    # /d modifier works here
                    if (exists $modifier{d}) {
                    }

                    # tr/// works here
                    elsif (defined $replacement[-1]) {
                        $replaced .= $replacement[-1];
                    }
                    $tr++;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    # has no /c modifier
    else {

        # has /s modifier
        if (exists $modifier{s}) {
            my $last_transliterated = undef;
            while (defined(my $x = shift @x)) {
                if (exists $tr{$x}) {

                    # /d modifier works here
                    if ($tr{$x} eq '') {
                    }

                    # /s modifier works here
                    elsif (defined($last_transliterated) and ($tr{$x} eq $last_transliterated)) {
                    }

                    # tr/// works here
                    else {
                        $replaced .= ($last_transliterated = $tr{$x});
                    }
                    $tr++;
                }
                else {
                    $replaced .= $x;
                    $last_transliterated = undef;
                }
            }
        }

        # has no /s modifier
        else {
            while (defined(my $x = shift @x)) {
                if (exists $tr{$x}) {
                    $replaced .= $tr{$x};
                    $tr++;
                }
                else {
                    $replaced .= $x;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    # /r modifier works here
    if (exists $modifier{r}) {
        return $replaced;
    }

    # has no /r modifier
    else {
        $_[0] = $replaced;
        return $tr;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# universal uc() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::uc {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    #                          a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z
    return join '', map { {qw( a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z )}->{$_}||$_ } /\G${mb::x}/g;
    #                          a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# universal ucfirst() for MBCS encoding
sub mb::ucfirst {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    if (/\A(${mb::x})(.*)\z/s) {
        return mb::uc($1) . $2;
    }
    else {
        return '';
    }
}

######################################################################
# runtime routines on all operating systems (used automatically)
######################################################################

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# implement of special variable $1,$2,$3,...
sub mb::_CAPTURE {
    if ($mb::last_s_passed) {
        if (defined $_[0]) {

            # $1 is used for multi-byte anchoring
            return CORE::eval '$' . ($_[0] + 1);
        }
        else {
            my @capture = ();
            if ($] >= 5.006) {

                # $1 is used for multi-byte anchoring in s///
                push @capture, map { CORE::eval('$'.$_) } 2 .. CORE::eval('$#-');
            }
            else {

                # @{^CAPTURE} doesn't work enough in perl 5.005
                for (my $n_th=2; defined(CORE::eval('$'.$n_th)); $n_th++) {
                    push @capture, CORE::eval('$'.$n_th);
                }
            }
            return @capture;
        }
    }
    else {
        if (defined $_[0]) {
            return CORE::eval '$' . $_[0];
        }
        else {
            my @capture = ();
            if ($] >= 5.006) {
                push @capture, map { CORE::eval('$'.$_) } 1 .. CORE::eval('$#-');
            }
            else {

                # @{^CAPTURE} doesn't work enough in perl 5.005
                for (my $n_th=1; defined(CORE::eval('$'.$n_th)); $n_th++) {
                    push @capture, CORE::eval('$'.$n_th);
                }
            }
            return @capture;
        }
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# implement of special variable @+
sub mb::_LAST_MATCH_END {

    # perl 5.005 does not support @+, so it need CORE::eval

    if ($mb::last_s_passed) {
        if (scalar(@_) >= 1) {
            return CORE::eval q{ ($+[0], @+[2..$#-])[ @_ ] };
        }
        else {
            return CORE::eval q{ ($+[0], @+[2..$#-]) };
        }
    }
    else {
        if (scalar(@_) >= 1) {
            return CORE::eval q{ @+[ @_ ] };
        }
        else {
            return CORE::eval q{ @+ };
        }
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# implement of special variable @-
sub mb::_LAST_MATCH_START {

    # perl 5.005 does not support @-, so it need CORE::eval

    if ($mb::last_s_passed) {
        if (scalar(@_) >= 1) {
            return CORE::eval q{ ($-[2], @-[2..$#-])[ @_ ] };
        }
        else {
            return CORE::eval q{ ($-[2], @-[2..$#-]) };
        }
    }
    else {
        if (scalar(@_) >= 1) {
            return CORE::eval q{ @-[ @_ ] };
        }
        else {
            return CORE::eval q{ @- };
        }
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# implement of special variable $&
sub mb::_MATCH {
    if (defined($&)) {
        if ($mb::last_s_passed) {
            if (defined($1) and (CORE::substr($&, 0, CORE::length($1)) eq $1)) {
                return CORE::substr($&, CORE::length($1));
            }
            else {
                confess 'Use of "$&", $MATCH, and ${^MATCH} need to /( capture all )/ in regexp';
            }
        }
        else {
            if (defined($1) and (CORE::substr($&, -CORE::length($1)) eq $1)) {
                return $1;
            }
            else {
                confess 'Use of "$&", $MATCH, and ${^MATCH} need to /( capture all )/ in regexp';
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        return '';
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# implement of special variable $`
sub mb::_PREMATCH {
    if (defined($&)) {
        if ($mb::last_s_passed) {
            return $1;
        }
        else {
            if (defined($1) and (CORE::substr($&,-CORE::length($1)) eq $1)) {
                return CORE::substr($&, 0, -CORE::length($1));
            }
            else {
                confess 'Use of "$`", $PREMATCH, and ${^PREMATCH} need to /( capture all )/ in regexp';
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        return '';
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# flag off if last m// was pass
sub mb::_m_passed {
    $mb::last_s_passed = 0;
    return '';
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# flag on if last s/// was pass
sub mb::_s_passed {
    $mb::last_s_passed = 1;
    return '';
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# ignore case of m//i, qr//i, s///i
sub mb::_ignorecase {
    local($_) = @_;
    my $regexp = '';

    # parse into elements
    while (/\G (
        \(\? \^? [a-z]*        [:\)]          | # cloister (?^x) (?^x: ...
        \(\? \^? [a-z]*-[a-z]+ [:\)]          | # cloister (?^x-y) (?^x-y: ...
        \[ ((?: \\${mb::x} | ${mb::x} )+?) \] |
        \\x\{ [0-9A-Fa-f]{2} \}               |
        \\o\{ [0-7]{3}       \}               |
        \\x   [0-9A-Fa-f]{2}                  |
        \\    [0-7]{3}                        |
        \\@{mb::_dot}                         |
        @{mb::_dot}
    ) /xmsgc) {
        my($element, $classmate) = ($1, $2);

        # in codepoint class
        if (defined $classmate) {
            $regexp .= '[';
            while ($classmate =~ /\G (
                \\x\{ [0-9A-Fa-f]{2} \} |
                \\o\{ [0-7]{3}       \} |
                \\x   [0-9A-Fa-f]{2}    |
                \\    [0-7]{3}          |
                \\@{mb::_dot}           |
                @{mb::_dot}
            ) /xmsgc) {
                my $element = $1;
                $regexp .= {qw(
                    A Aa a Aa
                    B Bb b Bb
                    C Cc c Cc
                    D Dd d Dd
                    E Ee e Ee
                    F Ff f Ff
                    G Gg g Gg
                    H Hh h Hh
                    I Ii i Ii
                    J Jj j Jj
                    K Kk k Kk
                    L Ll l Ll
                    M Mm m Mm
                    N Nn n Nn
                    O Oo o Oo
                    P Pp p Pp
                    Q Qq q Qq
                    R Rr r Rr
                    S Ss s Ss
                    T Tt t Tt
                    U Uu u Uu
                    V Vv v Vv
                    W Ww w Ww
                    X Xx x Xx
                    Y Yy y Yy
                    Z Zz z Zz
                )}->{$element} || $element;
            }
            $regexp .= ']';
        }

        # out of codepoint class
        else {
            $regexp .= {qw(
                A [Aa] a [Aa]
                B [Bb] b [Bb]
                C [Cc] c [Cc]
                D [Dd] d [Dd]
                E [Ee] e [Ee]
                F [Ff] f [Ff]
                G [Gg] g [Gg]
                H [Hh] h [Hh]
                I [Ii] i [Ii]
                J [Jj] j [Jj]
                K [Kk] k [Kk]
                L [Ll] l [Ll]
                M [Mm] m [Mm]
                N [Nn] n [Nn]
                O [Oo] o [Oo]
                P [Pp] p [Pp]
                Q [Qq] q [Qq]
                R [Rr] r [Rr]
                S [Ss] s [Ss]
                T [Tt] t [Tt]
                U [Uu] u [Uu]
                V [Vv] v [Vv]
                W [Ww] w [Ww]
                X [Xx] x [Xx]
                Y [Yy] y [Yy]
                Z [Zz] z [Zz]
            )}->{$element} || $element;
        }
    }
    return qr{$regexp};
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# custom codepoint class in qq-like regular expression
sub mb::_cc {
    my($classmate) = @_;
    if ($classmate =~ s{\A \^ }{}xms) {
        return '(?:(?!' . parse_re_codepoint_class($classmate) . ")${mb::x})";
    }
    else {
        return '(?:(?=' . parse_re_codepoint_class($classmate) . ")${mb::x})";
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# makes clustered code point from string
sub mb::_clustered_codepoint {
    if (my @codepoint = $_[0] =~ /\G(${mb::x})/xmsgc) {
        if (CORE::length($codepoint[$#codepoint]) == 1) {
            return $_[0];
        }
        else {
            return join '', @codepoint[ 0 .. $#codepoint-1 ], "(?:$codepoint[$#codepoint])";
        }
    }
    else {
        return '';
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# open for append by undefined filehandle
sub mb::_open_a {
    $_[0] = Symbol::gensym();
    return open($_[0], ">>$_[1]");
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# open for read by undefined filehandle
sub mb::_open_r {
    $_[0] = Symbol::gensym();
    return open($_[0], $_[1]);
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# open for write by undefined filehandle
sub mb::_open_w {
    $_[0] = Symbol::gensym();
    return open($_[0], $_[1]);
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# split() for MBCS encoding
# sub mb::_split (;$$$) {
sub mb::_split {
    my $pattern = defined($_[0]) ? $_[0] : ' ';
    my $string  = defined($_[1]) ? $_[1] : $_;
    my @split = ();

    # split's first argument is more consistently interpreted
    #
    # After some changes earlier in v5.17, split's behavior has been simplified:
    # if the PATTERN argument evaluates to a string containing one space, it is
    # treated the way that a literal string containing one space once was.
    # http://search.cpan.org/dist/perl-5.18.0/pod/perldelta.pod#split's_first_argument_is_more_consistently_interpreted
    # if $pattern is also omitted or is the literal space, " ", the function splits
    # on whitespace, /\s+/, after skipping any leading whitespace

    if ($pattern eq ' ') {
        $pattern = qr/\s+/;
        $string =~ s{\A \s+ }{}xms;
    }

    # count '(' in pattern
    my @parsed = ();
    my $modifier = '';
    if ((($modifier) = $pattern =~ /\A \(\?\^? (.+?) [\)\-\:] /xms) and ($modifier =~ /x/xms)) {
        @parsed = $pattern =~ m{ \G (
            \\ ${mb::x}              |
            \# .*? $                 | # comment on /x modifier
            \(\?\# (?:${mb::x})*? \) |
            \[ (?:${mb::x})+? \]     |
            \(\?                     |
            \(\+                     |
            \(\*                     |
            ${mb::x}                 |
            [\x00-\xFF]
        ) }xgc;
    }
    else {
        @parsed = $pattern =~ m{ \G (
            \\ ${mb::x}              |
            \(\?\# (?:${mb::x})*? \) |
            \[ (?:${mb::x})+? \]     |
            \(\?                     |
            \(\+                     |
            \(\*                     |
            ${mb::x}                 |
            [\x00-\xFF]
        ) }xgc;
    }
    my $last_match_no =
        1 +                                 # first '(' is for substring
        scalar(grep { $_ eq '(' } @parsed); # other '(' are for pattern of split()

    # Repeated Patterns Matching a Zero-length Substring
    # https://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html#Repeated-Patterns-Matching-a-Zero-length-Substring
    my $substring_quantifier = ('' =~ / \A $pattern \z /xms) ? '+?' : '*?';

    # if $_[2] specified and positive
    if (defined($_[2]) and ($_[2] >= 1)) {
        my $limit = $_[2];

        CORE::eval q{ no warnings }; # avoid: Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (nnnnn) exceeded at ...

