File Coverage

lib/File/Util.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	605	772	78.3
branch	381	698	54.5
condition	155	335	46.2
subroutine	58	68	85.2
pod	40	40	100.0
total	1239	1913	64.7

use 5.006;
use strict;
use warnings;

use lib 'lib';

package File::Util;
$File::Util::VERSION = '4.161200';
use File::Util::Definitions qw( :all );
use File::Util::Interface::Modern qw( :all );

use Scalar::Util qw( blessed );
use Exporter;

our $AUTHORITY  = 'cpan:TOMMY';
our @ISA        = qw( Exporter );

# some of the symbols below come from File::Util::Definitions
our @EXPORT_OK  = qw(
   NL      can_flock   ebcdic        existent      needs_binmode
   SL      strip_path  is_readable   is_writable   valid_filename
   OS      bitmask     return_path   file_type     escape_filename
   is_bin  created     last_access   last_changed  last_modified
   isbin   split_path  atomize_path  diagnostic    abort_depth
   size    can_read    can_write     read_limit    can_utf8
                       default_path  strict_path
);

our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( all => [ @EXPORT_OK ], diag => [ ] );

our $WANT_DIAGNOSTICS = 0;

# --------------------------------------------------------
# LEGACY methods (which get replaced in AUTOLOAD)
# --------------------------------------------------------
use subs qw( can_read  can_write  isbin  readlimit );

# --------------------------------------------------------
# Constructor
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub new {
   my $this = { };

   bless $this, shift @_;

   my $in = $this->_parse_in( @_ ) || { };

   $this->{opts} = $in || { };

   $this->{opts}->{onfail} ||= 'die';

   # let constructor argument override globals, but set
   # constructor opts to global values if they have not
   # overridden them...

   $USE_FLOCK  = $in->{use_flock}
      if exists  $in->{use_flock}
      && defined $in->{use_flock};

      $this->{opts}->{use_flock} = $USE_FLOCK;

   $WANT_DIAGNOSTICS = $in->{diag}
      if exists  $in->{diag}
      && defined $in->{diag};

      $this->{opts}->{diag} = $WANT_DIAGNOSTICS;

   $in->{read_limit} = defined $in->{read_limit}
      ? $in->{read_limit}
      : defined $in->{readlimit}
         ? $in->{readlimit}
         : undef;

   delete $in->{readlimit};
   delete $in->{read_limit} if !defined $in->{read_limit};

   $READ_LIMIT = $in->{read_limit}
      if exists  $in->{read_limit}
      && defined $in->{read_limit}
      && $in->{read_limit} !~ /\D/;

      $this->{opts}->{read_limit} = $READ_LIMIT;

   $ABORT_DEPTH = $in->{abort_depth}
      if exists  $in->{abort_depth}
      && defined $in->{abort_depth}
      && $in->{abort_depth} !~ /\D/;

      $this->{opts}->{abort_depth} = $ABORT_DEPTH;

   return $this;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::import()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub import {

   my ( $class, @wanted_symbols ) = @_;

   ++$WANT_DIAGNOSTICS if grep { /(?

   $class->export_to_level( 1, @_ );
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::list_dir()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub list_dir {
   my $this = shift @_;
   my $dir  = shift @_;
   my $opts = ref $_[0] eq 'REF' ? ${ shift @_ } : $this->_remove_opts( \@_ );

   my ( @dir_contents, $subdirs, $files );

   my $abort_depth = $opts->{abort_depth};

   # We can bypass all this extra checking/validation when we are recursing
   # because we know we called ourself correctly--

# INPUT VALIDATION AND DEFAULT VALUES

   if ( !$opts->{_recursing} ) { # bypass all this if recursing

      return $this->_throw(
         'no input' => {
            meth    => 'list_dir',
            missing => 'a directory name',
            opts    => $opts,
         }
      ) unless defined $dir && length $dir;

      $abort_depth =
         defined $opts->{abort_depth}
            ? $opts->{abort_depth}
            : defined $this->{opts}->{abort_depth}
               ? $this->{opts}->{abort_depth}
               : $ABORT_DEPTH;

      # in case somebody wants to list_dir( "/tmp////" ) which is legal!
      $dir =~ s/(?<=.)[\/\\:]+$// unless $dir =~ /^$WINROOT$/o;

