|  line  | 
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 package PDLA;  | 
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3
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 =head1 NAME  | 
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 PDLA - the Perl Data Language  | 
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 =head1 DESCRIPTION  | 
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 (For the exported PDLA constructor, pdl(), see L)  | 
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11
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 PDLA is the Perl Data Language, a perl extension that is designed for  | 
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12
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 scientific and bulk numeric data processing and display.  It extends  | 
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13
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 perl's syntax and includes fully vectorized, multidimensional array  | 
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 handling, plus several paths for device-independent graphics output.  | 
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15
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16
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 PDLA is fast, comparable and often outperforming IDL and MATLAB in real  | 
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 world applications. PDLA allows large N-dimensional data sets such as large  | 
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 images, spectra, etc to be stored efficiently and manipulated quickly.   | 
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21
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 =head1 VECTORIZATION   | 
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23
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 For a description of the vectorization (also called "threading"), see  | 
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24
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 L.  | 
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25
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26
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27
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 =head1 INTERACTIVE SHELL  | 
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28
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29
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 The PDLA package includes an interactive shell. You can learn about it,  | 
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30
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 run C, or run the shell C or C and type  | 
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31
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 C.  | 
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32
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33
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 =head1 LOOKING FOR A FUNCTION?  | 
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34
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35
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 If you want to search for a function name, you should use the PDLA  | 
| 
36
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 shell along with the "help" or "apropos" command (to do a fuzzy search).  | 
| 
37
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 For example:  | 
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38
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    | 
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39
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  pdla> apropos xval  | 
| 
40
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  xlinvals        X axis values between endpoints (see xvals).  | 
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41
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  xlogvals        X axis values logarithmicly spaced...  | 
| 
42
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  xvals           Fills a piddle with X index values...  | 
| 
43
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  yvals           Fills a piddle with Y index values. See the CAVEAT for xvals.  | 
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44
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  zvals           Fills a piddle with Z index values. See the CAVEAT for xvals.  | 
| 
45
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46
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 To learn more about the PDLA shell, see L or L.  | 
| 
47
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    | 
| 
48
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 =head1 LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION  | 
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49
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    | 
| 
50
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 Most PDLA documentation describes the language features. The number of  | 
| 
51
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 PDLA pages is too great to list here. The following pages offer some  | 
| 
52
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 guidance to help you find the documentation you need.  | 
| 
53
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| 
54
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    | 
| 
55
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 =over 5  | 
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56
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    | 
| 
57
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 =item L  | 
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58
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    | 
| 
59
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 Frequently asked questions about PDLA. This page covers a lot of  | 
| 
60
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 questions that do not fall neatly into any of the documentation  | 
| 
61
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 categories.  | 
| 
62
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    | 
| 
63
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 =item L  | 
| 
64
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    | 
| 
65
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 A guide to PDLA's tutorial-style documentation. With topics from beginner  | 
| 
66
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 to advanced, these pages teach you various aspects of PDLA step by step.  | 
| 
67
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    | 
| 
68
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 =item L  | 
| 
69
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    | 
| 
70
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 A guide to PDLA's module reference. Modules are organized by level  | 
| 
71
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 (foundation to advanced) and by category (graphics, numerical methods,  | 
| 
72
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 etc) to help you find the module you need as quickly as possible.  | 
| 
73
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    | 
| 
74
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 =item L  | 
| 
75
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    | 
| 
76
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 | 
 This page compiles PDLA's tutorial and reference pages into a comprehensive  | 
| 
77
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 | 
 course that takes you from a complete beginner level to expert.  | 
| 
78
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    | 
| 
79
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 =item L  | 
| 
80
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    | 
| 
81
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 | 
 List of all available documentation, sorted alphabetically. If you  | 
| 
82
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 | 
 cannot find what you are looking for, try here.  | 
| 
83
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    | 
| 
84
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 =back  | 
| 
85
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    | 
| 
86
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    | 
| 
87
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 =head1 MODULES  | 
| 
88
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    | 
| 
89
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 | 
 PDLA includes about a dozen perl modules that form the core of the  | 
| 
90
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 | 
 language, plus additional modules that add further functionality.  | 
| 
91
 | 
 
 | 
 
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 | 
 The perl module "PDLA" loads all of the core modules automatically,  | 
| 
92
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 making their functions available in the current perl namespace.  | 
| 
93
 | 
 