        # gets substrings by repeat chopping by pattern
        while ((--$limit > 0) and ($string =~ s<\A((?:${mb::x})$substring_quantifier)$pattern><>)) {
            for (my $n_th=1; $n_th <= $last_match_no; $n_th++) {
                push @split, CORE::eval('$'.$n_th);
            }
        }
    }

    # if $_[2] is omitted or zero or negative
    else {
        CORE::eval q{ no warnings }; # avoid: Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (nnnnn) exceeded at ...

        # gets substrings by repeat chopping by pattern
        while ($string =~ s<\A((?:${mb::x})$substring_quantifier)$pattern><>) {
            for (my $n_th=1; $n_th <= $last_match_no; $n_th++) {
                push @split, CORE::eval('$'.$n_th);
            }
        }
    }

    # get last substring
    if (CORE::length($string) > 0) {
        push @split, $string;
    }
    elsif (defined($_[2]) and ($_[2] >= 1)) {
        if (scalar(@split) < $_[2]) {
            push @split, ('') x ($_[2] - scalar(@split));
        }
    }

    # if $_[2] is omitted or zero, trailing null fields are stripped from the result
    if ((not defined $_[2]) or ($_[2] == 0)) {
        while ((scalar(@split) >= 1) and ($split[-1] eq '')) {
            pop @split;
        }
    }

    # old days, split had write its result to @_ on scalar context,
    # but this usage is no longer supported

    if (wantarray) {
        return @split;
    }
    else {
        return scalar @split;
    }
}

######################################################################
# runtime routines for MSWin32 (used automatically)
######################################################################

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -B for MSWin32
sub mb::_B (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -B (mb::_B)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-B _,@_) : -B _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-B $fh,@_) : -B $fh;
    }
    elsif (-B $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-B qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -C for MSWin32
sub mb::_C (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -C (mb::_C)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-C _,@_) : -C _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-C $fh,@_) : -C $fh;
    }
    elsif (-e $_) {
        return wantarray ? (-C $_,@_) : -C $_;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-e qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (-C qq{$_.},@_) : -C qq{$_.};
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -M for MSWin32
sub mb::_M (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -M (mb::_M)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-M _,@_) : -M _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-M $fh,@_) : -M $fh;
    }
    elsif (-e $_) {
        return wantarray ? (-M $_,@_) : -M $_;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-e qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (-M qq{$_.},@_) : -M qq{$_.};
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -T for MSWin32
sub mb::_T (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -T (mb::_T)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-T _,@_) : -T _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-T $fh,@_) : -T $fh;
    }
    elsif (-T $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-T qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# chdir() for MSWin32
sub mb::_chdir {

    # works on MSWin32 only
    if (($OSNAME !~ /MSWin32/) or ($script_encoding !~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        return CORE::chdir $_[0];
    }

    if (@_ == 0) {
        return CORE::chdir;
    }
    elsif (($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis ) \z/xms) and ($_[0] =~ /\A ${mb::x}* [\x81-\x9F\xE0-\xFC][\x5C] \z/xms)) {
        if (defined wantarray) {
            return 0;
        }
        else {
            confess "mb::_chdir: Can't chdir '$_[0]'\n";
        }
    }
    elsif (($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms) and ($_[0] =~ /\A ${mb::x}* [\x81-\xFE][\x5C] \z/xms)) {
        if (defined wantarray) {
            return 0;
        }
        else {
            confess "mb::_chdir: Can't chdir '$_[0]'\n";
        }
    }
    else {
        return CORE::chdir $_[0];
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -d for MSWin32
sub mb::_d (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -d (mb::_d)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-d _,@_) : -d _;
    }
    elsif (-d $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-d qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -e for MSWin32
sub mb::_e (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -e (mb::_e)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-e _,@_) : -e _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-e $fh,@_) : -e $fh;
    }
    elsif (-e $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-e qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -f for MSWin32
sub mb::_f (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -f (mb::_f)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-f _,@_) : -f _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-f $fh,@_) : -f $fh;
    }
    elsif (-f $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-f qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# lstat() for MSWin32
sub mb::_lstat (;*) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        confess qq{lstat doesn't support '_'\n};
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return CORE::stat $fh; # not CORE::lstat
    }
    elsif (-e $_) {
        return CORE::stat _; # not CORE::lstat
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-e qq{$_.}) {
            return CORE::stat _; # not CORE::lstat
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? () : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# opendir() for MSWin32
sub mb::_opendir (*$) {
    my $dh;
    if (defined $_[0]) {
        $dh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref($_[0], caller());
    }
    else {
        $dh = $_[0] = \do { local *_ };
    }

    # works on MSWin32 only
    if (($OSNAME !~ /MSWin32/) or ($script_encoding !~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        return CORE::opendir $dh, $_[1];
    }
    elsif (-d $_[1]) {
        return CORE::opendir $dh, $_[1];
    }
    elsif (-d qq{$_[1].}) {
        return CORE::opendir $dh, qq{$_[1].};
    }
    return undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -r for MSWin32
sub mb::_r (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -r (mb::_r)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-r _,@_) : -r _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-r $fh,@_) : -r $fh;
    }
    elsif (-r $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-r qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -s for MSWin32
sub mb::_s (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -s (mb::_s)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-s _,@_) : -s _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-s $fh,@_) : -s $fh;
    }
    elsif (-e $_) {
        return wantarray ? (-s $_,@_) : -s $_;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-e qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (-s qq{$_.},@_) : -s qq{$_.};
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# stat() for MSWin32
sub mb::_stat (;*) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        if (-e _) {
            return CORE::stat _;
        }
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return CORE::stat $fh;
    }
    elsif (-e $_) {
        return CORE::stat _;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-e qq{$_.}) {
            return CORE::stat _;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? () : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# unlink() for MSWin32
sub mb::_unlink {

    # works on MSWin32 only
    if (($OSNAME !~ /MSWin32/) or ($script_encoding !~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        return CORE::unlink(@_ ? @_ : $_);
    }

    my $unlink = 0;
    for (@_ ? @_ : $_) {
        if (CORE::unlink) {
            $unlink++;
        }
        elsif (CORE::unlink qq{$_.}) {
            $unlink++;
        }
    }
    return $unlink;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -w for MSWin32
sub mb::_w (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -w (mb::_w)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-w _,@_) : -w _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-w $fh,@_) : -w $fh;
    }
    elsif (-w $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-w qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -x for MSWin32
sub mb::_x (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -x (mb::_x)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-x _,@_) : -x _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-x $fh,@_) : -x $fh;
    }
    elsif (-x $_) {
        return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-x qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (1,@_) : 1;
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# filetest -z for MSWin32
sub mb::_z (;*@) {
    local $_ = shift if @_;
    confess 'Too many arguments for -z (mb::_z)' if @_ and not wantarray;
    if ($_ eq '_') {
        return wantarray ? (-z _,@_) : -z _;
    }
    elsif (defined fileno(my $fh = Symbol::qualify_to_ref $_)) {
        return wantarray ? (-z $fh,@_) : -z $fh;
    }
    elsif (-e $_) {
        return wantarray ? (-z $_,@_) : -z $_;
    }
    elsif (($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) and ($script_encoding =~ /\A (?: sjis | gbk | uhc | big5 | big5hkscs | gb18030 ) \z/xms)) {
        if (-e qq{$_.}) {
            return wantarray ? (-z qq{$_.},@_) : -z qq{$_.};
        }
    }
    return wantarray ? (undef,@_) : undef;
}

######################################################################
# source code filter
######################################################################

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# detect system encoding any of big5, big5hkscs, eucjp, gb18030, gbk, sjis, uhc, utf8
sub detect_system_encoding {

    # running on Microsoft Windows
    if ($OSNAME =~ /MSWin32/) {
        if (my($codepage) = qx{chcp} =~ m/[^0123456789](932|936|949|950|951|20932|54936)\Z/) {
            return {qw(
                932   sjis
                936   gbk
                949   uhc
                950   big5
                951   big5hkscs
                20932 eucjp
                54936 gb18030
            )}->{$codepage};
        }
        else {
            return 'utf8';
        }
    }

    # running on Oracle Solaris
    elsif ($OSNAME =~ /solaris/) {
        my $LANG =
            defined($ENV{'LC_ALL'})   ? $ENV{'LC_ALL'}   :
            defined($ENV{'LC_CTYPE'}) ? $ENV{'LC_CTYPE'} :
            defined($ENV{'LANG'})     ? $ENV{'LANG'}     :
            '';
        return {qw(
            ja_JP.PCK     sjis
            ja            eucjp
            japanese      eucjp
            ja_JP.eucJP   eucjp
            zh            gbk
            zh.GBK        gbk
            zh_CN.GBK     gbk
            zh_CN.EUC     gbk
            zh_CN.GB18030 gb18030
            ko            uhc
            ko_KR.EUC     uhc
            zh_TW.BIG5    big5
            zh_HK.BIG5HK  big5hkscs
        )}->{$LANG} || 'utf8';
    }

    # running on HP HP-UX
    elsif ($OSNAME =~ /hpux/) {
        my $LANG =
            defined($ENV{'LC_ALL'})   ? $ENV{'LC_ALL'}   :
            defined($ENV{'LC_CTYPE'}) ? $ENV{'LC_CTYPE'} :
            defined($ENV{'LANG'})     ? $ENV{'LANG'}     :
            '';
        return {qw(
            japanese      sjis
            ja_JP.SJIS    sjis
            japanese.euc  eucjp
            ja_JP.eucJP   eucjp
            zh_CN.hp15CN  gbk
            zh_CN.gb18030 gb18030
            ko_KR.eucKR   uhc
            zh_TW.big5    big5
            zh_HK.big5    big5hkscs
            zh_HK.hkbig5  big5hkscs
        )}->{$LANG} || 'utf8';
    }

    # running on IBM AIX
    elsif ($OSNAME =~ /aix/) {
        my $LANG =
            defined($ENV{'LC_ALL'})   ? $ENV{'LC_ALL'}   :
            defined($ENV{'LC_CTYPE'}) ? $ENV{'LC_CTYPE'} :
            defined($ENV{'LANG'})     ? $ENV{'LANG'}     :
            '';
        return {qw(
            Ja_JP            sjis
            Ja_JP.IBM-943    sjis
            ja_JP            eucjp
            ja_JP.IBM-eucJP  eucjp
            zh_CN            gbk
            zh_CN.IBM-eucCN  gbk
            Zh_CN            gb18030
            Zh_CN.GB18030    gb18030
            ko_KR            uhc
            ko_KR.IBM-eucKR  uhc
            Zh_TW            big5
            Zh_TW.big-5      big5
            Zh_HK            big5hkscs
            Zh_HK.BIG5-HKSCS big5hkscs
        )}->{$LANG} || 'utf8';
    }