      # recurse_fast implies recurse, and so does the legacy opt "follow"
      $opts->{recurse} = 1 if $opts->{recurse_fast} || $opts->{follow};

      # "." and ".." make no sense (and cause infinite loops) when recursing...
      $opts->{no_fsdots} = 1 if $opts->{recurse}; # ...so skip them

      # be compatible with GNU find
      $opts->{max_depth} = delete $opts->{maxdepth} if $opts->{maxdepth};

      # break off immediately to helper function if asked to make a ref-tree
      return $this->_as_tree( $dir => $opts ) if $opts->{as_tree};

      return $this->_throw( 'no such file' => { opts => $opts, filename => $dir } )
         unless -e $dir;

      return $this->_throw (
         'called opendir on a file' => {
            filename => $dir,
            opts     => $opts,
         }
      ) unless -d $dir;
   }

# RUNAWAY RECURSION PREVENTION...

   # We have to keep an eye on recursion; we do it with a shared-reference.
   # scalar references didn't work for me, so I'm using a hashref with a
   # single key-value and it works beautifully
   $opts->{_recursion} = {
      _fast   => $opts->{recurse_fast},
      _base   => $dir,
      _isroot => ( $dir eq '/' || $dir =~ /^$WINROOT/ ) ? 1 : 0,
      _depth  => 0,
      _inodes => {},
   } unless defined $opts->{_recursion};

# ...AND FILESYSTEM LOOPING PREVENTION ARE TIED TOGETHER...

   if ( !$opts->{_recursion}->{_fast} )
   {
      my ( $dev, $inode ) = lstat $dir;

      if ( $inode ) { # noop on windows which always returns zero (0) for inode

         # keep track of dir inodes or we're going to get stuck in filesystem
         # loops the following bit of code incrementally populates (with each
         # recursion) a hash table with keys named for the dev ID and inode of
         # the directory, for every directory found

         warn sprintf
            qq(*WARNING! Filesystem loop detected at %s, dev %s, inode %s\n),
               $dir, $dev, $inode
               and return( () )
                  if exists $opts->{_recursion}{_inodes}{ $dev, $inode };

         $opts->{_recursion}{_inodes}{ $dev, $inode } = undef;
      }
   }

# DETERMINE DEPTH AND BAIL IF TOO DEEP

   # this is highly dependent on OS platform, and also whether or not we are
   # listing a root directory, which makes optimizations harder ( / or C:\ )
   # *note - $SL comes from File::Util::Definitions

   my $trailing_dirs;

   if ( $opts->{_recursion}{_isroot} )
   {
      ( $trailing_dirs ) =
         $dir =~ /^ \Q$opts->{_recursion}{_base}\E (.+) /x;
   }
   else
   {
      ( $trailing_dirs ) =
         $dir =~ /^ \Q$opts->{_recursion}{_base}$SL\E (.+) /x;
   }

   if ( $SL eq '/' )
   {
      $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} = $trailing_dirs =~ tr/\/// + 1
         if defined $trailing_dirs;
   }
   else
   {
      $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} = $trailing_dirs =~ tr/[\\:]// + 1
         if defined $trailing_dirs;
   }

   return( () ) if
      $opts->{max_depth} &&
      $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} >= $opts->{max_depth};

   # fail if the shared reference indicates we're to deep
   return $this->_throw(
      'abort_depth exceeded' => {
         meth        => 'list_dir',
         abort_depth => $abort_depth,
         opts        => $opts,
         dir         => $dir,
      }
   ) if $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} == $abort_depth && $abort_depth != 0;

# ACTUAL READING OF THE DIRECTORY

   opendir my $dir_fh, $dir
      or return $this->_throw
         (
            'bad opendir' => {
               dirname    => $dir,
               exception  => $!,
               opts       => $opts,
            }
         );

# LEGACY_MATCHING

   # this form of matching is deprecated and is not robust.  backward compat
   # is preserved here, but it will soon no longer even be mentioned in the
   # documentation, becoming useful only to the legacy code that relies on it

   # primitive pattern matching at top level only, applied to both files & dirs
   @dir_contents = defined $opts->{pattern}
      ? grep /$opts->{pattern}/, readdir $dir_fh
      : readdir $dir_fh;

