File Coverage

blib/lib/Statistics/Running.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	243	290	83.7
branch	35	52	67.3
condition	10	17	58.8
subroutine	46	52	88.4
pod	24	32	75.0
total	358	443	80.8

package Statistics::Running;

use 5.006;
use strict;
use warnings;

use Data::Dumper;

our $VERSION = '0.11';

# overload these operators to have special meaning when
# operand(s) are Statistics::Running:
use overload
	# add two stats object and adjust summed mean,stdev etc.
	'+' => \&concatenate,
	# check if two stats objects are same wrt mean,stdev,N BUT NOT histogram
	'==' => \&equals,
	# convert a stats object into a string, e.g. print $obj."\n";
	'""' => \&stringify,
;

use Try::Tiny;
use Statistics::Histogram;

# this is for all numerical equality comparisons
use constant SMALL_NUMBER_FOR_EQUALITY => 1E-10;

# creates an obj. There are no input params
sub     new {
	my $class = $_[0];

	my $parent = ( caller(1) )[3] || "N/A";
	my $whoami = ( caller(0) )[3];

	my $self = {
		# these are internal variables to store mean etc. or used to calculate Kurtosis
		'M1' => 0.0,
		'M2' => 0.0,
		'M3' => 0.0,
		'M4' => 0.0,
		'MIN' => 0.0,
		'MAX' => 0.0,
		'N' => 0, # number of data items inserted
		# this histogram is updated each time a new data point is pushed in the object
		# it just holds the number of items in each bin, so it is not too expensive.
		# with this we get an idea of the Probability Distribution of the pushed data.
		# Which may or may not be useful to users.
		# Should you want to avoid this then use Statistics::Running::Tiny
		'histo' => {
			'num-bins' => -1,
			'bins' => {
				# b: [histo-left-boundary, bin1_right_boundary, bin2_right_boundary, ... binN-1_right_boundary, histo-right-boundary]
				'b' => [], # length is 'num-bins'+1
				# c: contains the counts, its size is equal to the number of bins
				# the first cell contains counts in the interval [histo-left-boundary, bin1_right_boundary]
				# the last cell contains counts of [binN-1_right_boundary, histo-right-boundary]
				'c' => [], # length 'num-bins'
			},
			# cached stringified histogram, it is re-calculated only if data points added
			# and asked to print histogram
			'stringified' => undef,
			# when asked to stringify a hist we actually use a cached string
			# which needs to be recalculated whenever data is added or hist re-created
			'needs-recalculate' => 1,
		},
	};
	bless($self, $class);
	$self->clear();
	return $self
}
# return the mean of the data entered so far
sub     mean { return $_[0]->{'M1'} }
# returns the histogram bins (can be empty) in our internal format
sub     histogram { return $_[0]->{'histo'} }
# if no params, it returns our bins as a hash
# otherwise it imports input bins in the form of a hash
# and before that it erases previous histogram and forms it according to input, e.g.
# sets bin-widths and numbins etc.
sub     histogram_bins_hash {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $bins = $_[1];
	if( ! defined($bins) ){
		# export to a hash
		return $self->_bins2hash()
	}
	# import from a hash
	$self->_hash2bins($bins);
}
# if no params, it returns our bins as a hash of the form returned by Statistics::Descriptive::frequency_distribution()
# otherwise it imports input bins in the form of a hash in the form returned by Statistics::Descriptive::frequency_distribution()
sub     histogram_bins_stathash {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $bi = $_[1];
	if( ! defined($bi) ){
		# export to a hash
		return $self->_bins2stathash()
	}
	# import from a hash
	$self->_stathash2bins($bi);
}
# return a string showing this histogram by calling Statistics::Histogram::print_histogram()
# we first convert our hist to stathash format
sub     histogram_stringify {
	my ($self, @opts) = @_;
	if( $self->{'histo'}->{'needs-recalculate'} == 1 ){ $self->_histogram_recalculate(@opts) }
	return $self->{'histo'}->{'stringified'}
}
# we need to recalculate each time a new data is added.
# but we do recalculate whenever it is needed, i.e. when we asked to print histogram
sub	_histogram_recalculate {
	my ($self, @stringify_opts) = @_;
	my $histstr = "";
	if( $self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'} > 0 ){
		Try::Tiny::try {
			$histstr = Statistics::Histogram::print_histogram(
				'hist' => $self->_bins2stathash(),
				'x_min' => $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'}->[0],
				use_linear_axes => 1,
				@stringify_opts
			)
		} Try::Tiny::catch {
			print STDERR "_histogram_recalculate() : error caught trying to stringify: $_\n";
			$histstr = "";
		};
	}
	$self->{'histo'}->{'stringified'} = $histstr;
	$self->{'histo'}->{'needs-recalculate'} = 0;
}
# disable histogram logging, all existing histogram data is erased
sub	histogram_disable {
	my $self = $_[0];