    # running on Other Systems
    else {
        my $LANG =
            defined($ENV{'LC_ALL'})   ? $ENV{'LC_ALL'}   :
            defined($ENV{'LC_CTYPE'}) ? $ENV{'LC_CTYPE'} :
            defined($ENV{'LANG'})     ? $ENV{'LANG'}     :
            '';
        return {qw(
            japanese      sjis
            ja_JP.SJIS    sjis
            ja_JP.mscode  sjis
            ja            eucjp
            japan         eucjp
            japanese.euc  eucjp
            Japanese-EUC  eucjp
            ja_JP         eucjp
            ja_JP.ujis    eucjp
            ja_JP.eucJP   eucjp
            ja_JP.AJEC    eucjp
            ja_JP.EUC     eucjp
            Jp_JP         eucjp
            zh_CN.EUC     gbk
            zh_CN.GB2312  gbk
            zh_CN.hp15CN  gbk
            zh_CN.gb18030 gb18030
            ko_KR.eucKR   uhc
            zh_TW.Big5    big5
            zh_TW.big5    big5
            zh_HK.big5    big5hkscs
        )}->{$LANG} || 'utf8';
    }
}

my $term = 0;
my @here_document_delimiter = ();

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse script
sub parse {
    local $_ = shift if @_;

    $term = 0;
    @here_document_delimiter = ();

    # transpile JPerl script to Perl script
    my $parsed_script = '';
    while (not /\G \z /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_script .= parse_expr();
    }

    # return octet-oriented Perl script
    return $parsed_script;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse expression in script
sub parse_expr {
    my $parsed = '';
    my $R = '(?>\\r\\n|\\r|\\n)';

    # __END__ or __DATA__
    if (/\G ^ ( (?: __END__ | __DATA__ ) $R .* ) \z/xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
    }

    # =pod ... =cut
    elsif (/\G ^ ( = [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]* [\x00-\xFF]*? $R =cut \b [^\n]* $R ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
    }

    # \r\n, \r, \n
    elsif (/\G ( $R ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        while (my $here_document_delimiter = shift @here_document_delimiter) {
            my($delimiter, $quote_type) = @{$here_document_delimiter};
            if ($quote_type eq 'qq') {
                $parsed .= parse_heredocument_as_qq_endswith($delimiter);
            }
            elsif ($quote_type eq 'q') {

                # perlop > Quote-Like Operators > < Single Quotes
                #
                # Single quotes indicate the text is to be treated literally
                # with no interpolation of its content. This is similar to
                # single quoted strings except that backslashes have no special
                # meaning, with \\ being treated as two backslashes and not
                # one as they would in every other quoting construct.
                # https://perldoc.perl.org/perlop.html#Quote-Like-Operators

                $parsed .= parse_heredocument_as_q_endswith($delimiter);
            }
            else {
                die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] here document delimiter '$delimiter' not found.\n";
            }
        }
    }

    # \t
    # "\x20" [ ] SPACE (U+0020)
    elsif (/\G ( [\t ]+ ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
    }

    # "\x3B" [;] SEMICOLON (U+003B)
    elsif (/\G ( ; ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # balanced bracket
    # "\x28" [(] LEFT PARENTHESIS (U+0028)
    # "\x7B" [{] LEFT CURLY BRACKET (U+007B)
    # "\x5B" [[] LEFT SQUARE BRACKET (U+005B)
    elsif (/\G ( [(\{\[] ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= parse_expr_balanced($1);
        $term = 1;
    }

    # number
    # "\x30" [0] DIGIT ZERO (U+0030)
    # "\x31" [1] DIGIT ONE (U+0031)
    # "\x32" [2] DIGIT TWO (U+0032)
    # "\x33" [3] DIGIT THREE (U+0033)
    # "\x34" [4] DIGIT FOUR (U+0034)
    # "\x35" [5] DIGIT FIVE (U+0035)
    # "\x36" [6] DIGIT SIX (U+0036)
    # "\x37" [7] DIGIT SEVEN (U+0037)
    # "\x38" [8] DIGIT EIGHT (U+0038)
    # "\x39" [9] DIGIT NINE (U+0039)
    elsif (/\G (
        0x    [0-9A-Fa-f_]+ |
        0b    [01_]+        |
        0     [0-7_]*       |
        [1-9] [0-9_]* (?: \.[0-9_]* )? (?: [Ee] [0-9_]+ )?
    ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # any term then operator
    # "\x25" [%] PERCENT SIGN (U+0025)
    # "\x26" [&] AMPERSAND (U+0026)
    # "\x2A" [*] ASTERISK (U+002A)
    # "\x2E" [.] FULL STOP (U+002E)
    # "\x2F" [/] SOLIDUS (U+002F)
    # "\x3C" [<] LESS-THAN SIGN (U+003C)
    # "\x3F" [?] QUESTION MARK (U+003F)
    elsif ($term and /\G ( %= | % | &&= | && | &\.= | &\. | &= | & | \*\*= | \*\* | \*= | \* | \.\.\. | \.\. | \.= | \. | \/\/= | \/\/ | \/= | \/ | <=> | << | <= | < | \? ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # unimplemented file test operator on MSWin32
    # "\x2D" [-] HYPHEN-MINUS (U+002D)
    elsif (/\G ( -[ASORWXbcgkloptu] ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # implemented file test operator on MSWin32
    # implements run on any systems by transpiling once
    elsif (/\G -([BCMTdefrswxz]) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "mb::_$1";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # yada-yada or triple-dot operator
    elsif (/\G ( \.\.\. ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # any operator
    # "\x21" [!] EXCLAMATION MARK (U+0021)
    # "\x2B" [+] PLUS SIGN (U+002B)
    # "\x2C" [,] COMMA (U+002C)
    # "\x3D" [=] EQUALS SIGN (U+003D)
    # "\x3E" [>] GREATER-THAN SIGN (U+003E)
    # "\x5C" [\] REVERSE SOLIDUS (U+005C)
    # "\x5E" [^] CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (U+005E)
    # "\x7C" [|] VERTICAL LINE (U+007C)
    # "\x7E" [~] TILDE (U+007E)
    elsif (/\G ( != | !~ | ! | \+\+ | \+= | \+ | , | -- | -= | -> | - | == | => | =~ | = | >> | >= | > | \\ | \^\.= | \^\. | \^= | \^ | (?: and | cmp | eq | ge | gt | isa | le | lt | ne | not | or | x | x= | xor ) \b | \|\|= | \|\| | \|\.= | \|\. | \|= | \| | ~~ | ~\. | ~= | ~ ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # $`           --> mb::_PREMATCH()
    # ${`}         --> mb::_PREMATCH()
    # $PREMATCH    --> mb::_PREMATCH()
    # ${PREMATCH}  --> mb::_PREMATCH()
    # ${^PREMATCH} --> mb::_PREMATCH()
    elsif (/\G (?: \$` | \$\{`\} | \$PREMATCH | \$\{PREMATCH\} | \$\{\^PREMATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= 'mb::_PREMATCH()';
        $term = 1;
    }

    # $&        --> mb::_MATCH()
    # ${&}      --> mb::_MATCH()
    # $MATCH    --> mb::_MATCH()
    # ${MATCH}  --> mb::_MATCH()
    # ${^MATCH} --> mb::_MATCH()
    elsif (/\G (?: \$& | \$\{&\} | \$MATCH | \$\{MATCH\} | \$\{\^MATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= 'mb::_MATCH()';
        $term = 1;
    }

    # $1 --> mb::_CAPTURE(1)
    # $2 --> mb::_CAPTURE(2)
    # $3 --> mb::_CAPTURE(3)
    elsif (/\G \$ ([1-9][0-9]*) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "mb::_CAPTURE($1)";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # @{^CAPTURE} --> mb::_CAPTURE()
    elsif (/\G \@\{\^CAPTURE\} /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= 'mb::_CAPTURE()';
        $term = 1;
    }

    # ${^CAPTURE}[0] --> mb::_CAPTURE(1)
    # ${^CAPTURE}[1] --> mb::_CAPTURE(2)
    # ${^CAPTURE}[2] --> mb::_CAPTURE(3)
    elsif (/\G \$\{\^CAPTURE\} \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
        $parsed .= "mb::_CAPTURE($n_th+1)";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # @-                   --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()
    # @LAST_MATCH_START    --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()
    # @{LAST_MATCH_START}  --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()
    # @{^LAST_MATCH_START} --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()
    elsif (/\G (?: \@- | \@LAST_MATCH_START | \@\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= 'mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()';
        $term = 1;
    }

    # $-[1]                   --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)
    # $LAST_MATCH_START[1]    --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)
    # ${LAST_MATCH_START}[1]  --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)
    # ${^LAST_MATCH_START}[1] --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)
    elsif (/\G (?: \$- | \$LAST_MATCH_START | \$\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
        $parsed .= "mb::_LAST_MATCH_START($n_th)";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # @+                 --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()
    # @LAST_MATCH_END    --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()
    # @{LAST_MATCH_END}  --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()
    # @{^LAST_MATCH_END} --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()
    elsif (/\G (?: \@\+ | \@LAST_MATCH_END | \@\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= 'mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()';
        $term = 1;
    }

    # $+[1]                 --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)
    # $LAST_MATCH_END[1]    --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)
    # ${LAST_MATCH_END}[1]  --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)
    # ${^LAST_MATCH_END}[1] --> mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)
    elsif (/\G (?: \$\+ | \$LAST_MATCH_END | \$\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
        $parsed .= "mb::_LAST_MATCH_END($n_th)";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # mb::do { block }   --> do { block }
    # mb::eval { block } --> eval { block }
    # do { block }       --> do { block }
    # eval { block }     --> eval { block }
    elsif (/\G (?: mb:: )? ( (?: do | eval ) \s* ) ( \{ ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $parsed .= parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $term = 1;
    }

    # $#{}, ${}, @{}, %{}, &{}, *{}, do {}, eval {}, sub {}
    # "\x24" [$] DOLLAR SIGN (U+0024)
    elsif (/\G ((?: \$[#] | [\$\@%&*] | (?:CORE::)? do | (?:CORE::)? eval | sub ) \s* ) ( \{ ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $parsed .= parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $term = 1;
    }

    # mb::do   --> mb::do
    # mb::eval --> mb::eval
    # do       --> mb::do
    # eval     --> mb::eval
    elsif (/\G (?: mb:: )? ( do | eval ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "mb::$1";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # CORE::do   --> CORE::do
    # CORE::eval --> CORE::eval
    elsif (/\G ( CORE:: (?: do | eval ) ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # last index of array
    elsif (/\G ( [\$] [#] (?: [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)* ) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # scalar variable
    elsif (/\G (     [\$] [\$]* (?: [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)* | ^\{[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*\} | [0-9]+ | [!"#\$%&'()+,\-.\/:;<=>?\@\[\\\]\^_`|~] ) (?: \s* (?: \+\+ | -- ) )? ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # array variable
    # "\x40" [@] COMMERCIAL AT (U+0040)
    elsif (/\G (   [\@\$] [\$]* (?: [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)* | [_] ) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # hash variable
    elsif (/\G ( [\%\@\$] [\$]* (?: [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)* | [!+\-] ) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # user subroutine call
    # type glob
    elsif (/\G (     [&*] [\$]* (?: [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)* ) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # comment
    # "\x23" [#] NUMBER SIGN (U+0023)
    elsif (/\G ( [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
    }