   # primitive pattern matching applied recursively to only files; if it were
   # applied to both files AND dirs, recursion would often break unexpectedly
   # for users unaware that they couldn't recurse into dirs that didn't match
   # the pattern they probably intended only for files
   @dir_contents = defined $opts->{rpattern}
      ? grep { -d $dir . SL . $_ || /$opts->{rpattern}/ } @dir_contents
      : @dir_contents;

   closedir $dir_fh
      or return $this->_throw(
         'close dir'  => {
            dir       => $dir,
            exception => $!,
            opts      => $opts,
         }
      );

   # get rid of "." and ".." if they are unwanted, and try to do it as fast
   # as possible for large directories; Devel::NYTprof says this is faster
   if ( $opts->{no_fsdots} )
   {
      if ( $dir_contents[0] eq '.' && $dir_contents[1] eq '..' )
      {
         @dir_contents = splice @dir_contents, 2;
      }
      else
      {
         @dir_contents = grep { !/$FSDOTS/ } @dir_contents;
      }
   }

# SEPARATION OF DIRS FROM FILES

   my $dir_base = # << we use this further down
      ( $dir ne '/' && $dir !~ /^$WINROOT$/ )
         ? $dir . SL
         : $dir;

   while ( @dir_contents ) # !! don't do: while my $foo = shift !!
   {
      my $dir_entry = shift @dir_contents;

      if ( -d $dir_base . $dir_entry && !-l $dir_base . $dir_entry )
      {
         push @$subdirs, $dir_entry
      }
      else { push @$files, $dir_entry }
   }

# ADVANCED MATCHING
   if ( !defined $opts->{_matching} )
   {
      $opts->{_matching} =
         $opts->{files_match}    ||
         $opts->{dirs_match}     ||
         $opts->{parent_matches} ||
         $opts->{path_matches}   || 0;

      $opts->{_matching} = !!$opts->{_matching};
   }

   if ( $opts->{_matching} )
   {
      ( $subdirs, $files ) =
         _list_dir_matching( $opts, $dir, $subdirs, $files );
   }

   # prepend full path information to each file name if paths were
   # requested, or if we are recursing.  Then separate the directories
   # and files off into @dirs and @itmes, respectively
   if ( $opts->{recurse} || $opts->{with_paths} )
   {
      @$subdirs = map { $dir_base . $_ } @$subdirs;
      @$files   = map { $dir_base . $_ } @$files;
   }

# CALLBACKS (HIGHER ORDER FUNCTIONS)

   # here below is where we invoke the callbacks on dirs, files, or both.

   if ( my $cb = $opts->{callback} ) {

      $this->throw( qq(callback "$cb" not a coderef), $opts )
         unless ref $cb eq 'CODE';

      $cb->( $dir, \@$subdirs, \@$files, $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} );
   }

   if ( my $cb = $opts->{d_callback} ) {

      $this->throw( qq(d_callback "$cb" not a coderef), $opts )
         unless ref $cb eq 'CODE';

      $cb->( $dir, \@$subdirs, $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} );
   }

   if ( my $cb = $opts->{f_callback} ) {

      $this->throw( qq(f_callback "$cb" not a coderef), $opts )
         unless ref $cb eq 'CODE';

      $cb->( $dir, \@$files, $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} );
   }

# RECURSION
   if
   (
      $opts->{recurse} && !
      (
         $opts->{max_depth} && # don't recurse if we will then be at max depth
         $opts->{_recursion}{_depth} == $opts->{max_depth} - 1
      )
   ) {
      # recurse into all subdirs
      for my $subdir ( @$subdirs ) {

         # certain opts need to be defined, overridden, added, or removed
         # completely before recursing.  That's why we redefine everything
         # here below, eliminating potential user-error where incompatible
         # options would otherwise break recursion and/or cause confusion

         my $recurse_opts = {
            as_ref               => 1,
            with_paths           => 1,
            no_fsdots            => 1,
            abort_depth          => $abort_depth,
            max_depth            => $opts->{max_depth},
            onfail               => $opts->{onfail},
            diag                 => $opts->{diag},
            rpattern             => $opts->{rpattern},
            files_match          => $opts->{files_match},
            dirs_match           => $opts->{dirs_match},
            parent_matches       => $opts->{parent_matches},
            path_matches         => $opts->{path_matches},
            callback             => $opts->{callback},
            d_callback           => $opts->{d_callback},
            f_callback           => $opts->{f_callback},
            _matching            => $opts->{_matching},
            _patterns            => $opts->{_patterns} || {},
            _recursion           => $opts->{_recursion},
            _recursing           => 1,
         };