	$self->{'num-bins'} = -1;
	$self->{'bins'}->{'b'} = [];
	$self->{'bins'}->{'c'} = [];
}
# returns the count in bin specified as 1st input param
sub	histogram_count { return $_[0]->{'histo'}->{'c'}->[$_[1]] }

# enables histogram logging
# it expects some parameters for creating the histogram in various forms,
# e.g. by specifying the number of bins, bin-width and left boundary or
# by specifying a HASH or ARRAY of bin specifications for non-uniform bin
# sizes. HASH must be of the form 'FROM:TO'->counts
# ARRAY of bin boundaries of the form
# [histo-left-boundary, bin1_right_boundary, bin2_right_boundary, ... binN-1_right_boundary, histo-right-boundary]
# the number of bins is 1 less than the length of this array
sub	histogram_enable {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $params = $_[1]; # $_[1] // {} does not work for perl<5.10, ? : requests $_[1] twice, so Cish if( ! defined below...

	if( ! defined($params) ){ $params = {} }

	my ($m1, $m2, $m3);
	if( defined($m1=$params->{'bins'}) ){
		my $aref = ref($m1);
		if( $aref eq 'ARRAY' ){
			# an array of bin boundaries of the form
			# [histo-left-boundary, bin1_right_boundary, bin2_right_boundary, ... binN-1_right_boundary, histo-right-boundary]
			# the number of bins is 1 less than the length of this array
			my @mm = @$m1;
			$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'} = scalar(@mm)-1;
			$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'} = [@mm];
			$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'} = (0) x $self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'};
		} elsif( $aref eq 'HASH' ){
			# a hashref keyed on bin-intervals in the form FROM:TO->counts
			$self->_hash2bins($m1);
		} else { die "parameter 'bins' expects either a HASHREF keyed on bin-intervals in the form FROM:TO->counts (and counts can be non-zero if that is a previous histogram), or an ARRAYREF with bin boundaries of the form [histo-left-boundary, bin1_right_boundary, bin2_right_boundary, ... binN-1_right_boundary, histo-right-boundary]. In this case the number of bins is 1 less than the length of the array." }
	} elsif( defined($m1=$params->{'bin-width'})
	     &&  defined($m2=$params->{'num-bins'})
	     &&  defined($m3=$params->{'left-boundary'})
	){
		# we re-create our own bins based on num-bins etc.
		$self->_histogram_create_bins_from_spec($m1, $m2, $m3)
	} else {
		# no params, set all counts OF ALREADY EXISTING histogram to zero
		print STDERR "enable_histogram() : failed to enable histogram because no histogram specification was supplied. Try enable_histogram({bin-width=>1, nun-bins=>10, left-boundary=>-5});\n";
	}
}
# set existing histogram to zero counts
sub     histogram_reset {
	my $self = $_[0];

	# no params, set all counts OF ALREADY EXISTING histogram to zero
	my $m1 = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'};
	for(my $i=$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'};$i-->0;){ $m1->[$i] = 0 }
}
# push Data: a sample and process/update mean and all other stat measures
# also insert it in histogram
sub     add {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $x = $_[1];

	my $aref = ref($x);

	if( $aref eq '' ){
		# a scalar input
		my ($delta, $delta_n, $delta_n2, $term1);
		my $n1 = $self->{'N'};
		if( $n1 == 0 ){ $self->{'MIN'} = $self->{'MAX'} = $x }
		else {
			if( $x < $self->{'MIN'} ){ $self->{'MIN'} = $x }
			if( $x > $self->{'MAX'} ){ $self->{'MAX'} = $x }
		}
		$self->{'N'} += 1; # increment sample size push in
		my $n0 = $self->{'N'};