    # 2-quotes

    # '...'
    # "\x27" ['] APOSTROPHE (U+0027)
    elsif (m{\G ( ' )    }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }

    # "...", `...`
    # "\x22" ["] QUOTATION MARK (U+0022)
    # "\x60" [`] GRAVE ACCENT (U+0060)
    elsif (m{\G ( ["`] ) }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }

    # /.../
    elsif (m{\G ( [/] )  }xmsgc) {
        my $regexp = parse_re_endswith('m',$1);
        my($modifier_i, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr) = parse_re_modifier();
        if ($modifier_i) {
            $parsed .= sprintf('m{\\G${mb::_anchor}@{[mb::_ignorecase(qr%s%s)]}@{[mb::_m_passed()]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= sprintf('m{\\G${mb::_anchor}@{[' .            'qr%s%s ]}@{[mb::_m_passed()]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        $term = 1;
    }

    # ?...?
    elsif (m{\G ( [?] )  }xmsgc) {
        my $regexp = parse_re_endswith('m',$1);
        my($modifier_i, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr) = parse_re_modifier();
        if ($modifier_i) {
            $parsed .= sprintf('m{\\G${mb::_anchor}@{[mb::_ignorecase(qr%s%s)]}@{[mb::_m_passed()]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= sprintf('m{\\G${mb::_anchor}@{[' .            'qr%s%s ]}@{[mb::_m_passed()]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        $term = 1;
    }

    # <<>> double-diamond operator
    elsif (/\G ( <<>> ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    #  diamond operator
    # <${file}>
    # <$file>
    #
    elsif (/\G (<) ((?:(?!\s)${mb::x})*?) (>) /xmsgc) {
        my($open_bracket, $quotee, $close_bracket) = ($1, $2, $3);
        $parsed .= $open_bracket;
        while ($quotee =~ /\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= escape_qq($1, $close_bracket);
        }
        $parsed .= $close_bracket;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # qw/.../, q/.../
    elsif (/\G ( qw | q ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_balanced($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1;
            while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_balanced($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
    }

    # qq/.../
    elsif (/\G ( qq ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; } # qq'...' works as "..."
        elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_balanced($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1;
            while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; } # qq'...' works as "..."
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_balanced($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
    }

    # qx/.../
    elsif (/\G ( qx ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_balanced($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
        elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1;
            while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_balanced($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $parsed .= parse_qq_like_endswith($1); $term = 1; }
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
    }

    # m/.../, qr/.../
    elsif (/\G ( m | qr ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        my $regexp = '';
        if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      }       # qr#...#
        elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_as_q_endswith('m',$1); }       # qr'...'
        elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_balanced('m',$1);      }       # qr{...}
        elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      }       # qr/.../
        elsif (/\G ( [:\@] )      /xmsgc) { $regexp .= '`' . quotee_of(parse_re_endswith('m',$1)) . '`'; } # qr@...@
        elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      }       # qr?...?
        elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; $regexp .= $1;                      # qr SPACE ...
            while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      } # qr SPACE A...A
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_as_q_endswith('m',$1); } # qr SPACE '...'
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_balanced('m',$1);      } # qr SPACE {...}
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      } # qr SPACE /.../
            elsif (/\G ( [:\@] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp .= '`' . quotee_of(parse_re_endswith('m',$1)) . '`'; } # qr SPACE @...@
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      } # qr SPACE ?...?
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }

        # /i modifier
        my($modifier_i, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr) = parse_re_modifier();
        if ($modifier_i) {
            $parsed .= sprintf('{\\G${mb::_anchor}@{[mb::_ignorecase(qr%s%s)]}@{[mb::_m_passed()]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= sprintf('{\\G${mb::_anchor}@{[' .            'qr%s%s ]}@{[mb::_m_passed()]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        $term = 1;
    }

    # 3-quotes

    # s/.../.../
    elsif (/\G ( s ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        my $regexp = '';
        my $comment = '';
        my @replacement = ();
        if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('s',$1);      @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }       # s#...#...#
        elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_as_q_endswith('s',$1); @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }       # s'...'...'
        elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_balanced('s',$1);                                                         # s{...}...
            if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                              # s{}#...#
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                              # s{}'...'
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_balanced($1); }                                              # s{}{...}
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                              # s{}/.../
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                              # s{}?...?
            elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $comment .= $1;                                                                           # s{} SPACE ...
                while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                    $comment .= $1;
                }
                if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                        # s{} SPACE A...A
                elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                        # s{} SPACE '...'
                elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_balanced($1); }                                        # s{} SPACE {...}
                elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                        # s{} SPACE /.../
                elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                        # s{} SPACE ?...?
                else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
            }
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('s',$1); @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }            # s/.../.../
        elsif (/\G ( [:\@] )      /xmsgc) { $regexp .= '`' . quotee_of(parse_re_endswith('s',$1)) . '`';
                                                                                  @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }            # s@...@...@
        elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('s',$1); @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }            # s?...?...?
        elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; $regexp .= $1;                                                                 # s SPACE ...
            while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('s',$1);      @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); } # s SPACE A...A...A
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_as_q_endswith('s',$1); @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); } # s SPACE '...'...'
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_balanced('s',$1);                                                   # s SPACE {...}...
                if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                          # s SPACE {}#...#
                elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                          # s SPACE {}'...'
                elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_balanced($1); }                                          # s SPACE {}{...}
                elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                          # s SPACE {}/.../
                elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                          # s SPACE {}?...?
                elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $comment .= $1;                                                                       # s SPACE {} SPACE ...
                    while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                        $comment .= $1;
                    }
                    if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                    # s SPACE {} SPACE A...A
                    elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                    # s SPACE {} SPACE '...'
                    elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_balanced($1); }                                    # s SPACE {} SPACE {...}
                    elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                    # s SPACE {} SPACE /.../
                    elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }                                    # s SPACE {} SPACE ?...?
                    else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
                }
                else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
            }
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('s',$1); @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }      # s SPACE /.../.../
            elsif (/\G ( [:\@] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp .= '`' . quotee_of(parse_re_endswith('s',$1)) . '`';
                                                                                        @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }      # s SPACE @...@...@
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('s',$1); @replacement = parse_qq_like_endswith($1); }      # s SPACE ?...?...?
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }

        my($modifier_i, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr) = parse_re_modifier();
        my $replacement = '';
        my $eval = '';

        # has /e modifier
        if (my $e = $modifier_cegr =~ tr/e//d) {
            $replacement = 'q'. $replacement[1]; # q-type quotee
            $eval = 'mb::eval ' x $e;
        }

        # s''q-quotee'
        elsif ($replacement[0] =~ /\A ' /xms) {
            $replacement = $replacement[1]; # q-type quotee
        }

        # s##qq-quotee#
        elsif ($replacement[0] =~ /\A [#] /xms) {
            $replacement = 'qq' . $replacement[0]; # qq-type quotee
        }

        # s//qq-quotee/
        else {
            $replacement = 'qq ' . $replacement[0]; # qq-type quotee
        }

        # /i modifier
        if ($modifier_i) {
            $parsed .= sprintf('{(\\G${mb::_anchor})@{[mb::_ignorecase(qr%s%s)]}@{[mb::_s_passed()]}}%s{$1 . %s%s}e%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $comment, $eval, $replacement, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= sprintf('{(\\G${mb::_anchor})@{[' .            'qr%s%s ]}@{[mb::_s_passed()]}}%s{$1 . %s%s}e%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $comment, $eval, $replacement, $modifier_cegr);
        }
        $term = 1;
    }

    # tr/.../.../, y/.../.../
    elsif (/\G (?: tr | y ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= 's'; # not 'tr'
        my $search = '';
        my $comment = '';
        my $replacement = '';
        if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }       # tr#...#...#
        elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }       # tr'...'...'
        elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_balanced($1);                                                     # tr{...}...
            if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                          # tr{}#...#
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                          # tr{}'...'
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_balanced($1); }                                          # tr{}{...}
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                          # tr{}/.../
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                          # tr{}?...?
            elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $comment .= $1;                                                                        # tr{} SPACE ...
                while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                    $comment .= $1;
                }
                if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                    # tr{} SPACE A...A
                elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                    # tr{} SPACE '...'
                elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_balanced($1); }                                    # tr{} SPACE {...}
                elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                    # tr{} SPACE /.../
                elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                    # tr{} SPACE ?...?
                else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
            }
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }       # tr/.../.../
        elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }       # tr?...?...?
        elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1;                                                                             # tr SPACE ...
            while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); } # tr SPACE A...A...A
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); } # tr SPACE '...'...'
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_balanced($1);                                               # tr SPACE {...}...
                if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                      # tr SPACE {}#...#
                elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                      # tr SPACE {}'...'
                elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_balanced($1); }                                      # tr SPACE {}{...}
                elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                      # tr SPACE {}/.../
                elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                      # tr SPACE {}?...?
                elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $comment .= $1;                                                                    # tr SPACE {} SPACE ...
                    while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                        $comment .= $1;
                    }
                    if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                # tr SPACE {} SPACE A...A
                    elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                # tr SPACE {} SPACE '...'
                    elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_balanced($1); }                                # tr SPACE {} SPACE {...}
                    elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                # tr SPACE {} SPACE /.../
                    elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); }                                # tr SPACE {} SPACE ?...?
                    else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
                }
                else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
            }
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); } # tr SPACE /.../.../
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $search .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); $replacement .= parse_q__like_endswith($1); } # tr SPACE ?...?...?
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
        }
        else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }

        # modifier
        my($modifier_not_r, $modifier_r) = parse_tr_modifier();
        if ($modifier_r) {
            $parsed .= sprintf(q<{[\x00-\xFF]*> .         q<}%s{mb::tr($&,q%s,q%s,'%sr')}er>,                                          $comment, $search, $replacement, $modifier_not_r);
        }
        elsif ($modifier_not_r =~ /s/) {
            # these implementations cannot return right number of codepoints replaced. if you want number, you can use mb::tr().
            $parsed .= sprintf(q<{[\x00-\xFF]*> .         q<}%s{mb::tr($&,q%s,q%s,'%sr')}e>,                                           $comment, $search, $replacement, $modifier_not_r);
#           $parsed .= sprintf(q<{(\\G${mb::_anchor})(%s+)}%s{$1.mb::tr($2,q%s,q%s,'%sr')}eg>, codepoint_tr($search, $modifier_not_r), $comment, $search, $replacement, $modifier_not_r);
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= sprintf(q<{(\\G${mb::_anchor})(%s)}%s{$1.mb::tr($2,q%s,q%s,'%sr')}eg>, codepoint_tr($search, $modifier_not_r),  $comment, $search, $replacement, $modifier_not_r);
        }
        $term = 1;
    }

    # indented here document
    elsif (/\G ( <<~         ([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)  ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, ["[\\t ]*$2$R", 'qq']; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<~       \\([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)  ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, ["[\\t ]*$2$R", 'q' ]; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<~ [\t ]* '([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)' ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, ["[\\t ]*$2$R", 'q' ]; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<~ [\t ]* "([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)" ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, ["[\\t ]*$2$R", 'qq']; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<~ [\t ]* `([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)` ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, ["[\\t ]*$2$R", 'qq']; $term = 1; }