         my ( $dirs_ref, $files_ref ) =
            $this->list_dir( $subdir => \$recurse_opts );

         push @$subdirs,  @$dirs_ref
            if ref $dirs_ref && ref $dirs_ref eq 'ARRAY';

         push @$files, @$files_ref
            if ref $files_ref && ref $files_ref eq 'ARRAY';
      }
   }

# FINAL PREPARATIONS before returning results

   if (
        !$opts->{_recursing} &&
      (
         $opts->{path_matches} || $opts->{parent_matches}
      )
   ) {
      @$subdirs = _list_dir_lastround_dirmatch( $opts, $subdirs );
   }

   # cosmetic formatting for directories/
   if ( $opts->{sl_after_dirs} ) {

      # append directory separator to everything but the "dots"
      $_ .= SL for grep { !/$FSDOTS/ } @$subdirs;
   }

   # sorting
   if ( $opts->{ignore_case} ) {

      $subdirs = [ sort { uc $a cmp uc $b } @$subdirs  ];
      $files   = [ sort { uc $a cmp uc $b } @$files ];
   }
   else {

      $subdirs = [ sort { $a cmp $b } @$subdirs  ];
      $files   = [ sort { $a cmp $b } @$files ];
   }

# RETURN based on selected opts

   return scalar @$subdirs
      if $opts->{dirs_only} && $opts->{count_only};

   return scalar @$files
      if $opts->{files_only} && $opts->{count_only};

   return scalar @$subdirs + scalar @$files
      if $opts->{count_only};

   return $subdirs, $files
      if $opts->{as_ref};

   $subdirs = [ $subdirs ] if $opts->{dirs_as_ref};
   $files   = [ $files   ] if $opts->{files_as_ref};

   return @$subdirs if $opts->{dirs_only};
   return @$files   if $opts->{files_only};

   return @$subdirs, @$files;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_list_dir_matching()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _list_dir_matching {
   my ( $opts, $path, $dirs, $files ) = @_;

# COLLECT PATTERN(S) TO BE APPLIED

   {  # memo-ize these patterns

   # FILES AND
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_and} =
         [ _gather_and_patterns( $opts->{files_match} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_and};

   # FILES OR
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_or} =
         [ _gather_or_patterns( $opts->{files_match} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_or};

   # DIRS AND
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_and} =
         [ _gather_and_patterns( $opts->{dirs_match} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_and};

   # DIRS OR
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_or} =
         [ _gather_or_patterns( $opts->{dirs_match} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_or};

   # PARENT AND
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_and} =
         [ _gather_and_patterns( $opts->{parent_matches} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_and};

   # PARENT OR
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_or} =
         [ _gather_or_patterns( $opts->{parent_matches} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_or};

   # PATH AND
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_and} =
         [ _gather_and_patterns( $opts->{path_matches} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_and};

   # PATH OR
      $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_or} =
         [ _gather_or_patterns( $opts->{path_matches} ) ]
            unless defined $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_or};
   }

# FILE MATCHING

   for my $pattern ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_and} } ) {

      @$files = grep { /$pattern/ } @$files;
   }

   @$files = _match_and( $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_and}, $files )
      if @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_and} };

   @$files = _match_or( $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_or}, $files )
      if @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_files_match_or} };

# DIRECTORY MATCHING

   @$dirs = _match_and( $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_and}, $dirs )
      if @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_and} };

   @$dirs = _match_or( $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_or}, $dirs )
      if @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_or} };

# FILE &'ed DIRECTORY MATCHING

   if ( $opts->{files_match} && $opts->{dirs_match} ) {

      $files = [ ]
         unless _match_and
         (
            $opts->{_patterns}->{_dirs_match_and},
            [ strip_path( $path ) ]
         );
   }

# MATCHING FILES BY PARENT DIR

   if ( $opts->{parent_matches} ) {

      if ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_and} } ) {

         $files = [ ]
            unless _match_and
            (
               $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_and},
               [ strip_path( $path ) ]
            );
      }
      elsif ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_or} } ) {