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 | 
 Some notes:  | 
| 
94
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    | 
| 
95
 | 
 
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 =over 5  | 
| 
96
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    | 
| 
97
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 =item Modules loaded by default  | 
| 
98
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    | 
| 
99
 | 
 
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 | 
 See the SYNOPSIS section at the end of this document for a list of  | 
| 
100
 | 
 
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 modules loaded by default.  | 
| 
101
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    | 
| 
102
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 =item L and L  | 
| 
103
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    | 
| 
104
 | 
 
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 These are lighter-weight alternatives to the standard PDLA module.  | 
| 
105
 | 
 
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 | 
 Consider using these modules if startup time becomes an issue.  | 
| 
106
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    | 
| 
107
 | 
 
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 =item Exports  | 
| 
108
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    | 
| 
109
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 | 
 C | 
| 
110
 | 
 
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 | 
 namespace.  If you want to avoid namespace pollution, you must instead   | 
| 
111
 | 
 
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 | 
 C | 
| 
112
 | 
 
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 | 
    | 
| 
113
 | 
 
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 =item L  | 
| 
114
 | 
 
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    | 
| 
115
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 Note that the L syntax is NOT automatically  | 
| 
116
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 loaded by C | 
| 
117
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 a standalone script, you must also say C | 
| 
118
 | 
 
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    | 
| 
119
 | 
 
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 =item L  | 
| 
120
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    | 
| 
121
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 The L module has been added to the list of modules  | 
| 
122
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 for versions later than 2.3.1. Note that PDLA::Math is still  | 
| 
123
 | 
 
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 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 I included in the L and L  | 
| 
124
 | 
 
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 | 
 start-up modules.  | 
| 
125
 | 
 
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    | 
| 
126
 | 
 
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 =back  | 
| 
127
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    | 
| 
128
 | 
 
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 =head1 SYNOPSIS  | 
| 
129
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    | 
| 
130
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
  use PDLA; # Is equivalent to the following:  | 
| 
131
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
132
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Core;  | 
| 
133
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Ops;  | 
| 
134
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Primitive;  | 
| 
135
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Ufunc;  | 
| 
136
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Basic;  | 
| 
137
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Slices;  | 
| 
138
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Bad;  | 
| 
139
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::MatrixOps;  | 
| 
140
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Math;  | 
| 
141
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Version;  | 
| 
142
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::IO::Misc;  | 
| 
143
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::IO::FITS;  | 
| 
144
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::IO::Pic;  | 
| 
145
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::IO::Storable;  | 
| 
146
 | 
 
 | 
 
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 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    use PDLA::Lvalue;  | 
| 
147
 | 
 
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    | 
| 
148
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 | 
 
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 | 
 =cut  | 
| 
149
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    | 
| 
150
 | 
 
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 | 
 our $VERSION = "2.019105";  | 
| 
151
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    | 
| 
152
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 | 
 
 | 
 # Main loader of standard PDLA package  | 
| 
153
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    | 
| 
154
 | 
 
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 sub PDLA::import {  | 
| 
155
 | 
 
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    | 
| 
156
 | 
16
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
16
  
 | 
 
 | 
142
 | 
 my $pkg = (caller())[0];  | 
| 
157
 | 
16
 | 
 
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 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
937
 | 
 eval <<"EOD";  | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
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 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
9124
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
52
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
123
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
6167
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
46
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
121
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
8378
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
59
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
122
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
14
  