    # here document
    elsif (/\G ( <<          ([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)  ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, [       "$2$R", 'qq']; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<        \\([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)  ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, [       "$2$R", 'q' ]; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<  [\t ]* '([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)' ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, [       "$2$R", 'q' ]; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<  [\t ]* "([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)" ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, [       "$2$R", 'qq']; $term = 1; }
    elsif (/\G ( <<  [\t ]* `([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)` ) /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; push @here_document_delimiter, [       "$2$R", 'qq']; $term = 1; }

    # sub subroutine();
    elsif (/\G ( sub \s+ [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)* \s* ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # while (<<>>)
    elsif (/\G ( while \s* \( \s* ) ( <<>> ) ( \s* \) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $parsed .= $2;
        $parsed .= $3;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # while (<${file}>)
    # while (<$file>)
    # while ()
    # while ()
    elsif (/\G ( while \s* \( \s* ) (<) ((?:(?!\s)${mb::x})*?) (>) ( \s* \) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        my($open_bracket, $quotee, $close_bracket) = ($2, $3, $4);
        my $close_bracket2 = $5;
        $parsed .= $open_bracket;
        while ($quotee =~ /\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= escape_qq($1, $close_bracket);
        }
        $parsed .= $close_bracket;
        $parsed .= $close_bracket2;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # while <<>>
    elsif (/\G ( while \s* ) ( <<>> ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $parsed .= $2;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # while <${file}>
    # while <$file>
    # while
    # while
    elsif (/\G ( while \s* ) (<) ((?:(?!\s)${mb::x})*?) (>) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        my($open_bracket, $quotee, $close_bracket) = ($2, $3, $4);
        $parsed .= $open_bracket;
        while ($quotee =~ /\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= escape_qq($1, $close_bracket);
        }
        $parsed .= $close_bracket;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # if     (expr)
    # elsif  (expr)
    # unless (expr)
    # while  (expr)
    # until  (expr)
    # given  (expr)
    # when   (expr)
    elsif (/\G ( (?: if | elsif | unless | while | until | given | when ) \s* ) ( \( ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;

        # outputs expr
        my $expr = parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $parsed .= $expr;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # else
    elsif (/\G ( else ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # ... if     expr;
    # ... unless expr;
    # ... while  expr;
    # ... until  expr;
    elsif (/\G ( if | unless | while | until ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # foreach my $var (expr) --> foreach my $var (expr)
    # for     my $var (expr) --> for     my $var (expr)
    elsif (/\G ( (?: foreach | for ) \s+ my \s* [\$] [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]* ) ( \( ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $parsed .= parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $term = 0;
    }

    # foreach $var (expr) --> foreach $var (expr)
    # for     $var (expr) --> for     $var (expr)
    elsif (/\G ( (?: foreach | for ) \s* [\$] [\$]* (?: \{[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*\} | [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]* ) ) ) ( \( ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $parsed .= parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $term = 0;
    }

    # foreach (expr1; expr2; expr3) --> foreach (expr1; expr2; expr3)
    # foreach (expr)                --> foreach (expr)
    # for     (expr1; expr2; expr3) --> for     (expr1; expr2; expr3)
    # for     (expr)                --> for     (expr)
    elsif (/\G ( (?: foreach | for ) \s* ) ( \( ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $parsed .= parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $term = 0;
    }

    # CORE::split --> CORE::split
    elsif (/\G ( CORE::split ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # split --> mb::_split by default
    elsif (/\G (?: mb:: )? ( split ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "mb::_split";

        # parse \s and '('
        while (1) {
            if (/\G ( \s+ ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            elsif (/\G ( \( ) /xmsgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            elsif (/\G ( \# .* \n ) /xmgc) {
                $parsed .= $1;
                last;
            }
            else {
                last;
            }
        }
        my $regexp = '';

        # split /^/   --> mb::_split qr/^/m
        # split /.../ --> mb::_split qr/.../
        if (m{\G ( [/] )  }xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= "qr";
            $regexp = parse_re_endswith('m',$1);                                                   # split /.../
            my($modifier_i, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr) = parse_re_modifier();

            # P.794 29.2.161. split
            # in Chapter 29: Functions
            # of ISBN 0-596-00027-8 Programming Perl Third Edition.

            # P.951 split
            # in Chapter 27: Functions
            # of ISBN 978-0-596-00492-7 Programming Perl 4th Edition.

            # said "The //m modifier is assumed when you split on the pattern /^/",
            # but perl5.008 is not so. Therefore, this software adds //m.
            # (and so on)

            if ($modifier_not_cegir !~ /m/xms) {
                $modifier_not_cegir .= 'm';
            }

            # /i modifier
            if ($modifier_i) {
                $parsed .= sprintf('{@{[mb::_ignorecase(qr%s%s)]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
            }
            else {
                $parsed .= sprintf('{@{[' .            'qr%s%s ]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
            }
        }

        # split m/^/   --> mb::_split qr/^/m
        # split m/.../ --> mb::_split qr/.../
        elsif (/\G ( m | qr ) \b /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= "qr";

            if    (/\G ( [#] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp = parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      }        # split qr#...#
            elsif (/\G ( ['] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp = parse_re_as_q_endswith('m',$1); }        # split qr'...'
            elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] ) /xmsgc) { $regexp = parse_re_balanced('m',$1);      }        # split qr{...}
            elsif (m{\G( [/] )        }xmsgc) { $regexp = parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      }        # split qr/.../
            elsif (/\G ( [:\@] )      /xmsgc) { $regexp = '`' . quotee_of(parse_re_endswith('m',$1)) . '`'; } # split qr@...@
            elsif (/\G ( [\S] )       /xmsgc) { $regexp = parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      }        # split qr?...?
            elsif (/\G ( \s+ )        /xmsgc) { $parsed .= $1; $regexp = $1;                       # split qr SPACE ...
                while (/\G ( \s+ | [#] [^\n]* ) /xmsgc) {
                    $parsed .= $1;
                }
                if    (/\G ( [A-Za-z_0-9] ) /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      } # split qr SPACE A...A
                elsif (/\G ( ['] )          /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_as_q_endswith('m',$1); } # split qr SPACE '...'
                elsif (/\G ( [\(\{\[\<] )   /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_balanced('m',$1);      } # split qr SPACE {...}
                elsif (m{\G( [/] )          }xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      } # split qr SPACE /.../
                elsif (/\G ( [:\@] )        /xmsgc) { $regexp .= '`' . quotee_of(parse_re_endswith('m',$1)) . '`'; } # split qr SPACE @...@
                elsif (/\G ( [\S] )         /xmsgc) { $regexp .= parse_re_endswith('m',$1);      } # split qr SPACE ?...?
                else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }
            }
            else { die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): $ARGV[0] has not closed:\n", $parsed; }

            my($modifier_i, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr) = parse_re_modifier();

            if ($modifier_not_cegir !~ /m/xms) {
                $modifier_not_cegir .= 'm';
            }

            # /i modifier
            if ($modifier_i) {
                $parsed .= sprintf('{@{[mb::_ignorecase(qr%s%s)]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
            }
            else {
                $parsed .= sprintf('{@{[' .            'qr%s%s ]}}%s', $regexp, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
            }
        }

        $term = 1;
    }

    # provides bare Perl and JPerl compatible functions
    elsif (/\G ( (?: lc | lcfirst | uc | ucfirst ) ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "mb::$1";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # CORE::function, mb::subroutine, function
    elsif (/\G (?: mb:: )? ( require ) (?= \s+ [0-9] ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }
    elsif (/\G (?: mb:: )? ( require ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "mb::$1";
        $term = 1;
    }
    elsif (/\G ( CORE::require ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }
    elsif (/\G ( (?: CORE:: | mb:: )? (?: chop | chr | getc | index | lc | lcfirst | length | ord | reverse | rindex | substr | uc | ucfirst ) ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # mb::subroutine
    elsif (/\G ( mb:: (?: index_byte | rindex_byte ) ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # CORE::function, function
    elsif (/\G ( (?: CORE:: )? (?: _ | abs | chomp | cos | exp | fc | hex | int | __LINE__ | log | oct | pop | pos | quotemeta | rand | rmdir | shift | sin | sqrt | tell | time | umask | wantarray ) ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 1;
    }

    # function --> mb::subroutine on MSWin32
    # implements run on any systems by transpiling once
    elsif (/\G ( chdir | lstat | opendir | stat | unlink ) \b /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "mb::_$1";
        $term = 1;
    }

    # any word
    # "\x5F" [_] LOW LINE (U+005F)
    # "\x41" [A] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A (U+0041)
    # "\x42" [B] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B (U+0042)
    # "\x43" [C] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C (U+0043)
    # "\x44" [D] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D (U+0044)
    # "\x45" [E] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E (U+0045)
    # "\x46" [F] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F (U+0046)
    # "\x47" [G] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G (U+0047)
    # "\x48" [H] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H (U+0048)
    # "\x49" [I] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I (U+0049)
    # "\x4A" [J] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J (U+004A)
    # "\x4B" [K] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K (U+004B)
    # "\x4C" [L] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L (U+004C)
    # "\x4D" [M] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M (U+004D)
    # "\x4E" [N] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N (U+004E)
    # "\x4F" [O] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O (U+004F)
    # "\x50" [P] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P (U+0050)
    # "\x51" [Q] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q (U+0051)
    # "\x52" [R] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R (U+0052)
    # "\x53" [S] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S (U+0053)
    # "\x54" [T] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T (U+0054)
    # "\x55" [U] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U (U+0055)
    # "\x56" [V] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V (U+0056)
    # "\x57" [W] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W (U+0057)
    # "\x58" [X] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X (U+0058)
    # "\x59" [Y] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y (U+0059)
    # "\x5A" [Z] LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z (U+005A)
    # "\x61" [a] LATIN SMALL LETTER A (U+0061)
    # "\x62" [b] LATIN SMALL LETTER B (U+0062)
    # "\x63" [c] LATIN SMALL LETTER C (U+0063)
    # "\x64" [d] LATIN SMALL LETTER D (U+0064)
    # "\x65" [e] LATIN SMALL LETTER E (U+0065)
    # "\x66" [f] LATIN SMALL LETTER F (U+0066)
    # "\x67" [g] LATIN SMALL LETTER G (U+0067)
    # "\x68" [h] LATIN SMALL LETTER H (U+0068)
    # "\x69" [i] LATIN SMALL LETTER I (U+0069)
    # "\x6A" [j] LATIN SMALL LETTER J (U+006A)
    # "\x6B" [k] LATIN SMALL LETTER K (U+006B)
    # "\x6C" [l] LATIN SMALL LETTER L (U+006C)
    # "\x6D" [m] LATIN SMALL LETTER M (U+006D)
    # "\x6E" [n] LATIN SMALL LETTER N (U+006E)
    # "\x6F" [o] LATIN SMALL LETTER O (U+006F)
    # "\x70" [p] LATIN SMALL LETTER P (U+0070)
    # "\x71" [q] LATIN SMALL LETTER Q (U+0071)
    # "\x72" [r] LATIN SMALL LETTER R (U+0072)
    # "\x73" [s] LATIN SMALL LETTER S (U+0073)
    # "\x74" [t] LATIN SMALL LETTER T (U+0074)
    # "\x75" [u] LATIN SMALL LETTER U (U+0075)
    # "\x76" [v] LATIN SMALL LETTER V (U+0076)
    # "\x77" [w] LATIN SMALL LETTER W (U+0077)
    # "\x78" [x] LATIN SMALL LETTER X (U+0078)
    # "\x79" [y] LATIN SMALL LETTER Y (U+0079)
    # "\x7A" [z] LATIN SMALL LETTER Z (U+007A)
    elsif (/\G ( [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*(?:(?:'|::)[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)* ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # any US-ASCII
    # "\x3A" [:] COLON (U+003A)
    # "\x29" [)] RIGHT PARENTHESIS (U+0029)
    # "\x7D" [}] RIGHT CURLY BRACKET (U+007D)
    # "\x5D" []] RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET (U+005D)
    elsif (/\G ([\x00-\x7F]) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        $term = 0;
    }