         $files = [ ]
            unless _match_or
            (
               $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_or},
               [ strip_path( $path ) ]
            );
      }
   }

# MATCHING FILES BY PATH

   if ( $opts->{path_matches} ) {

      if ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_and} } ) {

         $files = [ ]
            unless _match_and
            (
               $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_and}, [ $path ]
            );
      }
      elsif ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_or} } ) {

         $files = [ ]
            unless _match_or
            (
               $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_or}, [ $path ]
            );
      }
   }

   return ( $dirs, $files );
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_list_dir_lastround_dirmatch()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _list_dir_lastround_dirmatch {
   my ( $opts, $dirs ) = @_;

   my @return_dirs;

# LAST ROUND MATCHING DIRS BY PARENT DIR

   if ( $opts->{parent_matches} ) {

      my %return_dirs;

      if ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_and} } ) {

         for my $qfd_dir ( @$dirs ) {

            my ( $root, $in_path ) = atomize_path( $qfd_dir );

            $in_path = $root . $in_path if $root;

            $return_dirs{ $in_path } = $in_path
               if _match_and
                  (
                     $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_and},
                     [ strip_path( $in_path ) ]
                  );
         }
      }
      elsif ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_or} } ) {

         for my $qfd_dir ( @$dirs ) {

            my ( $root, $in_path ) = atomize_path( $qfd_dir );

            $in_path = $root . $in_path if $root;

            $return_dirs{ $in_path } = $in_path
               if _match_or
                  (
                     $opts->{_patterns}->{_parent_matches_or},
                     [ strip_path( $in_path ) ]
                  );
         }
      }

      push @return_dirs, keys %return_dirs;
   }

# LAST ROUND MATCHING DIRS BY PATH

   if ( $opts->{path_matches} ) {

      my %return_dirs;

      if ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_and} } ) {

         for my $qfd_dir ( @$dirs ) {

            my ( $root, $in_path ) = atomize_path( $qfd_dir );

            $in_path = $root . $in_path if $root;

            $return_dirs{ $in_path } = $in_path
               if _match_and
               (
                  $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_and}, [ $in_path ]
               );

            $return_dirs{ $qfd_dir } = $qfd_dir
               if _match_and
               (
                  $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_and}, [ $qfd_dir ]
               );
         }
      }
      elsif ( @{ $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_or} } ) {

         for my $qfd_dir ( @$dirs ) {

            my ( $root, $in_path ) = atomize_path( $qfd_dir );

            $in_path = $root . $in_path if $root;

            $return_dirs{ $in_path } = $in_path
               if _match_or
               (
                  $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_or}, [ $in_path ]
               );

            $return_dirs{ $qfd_dir } = $qfd_dir
               if _match_or
               (
                  $opts->{_patterns}->{_path_matches_or}, [ $qfd_dir ]
               );
         }
      }

      push @return_dirs, keys %return_dirs;
   }

   return @return_dirs;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_gather_and_patterns()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _gather_and_patterns {

   my $pattern_ref = shift @_;

   return
      defined $pattern_ref &&
      ref $pattern_ref eq 'HASH' &&
      defined $pattern_ref->{and} &&
      ref $pattern_ref->{and} eq 'ARRAY'
         ? @{ $pattern_ref->{and} }
         : defined $pattern_ref &&
           ref $pattern_ref eq 'Regexp'
            ? ( $pattern_ref )
            : ( );
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_gather_or_patterns()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _gather_or_patterns {

   my $pattern_ref = shift @_;

   return
      defined $pattern_ref &&
      ref $pattern_ref eq 'HASH' &&
      defined $pattern_ref->{or} &&
      ref $pattern_ref->{or} eq 'ARRAY'
         ? @{ $pattern_ref->{or} }
         : ( );
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_match_and()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _match_and {

   my ( $patterns, $items ) = @_;

   for my $pattern ( @$patterns ) {

      @$items = grep { /$pattern/ } @$items;
   }

   return @$items;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_match_or()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _match_or {

   my ( $patterns, $items ) = @_;

   my $or_pattern;

   for my $pattern ( @$patterns ) {

      $or_pattern = $or_pattern
         ? qr/$pattern|$or_pattern/
         : $pattern;
   }