		$delta = $x - $self->{'M1'};
		$delta_n = $delta / $n0;
		$delta_n2 = $delta_n * $delta_n;
		$term1 = $delta * $delta_n * $n1;
		$self->{'M1'} += $delta_n;
		$self->{'M4'} += $term1 * $delta_n2 * ($n0*$n0 - 3*$n0 + 3)
			+ 6 * $delta_n2 * $self->{'M2'}
			- 4 * $delta_n * $self->{'M3'}
		;
		$self->{'M3'} += $term1 * $delta_n * ($n0 - 2)
			- 3 * $delta_n * $self->{'M2'}
		;
		$self->{'M2'} += $term1;
		# add data point to the internal histogram
		$self->_histogram_add($x);
	} elsif( $aref eq 'ARRAY' ){
		# an array input
		foreach (@$x){ $self->add($_) }
	} else {
		die "add(): only ARRAY and SCALAR can be handled (input was type '$aref')."
	}
}
# copies input(=src) Running obj into current/self overwriting our data, this is not a clone()!
sub     copy_from {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $src = $_[1];
	$self->{'M1'} = $src->M1();
	$self->{'M2'} = $src->M2();
	$self->{'M3'} = $src->M3();
	$self->{'M4'} = $src->M4();
	$self->set_N($src->get_N());
	$self->_histogram_copy_from($src);
}
# clones current obj into a new Running obj with same values
sub     clone {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $newO = Statistics::Running->new();
	$newO->{'M1'} = $self->M1();
	$newO->{'M2'} = $self->M2();
	$newO->{'M3'} = $self->M3();
	$newO->{'M4'} = $self->M4();
	$newO->set_N($self->get_N());
	return $newO
}
# clears all data entered/calculated including histogram
sub     clear {
	my $self = $_[0];
	$self->{'M1'} = 0.0;
	$self->{'M2'} = 0.0;
	$self->{'M3'} = 0.0;
	$self->{'M4'} = 0.0;
	$self->{'N'} = 0;
	$self->histogram_reset();
}
sub     min { return $_[0]->{'MIN'} }
sub     max { return $_[0]->{'MAX'} }
# get number of total elements entered so far
sub     get_N { return $_[0]->{'N'} }
sub     variance {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $m = $self->{'N'};
	if( $m == 1 ){ return 0 }
	return $self->{'M2'}/($m-1.0)
}
sub     standard_deviation { return sqrt($_[0]->variance()) }
sub     skewness {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $m = $self->{'M2'};
	if( $m == 0 ){ return 0 }
	return sqrt($self->{'N'})
		* $self->{'M3'} / ($m ** 1.5)
	;
}
sub     kurtosis {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $m = $self->{'M2'};
	if( $m == 0 ){ return 0 }
	return $self->{'N'}
		* $self->{'M4'}
		/ ($m * $m)
	- 3.0
	;
}
# concatenates another Running obj with current
# AND returns a new Running obj with concatenated stats
# Current object is not modified.
sub     concatenate {
	my $self = $_[0]; # us
	my $other = $_[1]; # another Running obj

	my $combined = Statistics::Running->new();

	my $selfN = $self->get_N();
	my $otherN = $other->get_N();
	my $selfM2 = $self->M2();
	my $otherM2 = $other->M2();
	my $selfM3 = $self->M3();
	my $otherM3 = $other->M3();

	my $combN = $selfN + $otherN;
	$combined->set_N($combN);

	my $delta = $other->M1() - $self->M1();
	my $delta2 = $delta*$delta;
	my $delta3 = $delta*$delta2;
	my $delta4 = $delta2*$delta2;

	$combined->{'M1'} = ($selfN*$self->M1() + $otherN*$other->M1()) / $combN;

	$combined->{'M2'} = $selfM2 + $otherM2 +
			$delta2 * $selfN * $otherN / $combN;

	$combined->{'M3'} = $selfM3 + $otherM3 +
			$delta3 * $selfN * $otherN * ($selfN - $otherN)/($combN*$combN) +
			3.0*$delta * ($selfN*$otherM2 - $otherN*$selfM2) / $combN
	;