    # otherwise
    elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
        die "$0(@{[__LINE__]}): can't parse not US-ASCII '$1'.\n";
    }

    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse expression in balanced blackets
sub parse_expr_balanced {
    my($open_bracket) = @_;
    my $close_bracket = {qw| ( ) { } [ ] < > |}->{$open_bracket} || die;
    my $parsed = $open_bracket;
    my $nest_bracket = 1;
    $term = 0;
    while (1) {

        # open bracket
        if (/\G (\Q$open_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            $term = 0;
            $nest_bracket++;
        }

        # close bracket
        elsif (/\G (\Q$close_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            $term = 1;
            if (--$nest_bracket <= 0) {
                last;
            }
        }

        # otherwise
        else {
            $parsed .= parse_expr();
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse <<'HERE_DOCUMENT' as q-like
sub parse_heredocument_as_q_endswith {
    my($endswith) = @_;
    my $parsed = '';
    while (1) {
        if (/\G ($endswith) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            last;
        }
        elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
        }

        # something wrong happened
        else {
            die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse <<"HERE_DOCUMENT" as qq-like
sub parse_heredocument_as_qq_endswith {
    my($endswith) = @_;
    my $parsed = '';
    my $nest_escape = 0;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G ($endswith) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $parsed .= "\n" if CORE::length($1) >= 2; # here document
            $parsed .= $1;
            last;
        }

        # \L\u --> \u\L
        elsif (/\G \\L \\u /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U\l --> \l\U
        elsif (/\G \\U \\l /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \L
        elsif (/\G \\L /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U
        elsif (/\G \\U /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \l
        elsif (/\G \\l /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \u
        elsif (/\G \\u /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \Q
        elsif (/\G \\Q /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[quotemeta(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \E
        elsif (/\G \\E /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $nest_escape = 0;
        }

        # \o{...}
        elsif (/\G \\o\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(oct $1), '\\');
        }

        # \x{...}
        elsif (/\G \\x\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(hex $1), '\\');
        }

        # \any
        elsif (/\G (\\) (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= ($1 . escape_qq($2, '\\'));
        }

        # $`           --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
        # ${`}         --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
        # $PREMATCH    --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
        # ${PREMATCH}  --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
        # ${^PREMATCH} --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
        elsif (/\G (?: \$` | \$\{`\} | \$PREMATCH | \$\{PREMATCH\} | \$\{\^PREMATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}';
        }

        # $&        --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
        # ${&}      --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
        # $MATCH    --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
        # ${MATCH}  --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
        # ${^MATCH} --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
        elsif (/\G (?: \$& | \$\{&\} | \$MATCH | \$\{MATCH\} | \$\{\^MATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::_MATCH()]}';
        }

        # $1 --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(1)]}
        # $2 --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(2)]}
        # $3 --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(3)]}
        elsif (/\G \$ ([1-9][0-9]*) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_CAPTURE($1)]}";
        }

        # @{^CAPTURE} --> @{[join $", mb::_CAPTURE()]}
        elsif (/\G \@\{\^CAPTURE\} /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[join $", mb::_CAPTURE()]}';
        }

        # ${^CAPTURE}[0] --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(1)]}
        # ${^CAPTURE}[1] --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(2)]}
        # ${^CAPTURE}[2] --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(3)]}
        elsif (/\G \$\{\^CAPTURE\} \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
            my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
            $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_CAPTURE($n_th+1)]}";
        }

        # @-                   --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
        # @LAST_MATCH_START    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
        # @{LAST_MATCH_START}  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
        # @{^LAST_MATCH_START} --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
        elsif (/\G (?: \@- | \@LAST_MATCH_START | \@\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}';
        }

        # $-[1]                   --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
        # $LAST_MATCH_START[1]    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
        # ${LAST_MATCH_START}[1]  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
        # ${^LAST_MATCH_START}[1] --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
        elsif (/\G (?: \$- | \$LAST_MATCH_START | \$\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
            my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
            $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START($n_th)]}";
        }

        # @+                 --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
        # @LAST_MATCH_END    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
        # @{LAST_MATCH_END}  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
        # @{^LAST_MATCH_END} --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
        elsif (/\G (?: \@\+ | \@LAST_MATCH_END | \@\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}';
        }

        # $+[1]                 --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
        # $LAST_MATCH_END[1]    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
        # ${LAST_MATCH_END}[1]  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
        # ${^LAST_MATCH_END}[1] --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
        elsif (/\G (?: \$\+ | \$LAST_MATCH_END | \$\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
            my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
            $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END($n_th)]}";
        }

        # any
        elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= escape_qq($1, '\\');
        }

        # something wrong happened
        else {
            die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse q{string} in balanced blackets
sub parse_q__like_balanced {
    my($open_bracket) = @_;
    my $close_bracket = {qw| ( ) { } [ ] < > |}->{$open_bracket} || die;
    my $parsed = $open_bracket;
    my $nest_bracket = 1;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G (\Q$open_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            $nest_bracket++;
        }
        elsif (/\G (\Q$close_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            if (--$nest_bracket <= 0) {
                last;
            }
        }
        elsif (/\G (\\ \Q$close_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= parse_q__like($close_bracket);
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse q/string/ that ends with a character
sub parse_q__like_endswith {
    my($endswith) = @_;
    my $parsed = $endswith;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G (\Q$endswith\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            last;
        }
        elsif (/\G (\\ \Q$endswith\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= parse_q__like($endswith);
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse q/string/ common routine
sub parse_q__like {
    my($closewith) = @_;
    if (/\G (\\\\) /xmsgc) {
        return $1;
    }
    elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
        return escape_q($1, $closewith);
    }

    # something wrong happened
    else {
        die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse qq{string} in balanced blackets
sub parse_qq_like_balanced {
    my($open_bracket) = @_;
    my $close_bracket = {qw| ( ) { } [ ] < > |}->{$open_bracket} || die;
    my $parsed_as_q  = $open_bracket;
    my $parsed_as_qq = $open_bracket;
    my $nest_bracket = 1;
    my $nest_escape = 0;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G (\Q$open_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= $1;
            $nest_bracket++;
        }
        elsif (/\G (\Q$close_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            if (--$nest_bracket <= 0) {
                $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
                $parsed_as_qq .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
                $parsed_as_qq .= $1;
                last;
            }
            else {
                $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
                $parsed_as_qq .= $1;
            }
        }

        # \L\u --> \u\L
        elsif (/\G (\\L \\u) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U\l --> \l\U
        elsif (/\G (\\U \\l) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \L
        elsif (/\G (\\L) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U
        elsif (/\G (\\U) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \l
        elsif (/\G (\\l) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \u
        elsif (/\G (\\u) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \Q
        elsif (/\G (\\Q) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[quotemeta(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \E
        elsif (/\G (\\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $nest_escape = 0;
        }

        else {
            my($as_qq, $as_q) = parse_qq_like($close_bracket);
            $parsed_as_q  .= $as_q;
            $parsed_as_qq .= $as_qq;
        }
    }

    # return qq-like and q-like quotee
    if (wantarray) {
        return ($parsed_as_qq, $parsed_as_q);
    }
    else {
        return $parsed_as_qq;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse qq/string/ that ends with a character
sub parse_qq_like_endswith {
    my($endswith) = @_;
    my $parsed_as_q  = $endswith;
    my $parsed_as_qq = $endswith;
    my $nest_escape = 0;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G (\Q$endswith\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $parsed_as_qq .= "\n" if CORE::length($1) >= 2; # here document
            $parsed_as_qq .= $1;
            last;
        }

        # \L\u --> \u\L
        elsif (/\G (\\L \\u) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U\l --> \l\U
        elsif (/\G (\\U \\l) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \L
        elsif (/\G (\\L) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U
        elsif (/\G (\\U) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \l
        elsif (/\G (\\l) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \u
        elsif (/\G (\\u) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \Q
        elsif (/\G (\\Q) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[quotemeta(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \E
        elsif (/\G (\\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
            $parsed_as_qq .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $nest_escape = 0;
        }

        else {
            my($as_qq, $as_q) = parse_qq_like($endswith);
            $parsed_as_q  .= $as_q;
            $parsed_as_qq .= $as_qq;
        }
    }

    # return qq-like and q-like quotee
    if (wantarray) {
        return ($parsed_as_qq, $parsed_as_q);
    }
    else {
        return $parsed_as_qq;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse qq/string/ common routine
sub parse_qq_like {
    my($closewith) = @_;
    my $parsed_as_q  = '';
    my $parsed_as_qq = '';

    # \o{...}
    if (/\G ( \\o\{ (.*?) \} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(oct $2), $closewith);
    }

    # \x{...}
    elsif (/\G ( \\x\{ (.*?) \} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(hex $2), $closewith);
    }

    # \any
    elsif (/\G ( (\\) (${mb::x}) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= ($2 . escape_qq($3, $closewith));
    }

    # $`           --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
    # ${`}         --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
    # $PREMATCH    --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
    # ${PREMATCH}  --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
    # ${^PREMATCH} --> @{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}
    elsif (/\G ( \$` | \$\{`\} | \$PREMATCH | \$\{PREMATCH\} | \$\{\^PREMATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::_PREMATCH()]}';
    }

    # $&        --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
    # ${&}      --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
    # $MATCH    --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
    # ${MATCH}  --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
    # ${^MATCH} --> @{[mb::_MATCH()]}
    elsif (/\G ( \$& | \$\{&\} | \$MATCH | \$\{MATCH\} | \$\{\^MATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::_MATCH()]}';
    }

    # $1 --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(1)]}
    # $2 --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(2)]}
    # $3 --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(3)]}
    elsif (/\G ( \$ ([1-9][0-9]*) ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= "\@{[mb::_CAPTURE($2)]}";
    }

    # @{^CAPTURE} --> @{[join $", mb::_CAPTURE()]}
    elsif (/\G ( \@\{\^CAPTURE\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[join $", mb::_CAPTURE()]}';
    }

    # ${^CAPTURE}[0] --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(1)]}
    # ${^CAPTURE}[1] --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(2)]}
    # ${^CAPTURE}[2] --> @{[mb::_CAPTURE(3)]}
    elsif (/\G (\$\{\^CAPTURE\}) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $indexing = parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $parsed_as_q  .= ($1 . $indexing);
        my $n_th = quotee_of($indexing);
        $parsed_as_qq .= "\@{[mb::_CAPTURE($n_th)]}";
    }

    # @-                   --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    # @LAST_MATCH_START    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    # @{LAST_MATCH_START}  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    # @{^LAST_MATCH_START} --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    elsif (/\G (?: \@- | \@LAST_MATCH_START | \@\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $&;
        $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}';
    }