   @$items = grep { /$or_pattern/ } @$items;

   return @$items;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_as_tree()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _as_tree {
   my $this = shift @_;
   my $opts = $this->_remove_opts( \@_ );
   my $dir  = shift @_;
   my $tree = {};

   my $treeify = sub
   {
      my ( $dirname, $subdirs, $files ) = @_;

      # find root of tree (if path was absolute)
      my ( $root, $branch, $leaf ) = atomize_path( $dirname );

      my @path_dirs = split /$DIRSPLIT/o, $branch;

      # find place in tree
      my @lineage = ( @path_dirs, $leaf );

      unshift @lineage, $root if $root;

      my $ancestory = $tree;

      # recursively create hashref tree

      for ( my $i = 0; $i < @lineage; $i++ )
      {
         my $self = $lineage[ $i ];

         my $parent = $i > 0 ? $i - 1 : undef;

         if ( defined $parent )
         {
            my @predecessors = @lineage[ 0 .. $parent ];

            # for abs paths on *nix
            shift @predecessors if
               @predecessors > 1 &&
               $predecessors[0] eq SL;

            $parent = join SL, @predecessors;

            $parent = $root . $parent if $root && $parent ne $root;
         }

         $ancestory->{ $self } ||= { };

         unless (
            exists  $opts->{dirmeta} &&
            defined $opts->{dirmeta} &&
            $opts->{dirmeta} == 0
         ) {
            $ancestory->{ $self }{ _DIR_PARENT_ } = $parent;

            $ancestory->{ $self }{ _DIR_SELF_ }   =
               !defined $parent
                  ? $self
                  : $parent eq $root
                     ? $parent . $self
                     : $parent . SL . $self;
         }

         $ancestory = $ancestory->{ $self };
      }

      # the next two loops populate the tree

      my $parent = $ancestory;

      for my $subdir ( @$subdirs )
      {
         $parent->{ strip_path( $subdir ) } ||= { };
      }

      for my $file ( @$files )
      {
         $parent->{ strip_path( $file ) } = $file;
      }
   };

   $opts->{callback} = $treeify;

   delete $opts->{as_tree};

   $this->list_dir( $dir => $opts );

   return $tree;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_dropdots()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _dropdots {
   my $this     = shift @_;
   my $opts     = $this->_remove_opts( \@_ );
   my @copy     = @_;
   my @out      = ();
   my @dots     = ();
   my $gottadot = 0;

   while ( @copy ) {

      if ( $gottadot == 2 ) { push @out, @copy and last }

      my $dir_item = shift @copy;

      if ( $dir_item =~ /$FSDOTS/ ) {

         ++$gottadot;

         push @dots, $dir_item;

         next;
      }

      push @out, $dir_item;
   }

   return( \@dots, @out ) if $opts->{save_dots};

   return @out;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::load_file()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub load_file {
   my $this       = shift @_;
   my $in         = $this->_parse_in( @_ );
   my @dirs       = ();
   my $blocksize  = 1024; # 1.24 kb
   my $fh_passed  = 0;
   my $fh;

   my ( $file, $root, $path, $clean_name, $content, $mode  ) =
      ( '',    '',    '',    '',          '',       'read' );

   # all of this logic branching is to cover the possibilities in the way
   # this method could have been called.  we try to support as many methods
   # as make at least some amount of sense

   $in->{read_limit} = defined $in->{read_limit}
      ? $in->{read_limit}
      : defined $in->{readlimit}
         ? $in->{readlimit}
         : undef;

   delete $in->{readlimit};
   delete $in->{read_limit} if !defined $in->{read_limit};

   my $read_limit =
      defined $in->{read_limit}
         ? $in->{read_limit}
         : defined $this->{opts}->{read_limit}
            ? $this->{opts}->{read_limit}
            : defined $READ_LIMIT
               ? $READ_LIMIT
               : 0;

   return $this->_throw(
      'bad read_limit' => { opts => $in, bad => $read_limit }
   ) if $read_limit =~ /\D/;

   # support old-school "FH" option, *and* the new, more sensible "file_handle"
   $in->{FH} = $in->{file_handle} if defined $in->{file_handle};

   if ( !defined $in->{FH} ) { # unless we were passed a file handle...