	$combined->{'M4'} = $self->{'M4'} + $other->{'M4'}
			+ $delta4*$selfN*$otherN * ($selfN*$selfN - $selfN*$otherN + $otherN*$otherN) /
				($combN*$combN*$combN)
			+ 6.0*$delta2 * ($selfN*$selfN*$otherM2 + $otherN*$otherN*$selfM2)/($combN*$combN) +
				  4.0*$delta*($selfN*$otherM3 - $otherN*$selfM3) / $combN
	;

	# add the histograms only if structure matches:
	if( $self->_equals_histograms_structure($other) ){
		$combined->_histogram_copy_from($self);
		$combined->_add_histograms($other);
	}

	return $combined;
}
# appends another Running obj INTO current
# histogram data is appended only if histogram specs are the same
# current obj (self) IS MODIFIED
sub     append {
	my $self = $_[0]; # us
	my $other = $_[1]; # another Running obj
	$self->copy_from($self+$other);
}
# equality only wrt to stats BUT NOT histogram
sub     equals {
	my $self = $_[0]; # us
	my $other = $_[1]; # another Running obj
	return
		$self->get_N() == $other->get_N() &&
		$self->equals_statistics($other)
}
sub     equals_statistics {
	my $self = $_[0]; # us
	my $other = $_[1]; # another Running obj
	return
		abs($self->M1()-$other->M1()) < Statistics::Running::SMALL_NUMBER_FOR_EQUALITY &&
		abs($self->M2()-$other->M2()) < Statistics::Running::SMALL_NUMBER_FOR_EQUALITY &&
		abs($self->M3()-$other->M3()) < Statistics::Running::SMALL_NUMBER_FOR_EQUALITY &&
		abs($self->M4()-$other->M4()) < Statistics::Running::SMALL_NUMBER_FOR_EQUALITY
}
# checks if structure is same and then if bin contents (counts) are same
# returns 1 if equals
# returns 0 if either structure or counts are not the same
sub     equals_histograms {
	my $self = $_[0]; # us
	my $other = $_[1]; # another Running obj

	# structure is not the same
	if( $self->_equals_histograms_structure($other) == 0 ){ return 0 }

	my $selfC = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'};
	my $otherC = $other->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'};
	my $i;
	for($i=$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'};$i-->0;){
		if( $selfC->[$i] != $otherC->[$i] ){ return 0 }
	}
	return 1 # equal in structure and counts
}
# adds counts of histograms to us from other
# returns 0 if structures do not match
# returns 1 if counts added OK
sub     _add_histograms {
	my $self = $_[0]; # us
	my $other = $_[1]; # another Running obj

	# structure is not the same
	if( $self->_equals_histograms_structure($other) == 0 ){ return 0 }

	my $selfC = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'};
	my $otherC = $other->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'};
	my $i;
	for($i=$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'};$i-->0;){
		$selfC->[$i] += $otherC->[$i];
	}
	return 1 # counts added
}
# print object as a string, string concat/printing is overloaded on this method
sub     stringify {
	my $self = $_[0];
	return "N: ".$self->get_N()
		.", mean: ".$self->mean()
		.", range: ".$self->min()." to ".$self->max()
		.", standard deviation: ".$self->standard_deviation()
		.", kurtosis: ".$self->kurtosis()
		.", skewness: ".$self->skewness()
		.", histogram:\n".$self->histogram_stringify()
}
# internal methods, no need for anyone to know or use externally
sub     set_N { $_[0]->{'N'} = $_[1] }
sub     M1 { return $_[0]->{'M1'} }
sub     M2 { return $_[0]->{'M2'} }
sub     M3 { return $_[0]->{'M3'} }
sub     M4 { return $_[0]->{'M4'} }
# copy src's histogram to us, erasing previous data and histo-format
sub	_histogram_copy_from {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $src = $_[1]; # a src stats object whose histogram we are copying onto us
	$self->histogram_bins_hash($src->histogram_bins_hash());
}
# given bin-width, num-bins and left-boundary create the bin arrays
sub     _histogram_create_bins_from_spec {
	my ($self, $bw, $nb, $lb) = @_;