    # $-[1]                   --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    # $LAST_MATCH_START[1]    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    # ${LAST_MATCH_START}[1]  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    # ${^LAST_MATCH_START}[1] --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    elsif (/\G ( \$- | \$LAST_MATCH_START | \$\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $indexing = parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $parsed_as_q  .= ($1 . $indexing);
        my $n_th = quotee_of($indexing);
        $parsed_as_qq .= "\@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START($n_th)]}";
    }

    # @+                 --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    # @LAST_MATCH_END    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    # @{LAST_MATCH_END}  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    # @{^LAST_MATCH_END} --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    elsif (/\G ( \@\+ | \@LAST_MATCH_END | \@\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= $1;
        $parsed_as_qq .= '@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}';
    }

    # $+[1]                 --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    # $LAST_MATCH_END[1]    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    # ${LAST_MATCH_END}[1]  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    # ${^LAST_MATCH_END}[1] --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    elsif (/\G ( \$\+ | \$LAST_MATCH_END | \$\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $indexing = parse_expr_balanced($2);
        $parsed_as_q  .= ($1 . $indexing);
        my $n_th = quotee_of($indexing);
        $parsed_as_qq .= "\@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END($n_th)]}";
    }

    # any
    elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed_as_q  .= escape_q ($1, $closewith);
        $parsed_as_qq .= escape_qq($1, $closewith);
    }

    # something wrong happened
    else {
        die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
    }

    # return qq-like and q-like quotee
    if (wantarray) {
        return ($parsed_as_qq, $parsed_as_q);
    }
    else {
        return $parsed_as_qq;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse code point class
sub parse_re_codepoint_class {
    my($classmate) = @_;
    my $parsed = '';
    my @sbcs = ();
    my @xbcs = (); # "xbcs" means DBCS, TBCS, QBCS, ...
    while (1) {
        if ($classmate =~ /\G \z /xmsgc) {
            $parsed =
                ( @sbcs and  @xbcs) ? join('|', @xbcs, '['.join('',@sbcs).']') :
                (!@sbcs and  @xbcs) ? join('|', @xbcs                        ) :
                ( @sbcs and !@xbcs) ?                  '['.join('',@sbcs).']'  :
                die;
            last;
        }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G (\\ \]) /xmsgc) {
            push @sbcs, $1;
        }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G (\\\\) /xmsgc) {
            push @sbcs, $1;
        }

        # classic perl codepoint class shortcuts
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\D /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![$mb::bare_d])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\H /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![$mb::bare_h])${mb::x})"; }
#       elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\N /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?!\\n)${mb::x})";           } # \N in a codepoint class must be a named character: \N{...} in regex
#       elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\R /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?>\\r\\n|[$mb::bare_v])";      } # Unrecognized escape \R in codepoint class passed through in regex
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\S /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![$mb::bare_s])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\V /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![$mb::bare_v])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\W /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![$mb::bare_w])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\b /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, $mb::bare_backspace;             }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\d /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, $mb::bare_d;                     }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\h /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, $mb::bare_h;                     }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\s /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, $mb::bare_s;                     }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\v /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, $mb::bare_v;                     }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\w /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, $mb::bare_w;                     }

        # [:POSIX:]
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:alnum:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x30-\x39\x41-\x5A\x61-\x7A';                  }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:alpha:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x41-\x5A\x61-\x7A';                           }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:ascii:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x00-\x7F';                                    }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:blank:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x09\x20';                                     }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:cntrl:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x00-\x1F\x7F';                                }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:digit:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x30-\x39';                                    }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:graph:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x21-\x7F';                                    }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:lower:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz';                   } # /i modifier requires 'a' to 'z' literally
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:print:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x20-\x7F';                                    }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:punct:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x21-\x2F\x3A-\x3F\x40\x5B-\x5F\x60\x7B-\x7E'; }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:space:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\s\x0B';                                       } # "\s" and vertical tab ("\cK")
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:upper:\]  /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';                   } # /i modifier requires 'A' to 'Z' literally
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:word:\]   /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x30-\x39\x41-\x5A\x5F\x61-\x7A';              }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:xdigit:\] /xmsgc) { push @sbcs, '\x30-\x39\x41-\x46\x61-\x66';                  }

        # [:^POSIX:]
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^alnum:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x30-\\x39\\x41-\\x5A\\x61-\\x7A])${mb::x})";                      }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^alpha:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x41-\\x5A\\x61-\\x7A])${mb::x})";                                 }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^ascii:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x00-\\x7F])${mb::x})";                                            }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^blank:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x09\\x20])${mb::x})";                                             }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^cntrl:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x00-\\x1F\\x7F])${mb::x})";                                       }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^digit:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x30-\\x39])${mb::x})";                                            }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^graph:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x21-\\x7F])${mb::x})";                                            }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^lower:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz])${mb::x})";                             } # /i modifier requires 'a' to 'z' literally
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^print:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x20-\\x7F])${mb::x})";                                            }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^punct:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x21-\\x2F\\x3A-\\x3F\\x40\\x5B-\\x5F\\x60\\x7B-\\x7E])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^space:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\s\\x0B])${mb::x})";                                               } # "\s" and vertical tab ("\cK")
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^upper:\]  /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ])${mb::x})";                             } # /i modifier requires 'A' to 'Z' literally
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^word:\]   /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x30-\\x39\\x41-\\x5A\\x5F\\x61-\\x7A])${mb::x})";                 }
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \[:\^xdigit:\] /xmsgc) { push @xbcs, "(?:(?![\\x30-\\x39\\x41-\\x46\\x61-\\x66])${mb::x})";                      }

        # \o{...}
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\o\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
            push @xbcs, '(?:' . escape_to_hex(mb::chr(oct $1), ']') . ')';
        }

        # \x{...}
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G \\x\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
            push @xbcs, '(?:' . escape_to_hex(mb::chr(hex $1), ']') . ')';
        }

        # \any
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G (\\) (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            if (CORE::length($2) == 1) {
                push @sbcs, ($1 . $2);
            }
            else {
                push @xbcs, '(?:' . $1 . escape_to_hex($2, ']') . ')';
            }
        }

        # supported character ranges
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G ((?:[\x20-\x7E]|\\[0-3][0-7][0-7]|\\x[0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])-(?:[\x20-\x7E]|\\[0-3][0-7][0-7]|\\x[0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])) /xmsgc) {
            push @sbcs, $1;
        }

        # other character ranges are no longer supported
        # range specification by '-' in codepoint class of regular expression supports US-ASCII only
        # this limitation makes it easier to change the script encoding
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G (-) /xmsgc) {
            if ($^W) {
                confess <
[$parsed...] in regular expression

range specification by '-' in codepoint class of regular expression supports US-ASCII only.
this limitation makes it easier to change the script encoding.
END
            }
            push @sbcs, '\\x2D';
        }

        # any
        elsif ($classmate =~ /\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            if (CORE::length($1) == 1) {
                push @sbcs, $1;
            }
            else {
                push @xbcs, '(?:' . escape_to_hex($1, ']') . ')';
            }
        }

        # something wrong happened
        else {
            die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse qr'regexp' as q-like
sub parse_re_as_q_endswith {
    my($operator, $endswith) = @_;
    my $parsed = $endswith;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G (\Q$endswith\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            last;
        }

        # get codepoint class
        elsif (/\G \[ /xmsgc) {
            my $classmate = '';
            while (1) {
                if (/\G \] /xmsgc) {
                    last;
                }
                elsif (/\G (\[:\^[a-z]*:\]) /xmsgc) {
                    $classmate .= $1;
                }
                elsif (/\G (\[:[a-z]*:\]) /xmsgc) {
                    $classmate .= $1;
                }
                elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
                    $classmate .= $1;
                }

                # something wrong happened
                else {
        die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
                }
            }

            # parse codepoint class
            if ($classmate =~ s{\A \^ }{}xms) {
                $parsed .= '(?:(?!';
                $parsed .= parse_re_codepoint_class($classmate);
                $parsed .= ")${mb::x})";
            }
            else {
                $parsed .= '(?:(?=';
                $parsed .= parse_re_codepoint_class($classmate);
                $parsed .= ")${mb::x})";
            }
        }

        # /./ or \any
        elsif (/\G \.  /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:${mb::over_ascii}|.)";       } # after ${mb::over_ascii}, /s modifier wants "." (not [\x00-\xFF])
        elsif (/\G \\B /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?
        elsif (/\G \\D /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?![$mb::bare_d])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif (/\G \\H /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?![$mb::bare_h])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif (/\G \\N /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?!\\n)${mb::x})";           }
        elsif (/\G \\R /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?>\\r\\n|[$mb::bare_v])";      }
        elsif (/\G \\S /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?![$mb::bare_s])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif (/\G \\V /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?![$mb::bare_v])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif (/\G \\W /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?![$mb::bare_w])${mb::x})"; }
        elsif (/\G \\b /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "(?:(?
        elsif (/\G \\d /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "[$mb::bare_d]";                 }
        elsif (/\G \\h /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "[$mb::bare_h]";                 }
        elsif (/\G \\s /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "[$mb::bare_s]";                 }
        elsif (/\G \\v /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "[$mb::bare_v]";                 }
        elsif (/\G \\w /xmsgc) { $parsed .= "[$mb::bare_w]";                 }

        # \o{...}
        elsif (/\G \\o\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '(?:';
            $parsed .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(oct $1), $endswith);
            $parsed .= ')';
        }

        # \x{...}
        elsif (/\G \\x\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '(?:';
            $parsed .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(hex $1), $endswith);
            $parsed .= ')';
        }

        # \0... octal escape
        elsif (/\G (\\ 0[1-7]*) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
        }

        # \100...\x377 octal escape
        elsif (/\G (\\ [1-3][0-7][0-7]) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
        }

        # \1...\99, ... n-th previously captured string (decimal)
        elsif (/\G (\\) ([1-9][0-9]*) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            if ($operator eq 's') {
                $parsed .= ($2 + 1);
            }
            else {
                $parsed .= $2;
            }
        }

        # any
        elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            if (CORE::length($1) == 1) {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
            else {
                $parsed .= '(?:';
                $parsed .= escape_to_hex($1, $endswith);
                $parsed .= ')';
            }
        }

        # something wrong happened
        else {
            die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse qr{regexp} in balanced blackets
sub parse_re_balanced {
    my($operator, $open_bracket) = @_;
    my $close_bracket = {qw| ( ) { } [ ] < > |}->{$open_bracket} || die;
    my $parsed = $open_bracket;
    my $nest_bracket = 1;
    my $nest_escape = 0;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G (\Q$open_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= $1;
            $nest_bracket++;
        }
        elsif (/\G (\Q$close_bracket\E) /xmsgc) {
            if (--$nest_bracket <= 0) {
                $parsed .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
                $parsed .= $1;
                last;
            }
            else {
                $parsed .= $1;
            }
        }

        # \L\u --> \u\L
        elsif (/\G \\L \\u /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U\l --> \l\U
        elsif (/\G \\U \\l /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \L
        elsif (/\G \\L /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U
        elsif (/\G \\U /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \l
        elsif (/\G \\l /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \u
        elsif (/\G \\u /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \Q
        elsif (/\G \\Q /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[quotemeta(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \E
        elsif (/\G \\E /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $nest_escape = 0;
        }

        else {
            $parsed .= parse_re($operator, $open_bracket);
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse qr/regexp/ that ends with a character
sub parse_re_endswith {
    my($operator, $endswith) = @_;
    my $parsed = $endswith;
    my $nest_escape = 0;
    while (1) {
        if (/\G (\Q$endswith\E) /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $parsed .= $1;
            last;
        }