 | 
 
 | 
8258
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
12
  
 | 
 
 | 
54
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
12
  
 | 
 
 | 
101
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
12
  
 | 
 
 | 
5889
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
12
  
 | 
 
 | 
43
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
132
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
111
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
34
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
87
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
6360
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
44
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
282
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
102
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
34
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
93
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
115
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
35
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
92
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
7779
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
42
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
384
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
7245
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
48
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
154
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
9334
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
55
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
14
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
168
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
7776
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
52
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
118
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
92
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
31
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
338
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
6028
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
37
 | 
    | 
| 
 
 | 
12
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
89
 | 
    | 
| 
158
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
159
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 package $pkg;  | 
| 
160
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
161
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Load the fundamental packages  | 
| 
162
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
163
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Core;  | 
| 
164
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Ops;  | 
| 
165
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Primitive;  | 
| 
166
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Ufunc;  | 
| 
167
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Basic;  | 
| 
168
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Slices;  | 
| 
169
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Bad;  | 
| 
170
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Math;  | 
| 
171
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::MatrixOps;  | 
| 
172
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Lvalue;  | 
| 
173
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
174
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Load these for TPJ compatibility  | 
| 
175
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
176
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::IO::Misc;          # Misc IO (Ascii)  | 
| 
177
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::IO::FITS;          # FITS IO (rfits/wfits; used by rpic/wpic too)  | 
| 
178
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::IO::Pic;           # rpic/wpic  | 
| 
179
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
180
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Load this so config/install info is available  | 
| 
181
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
182
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::Config;  | 
| 
183
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
184
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Load this to avoid mysterious Storable segfaults  | 
| 
185
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
186
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 use PDLA::IO::Storable;  | 
| 
187
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
188
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 EOD  | 
| 
189
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
190
 | 
16
 | 
  
 50
  
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
4552
 | 
 die $@ if $@;  | 
| 
191
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
192
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 }  | 
| 
193
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
194
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # support: use Inline with => 'PDLA';  | 
| 
195
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Returns a hash containing parameters accepted by recent versions of  | 
| 
196
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Inline, to tweak compilation.  Not normally called by anyone but  | 
| 
197
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # the Inline API.  | 
| 
198
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 #  | 
| 
199
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # If you're trying to debug the actual code, you're looking for "IFiles.pm"  | 
| 
200
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # which is currently in the Core directory. --CED 23-Feb-2015  | 
| 
201
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 sub Inline {  | 
| 
202
 | 
3
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
3
  
 | 
  
0
  
 | 
125715
 | 
     require PDLA::Install::Files;  | 
| 
203
 | 
3
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
11
 | 
     goto &PDLA::Install::Files::Inline;  | 
| 
204
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 }  | 
| 
205
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
206
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 ##################################################  | 
| 
207
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Rudimentary handling for multiple Perl threads #  | 
| 
208
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 ##################################################  | 
| 
209
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 my $clone_skip_should_be_quiet = 0;  | 
| 
210
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 sub CLONE_SKIP {  | 
| 
211
 | 
2
 | 
  
  0
  
 | 
 
 | 
  
2
  
 | 
 
 | 
21
 | 
     warn("* If you need to share PDLA data across threads, use memory mapped data, or\n"  | 
| 
212
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 		. "* check out PDLA::Parallel::threads, available on CPAN.\n"  | 
| 
213
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
         . "* You can silence this warning by saying `PDLA::no_clone_skip_warning;'\n"  | 
| 
214
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
         . "* before you create your first thread.\n")  | 
| 
215
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
         unless $clone_skip_should_be_quiet;  | 
| 
216
 | 
2
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
19
 | 
     PDLA::no_clone_skip_warning();  | 
| 
217
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
     # Whether we warned or not, always return 1 to tell Perl not to clone PDLA data  | 
| 
218
 | 
2
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
4
 | 
     return 1;  | 
| 
219
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 }  | 
| 
220
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 sub no_clone_skip_warning {  | 
| 
221
 | 
2
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
  
2
  
 | 
  
0
  
 | 
16
 | 
     $clone_skip_should_be_quiet = 1;  | 
| 
222
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 }  | 
| 
223
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
    | 
| 
224
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 # Exit with OK status  | 
| 
225
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 1;  |