	$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'} = $nb;
	my @B = (0)x($nb+1);
	my ($i);
	my $v = $lb;
	for($i=0;$i<=$nb;$i++){
		$B[$i] = $v;
		$v += $bw;
	}
	$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'} = \@B;
	$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'} = [(0)x$nb];
}
# add a datapoint to the histogram, this is usually called only via the public add()
sub     _histogram_add {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $x = $_[1]; # value to add
	my ($n, $i);
	if( ($n=$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'}) <= 0 ){ return }
	my $B = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'};
	for($i=0;$i<$n;$i++){
		if( ($x > $B->[$i]) && ($x <= $B->[$i+1]) ){
			$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'}->[$i]++;
			$self->{'histo'}->{'needs-recalculate'} = 1; # need to recalc stringify
			return
		}
	}
}
# given the bins and bin counts arrays, return a hash in the natural form:
# from-bin:to-bin -> count
# see also _bins2stathash for returning a hash of the format specified in Statistics::Descriptive
sub     _bins2hash {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my %ret = ();
	my $B = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'};
	my $C = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'};
	my $i;
	for($i=$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'};$i-->0;){
		$ret{$B->[$i].":".$B->[$i+1]} = $C->[$i]
	}
	return \%ret
}
# given the bins and bin counts arrays, return a hash with keys
# to-bin -> count
# whereas count is the count of the bin specified by to-bin and its previous key of the hash
sub     _bins2stathash {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my %ret = ();
	my $B = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'};
	my $C = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'};
	my $i;
	for($i=$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'}-1;$i-->0;){
		$ret{$B->[$i+1]} = $C->[$i]
	}
	return \%ret
}
# given a hash with keys
# from-bin:to-bin -> count
# erase and re-create the bin and counts arrays of histo.
# for a way to import Statistics::Descriptive frequency_distribution hash check _stathash2bins()
sub     _hash2bins {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $H = $_[1];
	my @B = ();
	my @C = ();
	my @K = keys %$H;
	$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'} = scalar(@K);
	my ($acount, $akey);

	my @X = map {
		push(@B, $_->[1]); # left-bin (from)
		push(@C, $H->{$_->[0]}); # counts
		$_->[2]; # spit out the right-bin (to)
	}
	sort { $a->[1] <=> $b->[1] }
	  map { [ $_, split(/\:/, $_) ] }
	  @K
	;
	push(@B, $X[-1]);
	$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'} = \@B;
	$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'} = \@C;
}
# given a hash with keys
# to-bin -> count
# erase and re-create the bin and counts arrays of histo.
# the hash is exactly what Statistics::Descriptive::frequency_distribution() returns
# there is only one problem: what is the left-boundary? we will set it to -infinity.
sub     _stathash2bins {
	my $self = $_[0];
	my $H = $_[1]; # hashref: exactly what Statistics::Descriptive::frequency_distribution() returns
	my @B = ();
	my @C = ();
	my @K = keys %$H;
	$self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'} = scalar(@K);
	my ($acount, $akey);

	push(@B, -(~0 >> 1)); # -MAX_INT fuck you.
	foreach my $k (sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$H){
		push(@B, $k);
		push(@C, $H->{$k});
	}
	$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'} = \@B;
	$self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'c'} = \@C;
}
# compares the structure of the histograms of us and another obj
# if histograms have same number of bins and same bin-specs (boundaries)
# then histograms are equal and returns 1
# if both histograms contain zero bins (not initialised) then also returns 1
# else, histogram structure differs and returns 0
sub	_equals_histograms_structure {
	my ($self, $other) = @_;

	my $NB1 = $self->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'};
	if( $NB1 != $other->{'histo'}->{'num-bins'} ){ return 0 }

	# no bins, so equal!
	if( $NB1 == -1 ){ return 1 }

	my $b1 = $self->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'};
	my $b2 = $other->{'histo'}->{'bins'}->{'b'};
	for(my $i=$NB1+1;$i-->0;){
		if( $b1->[$i] != $b2->[$i] ){ return 0 }
	}
	return 1 # equal histogram STRUCTURES (not bincounts)
}
1;
__END__