        # \L\u --> \u\L
        elsif (/\G \\L \\u /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U\l --> \l\U
        elsif (/\G \\U \\l /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \L
        elsif (/\G \\L /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \U
        elsif (/\G \\U /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::uc(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \l
        elsif (/\G \\l /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::lcfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \u
        elsif (/\G \\u /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[mb::ucfirst(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \Q
        elsif (/\G \\Q /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= '@{[quotemeta(qq<';
            $nest_escape++;
        }

        # \E
        elsif (/\G \\E /xmsgc) {
            $parsed .= ('>)]}' x $nest_escape);
            $nest_escape = 0;
        }

        else {
            $parsed .= parse_re($operator, $endswith);
        }
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse qr/regexp/ common routine
sub parse_re {
    my($operator, $closewith) = @_;
    my $parsed = '';

    # codepoint class
    if (/\G \[ /xmsgc) {
        my $classmate = '';
        while (1) {
            if (/\G \] /xmsgc) {
                last;
            }
            elsif (/\G (\\) /xmsgc) {
                $classmate .= "\\$1";
            }
            elsif (/\G (\[:\^[a-z]*:\]) /xmsgc) {
                $classmate .= $1;
            }
            elsif (/\G (\[:[a-z]*:\]) /xmsgc) {
                $classmate .= $1;
            }
            elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
                $classmate .= escape_qq($1, ']');
            }

            # something wrong happened
            else {
        die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
            }
        }
        $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_cc(qq[$classmate])]}";
    }

    # /./ or \any
    elsif (/\G \.  /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_dot]})'; }
    elsif (/\G \\B /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_B]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\D /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_D]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\H /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_H]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\N /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_N]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\R /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_R]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\S /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_S]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\V /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_V]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\W /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_W]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\b /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_b]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\d /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_d]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\h /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_h]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\s /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_s]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\v /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_v]})';   }
    elsif (/\G \\w /xmsgc) { $parsed .= '(?:@{[@mb::_w]})';   }

    # \o{...}
    elsif (/\G \\o\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= '(?:';
        $parsed .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(oct $1), $closewith);
        $parsed .= ')';
    }

    # \x{...}
    elsif (/\G \\x\{ (.*?) \} /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= '(?:';
        $parsed .= escape_to_hex(mb::chr(hex $1), $closewith);
        $parsed .= ')';
    }

    # \0... octal escape
    elsif (/\G (\\ 0[1-7]*) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
    }

    # \100...\x377 octal escape
    elsif (/\G (\\ [1-3][0-7][0-7]) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
    }

    # \1...\99, ... n-th previously captured string (decimal)
    elsif (/\G (\\) ([1-9][0-9]*) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= $1;
        if ($operator eq 's') {
            $parsed .= ($2 + 1);
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= $2;
        }
    }

    # \any
    elsif (/\G (\\) (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
        if (CORE::length($2) == 1) {
            $parsed .= ($1 . $2);
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= ('(?:' . $1 . escape_qq($2, $closewith) . ')');
        }
    }

    # $`           --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_PREMATCH())]}
    # ${`}         --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_PREMATCH())]}
    # $PREMATCH    --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_PREMATCH())]}
    # ${PREMATCH}  --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_PREMATCH())]}
    # ${^PREMATCH} --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_PREMATCH())]}
    elsif (/\G (?: \$` | \$\{`\} | \$PREMATCH | \$\{PREMATCH\} | \$\{\^PREMATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= '@{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_PREMATCH())]}';
    }

    # $&        --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_MATCH())]}
    # ${&}      --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_MATCH())]}
    # $MATCH    --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_MATCH())]}
    # ${MATCH}  --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_MATCH())]}
    # ${^MATCH} --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_MATCH())]}
    elsif (/\G (?: \$& | \$\{&\} | \$MATCH | \$\{MATCH\} | \$\{\^MATCH\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= '@{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_MATCH())]}';
    }

    # $1 --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE(1))]}
    # $2 --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE(2))]}
    # $3 --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE(3))]}
    elsif (/\G \$ ([1-9][0-9]*) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE($1))]}";
    }

    # @{^CAPTURE} --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(join $", mb::_CAPTURE())]}
    elsif (/\G \@\{\^CAPTURE\} /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= '@{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(join $", mb::_CAPTURE())]}';
    }

    # ${^CAPTURE}[0] --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE(1))]}
    # ${^CAPTURE}[1] --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE(2))]}
    # ${^CAPTURE}[2] --> @{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE(3))]}
    elsif (/\G \$\{\^CAPTURE\} \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
        $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_clustered_codepoint(mb::_CAPTURE($n_th+1))]}";
    }

    # @-                   --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    # @LAST_MATCH_START    --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    # @{LAST_MATCH_START}  --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    # @{^LAST_MATCH_START} --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}
    elsif (/\G (?: \@- | \@LAST_MATCH_START | \@\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= '@{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_START()]}';
    }

    # $-[1]                   --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    # $LAST_MATCH_START[1]    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    # ${LAST_MATCH_START}[1]  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    # ${^LAST_MATCH_START}[1] --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START(1)]}
    elsif (/\G (?: \$- | \$LAST_MATCH_START | \$\{LAST_MATCH_START\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_START\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
        $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_START($n_th)]}";
    }

    # @+                 --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    # @LAST_MATCH_END    --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    # @{LAST_MATCH_END}  --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    # @{^LAST_MATCH_END} --> @{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}
    elsif (/\G (?: \@\+ | \@LAST_MATCH_END | \@\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \@\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) /xmsgc) {
        $parsed .= '@{[join $", mb::_LAST_MATCH_END()]}';
    }

    # $+[1]                 --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    # $LAST_MATCH_END[1]    --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    # ${LAST_MATCH_END}[1]  --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    # ${^LAST_MATCH_END}[1] --> @{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END(1)]}
    elsif (/\G (?: \$\+ | \$LAST_MATCH_END | \$\{LAST_MATCH_END\} | \$\{\^LAST_MATCH_END\} ) \s* (\[) /xmsgc) {
        my $n_th = quotee_of(parse_expr_balanced($1));
        $parsed .= "\@{[mb::_LAST_MATCH_END($n_th)]}";
    }

    # any
    elsif (/\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
        if (CORE::length($1) == 1) {
            $parsed .= $1;
        }
        else {
            $parsed .= ('(?:' . escape_qq($1, $closewith) . ')');
        }
    }

    # something wrong happened
    else {
        die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
    }
    return $parsed;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse modifiers of qr///here
sub parse_re_modifier {
    my $modifier_i = '';
    my $modifier_not_cegir = '';
    my $modifier_cegr = '';
    while (1) {
        if (/\G [adlpu] /xmsgc) {
            # drop modifiers
        }
        elsif (/\G ([i]) /xmsgc) {
            $modifier_i .= $1;
        }
        elsif (/\G ([cegr]) /xmsgc) {
            $modifier_cegr .= $1;
        }
        elsif (/\G ([a-z]) /xmsgc) {
            $modifier_not_cegir .= $1;
        }
        else {
            last;
        }
    }
    return ($modifier_i, $modifier_not_cegir, $modifier_cegr);
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# parse modifiers of tr///here
sub parse_tr_modifier {
    my $modifier_not_r = '';
    my $modifier_r = '';
    while (1) {
        if (/\G ([r]) /xmsgc) {
            $modifier_r .= $1;
        }
        elsif (/\G ([a-z]) /xmsgc) {
            $modifier_not_r .= $1;
        }
        else {
            last;
        }
    }
    return ($modifier_not_r, $modifier_r);
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# makes code point class from string
sub codepoint_tr {
    my($searchlist) = $_[0] =~ /\A [\x00-\xFF] (.*) [\x00-\xFF] \z/xms;
    my $look_ahead = ($_[1] =~ /c/) ? '(?:(?!' : '(?:(?=';
    my $charclass = '';
    my @sbcs = ();
    my @xbcs = (); # "xbcs" means DBCS, TBCS, QBCS, ...
    while (1) {
        if ($searchlist =~ /\G \z /xmsgc) {
            $charclass =
                ( @sbcs and  @xbcs) ? $look_ahead . join('|', @xbcs, '['.join('',@sbcs).']') . ")${mb::x})" :
                (!@sbcs and  @xbcs) ? $look_ahead . join('|', @xbcs                        ) . ")${mb::x})" :
                ( @sbcs and !@xbcs) ? $look_ahead .                  '['.join('',@sbcs).']'  . ")${mb::x})" :
                die;
            last;
        }

        # range specification by '-' in tr/// is not supported
        # this limitation makes it easier to change the script encoding
        elsif ($searchlist =~ /\G (-) /xmsgc) {
            if ($^W) {
                confess <
"$searchlist" in tr///

range specification by '-' in tr/// is not supported.
this limitation makes it easier to change the script encoding.
END
            }
            push @sbcs, '\\x2D';
        }

        # any
        elsif ($searchlist =~ /\G (${mb::x}) /xmsgc) {
            if (CORE::length($1) == 1) {
                push @sbcs, $1;
            }
            else {
                push @xbcs, '(?:' . escape_to_hex($1, ']') . ')';
            }
        }

        # something wrong happened
        else {
            die sprintf(<
$0(@{[__LINE__]}): something wrong happened in script at pos=%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
END
        }
    }
    return $charclass;
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# get quotee from quoted "quotee"
sub quotee_of {
    if (CORE::length($_[0]) >= 2) {
        return CORE::substr($_[0],1,-1);
    }
    else {
        die;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# escape q/string/ as q-like quote
sub escape_q {
    my($codepoint, $endswith) = @_;
    if ($codepoint =~ /\A ([^\x00-\x7F]) (\Q$endswith\E) \z/xms) {
        return "$1\\$2";
    }
    elsif ($codepoint =~ /\A ([^\x00-\x7F]) ($escapee_in_q__like) \z/xms) {
        return "$1\\$2";
    }
    else {
        return $codepoint;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# escape qq/string/ as qq-like quote
sub escape_qq {
    my($codepoint, $endswith) = @_;

    # m@`@    --> m`\x60`
    # qr@`@   --> qr`\x60`
    # s@`@``@ --> s`\x60`\x60\x60`
    # m:`:    --> m`\x60`
    # qr:`:   --> qr`\x60`
    # s:`:``: --> s`\x60`\x60\x60`
    if ($codepoint eq '`') {
        return '\\x60';
    }
    elsif ($codepoint =~ /\A ([^\x00-\x7F]) (\Q$endswith\E) \z/xms) {
        return "$1\\$2";
    }
    elsif ($codepoint =~ /\A ([^\x00-\x7F]) ([$escapee_in_qq_like]) \z/xms) {
        return "$1\\$2";
    }
    else {
        return $codepoint;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# escape qq/string/ or qr/regexp/ to hex
sub escape_to_hex {
    my($codepoint, $endswith) = @_;
    if ($codepoint =~ /\A ([^\x00-\x7F]) (\Q$endswith\E) \z/xms) {
        return sprintf('\x%02X\x%02X', CORE::ord($1), CORE::ord($2));
    }

    # in qr'...', $escapee_in_qq_like is right, not $escapee_in_q__like
    elsif ($codepoint =~ /\A ([^\x00-\x7F]) ([$escapee_in_qq_like]) \z/xms) {
        return sprintf('\x%02X\x%02X', CORE::ord($1), CORE::ord($2));
    }
    else {
        return $codepoint;
    }
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------

1;

__END__