      $file = defined $in->{file}
         ? $in->{file}
         : defined $in->{filename}
            ? $in->{filename}
            : shift @_ || '';

      return $this->_throw(
         'no input',
         {
            meth    => 'load_file',
            missing => 'a file name or file handle reference',
            opts    => $in,
         }
      ) unless length $file;

      ( $root, $path, $file ) = atomize_path( $file );

      @dirs = split /$DIRSPLIT/, $path;

      unshift @dirs, $root if $root;

      # cleanup file name - if path is relative, normalize it
      #    - /foo/bar/baz.txt stays as /foo/bar/baz.txt
      #    - foo/bar/baz.txt  becomes ./foo/bar/baz.txt
      #    - baz.txt          stays as baz.txt
      if ( !length $root && !length $path ) {

         $path = '.' . SL;
      }
      else { # otherwise path normalized at end

         $path .= SL;
      }

      # final clean filename assembled
      $clean_name = $root . $path . $file;
   }
   else {

      # did we get a filehandle?
      if ( ref $in->{FH} eq 'GLOB' ) {

         $fh_passed++;
      }
      else {

         return $this->_throw(
            'no input',
            {
               meth    => 'load_file',
               missing => 'a true file handle reference (not a string)',
               opts    => $in,
            }
         );
      }
   }

   if ( $fh_passed ) {

      my $buffer     = 0;
      my $bytes_read = 0;
      $fh = $in->{FH};

      while ( <$fh> ) {

         if ( $buffer < $read_limit ) {

            $bytes_read = read( $fh, $content, $blocksize );

            $buffer += $bytes_read;
         }
         else {

            return $this->_throw(
               'read_limit exceeded',
               {
                  filename   => '',
                  size       => qq{[truncated at $bytes_read]},
                  read_limit => $read_limit,
                  opts       => $in,
               }
            );
         }
      }

      # return an array of all lines in the file if the call to this method/
      # subroutine asked for an array eg- my @file = load_file('file');
      # otherwise, return a scalar value containing all of the file's content
      return split /$NL|\r|\n/o, $content
         if $in->{as_list};

      return $content;
   }

   # if the file doesn't exist, send back an error
   return $this->_throw(
      'no such file',
      {
         filename => $clean_name,
         opts     => $in,
      }
   ) unless -e $clean_name;

   # it's good to know beforehand whether or not we have permission to open
   # and read from this file allowing us to handle such an exception before
   # it handles us.

   # first check the readability of the file's housing dir
   return $this->_throw(
      'cant dread',
      {
         filename => $clean_name,
         dirname  => $root . $path,
         opts     => $in,
      }
   ) unless -r $root . $path;

   # now check the readability of the file itself
   return $this->_throw(
      'cant fread',
      {
         filename => $clean_name,
         dirname  => $root . $path,
         opts     => $in,
      }
   ) unless -r $clean_name;

   # if the file is a directory it will not be opened
   return $this->_throw(
      'called open on a dir',
      {
         filename => $clean_name,
         opts     => $in,
      }
   ) if -d $clean_name;

   my $fsize = -s $clean_name;

   return $this->_throw(
      'read_limit exceeded',
      {
         filename   => $clean_name,
         size       => $fsize,
         opts       => $in,
         read_limit => $read_limit,
      }
   ) if $fsize > $read_limit;

   # localize the global output record separator so we can slurp it all
   # in one quick read.  We fail if the filesize exceeds our limit.
   local $/;

   # open the file for reading (note the '<' syntax there) or fail with a
   # error message if our attempt to open the file was unsuccessful

   # lock file before I/O on platforms that support it
   if (
      $in->{no_lock}           ||
      $this->{opts}->{no_lock} ||
      !$this->use_flock()
   ) {

      # if you use the 'no_lock' option you are probably inefficient
      open $fh, '<', $clean_name or
         return $this->_throw(
            'bad open',
            {
               filename  => $clean_name,
               mode      => $mode,
               exception => $!,
               cmd       => qq(< $clean_name),
               opts      => $in,
            }
         );
   }
   else {
      open $fh, '<', $clean_name or
         return $this->_throw(
            'bad open',
            {
               filename  => $clean_name,
               mode      => $mode,
               exception => $!,
               cmd       => qq(< $clean_name),
               opts      => $in,
            }
         );

      $this->_seize( $clean_name, $fh, $in );
   }

   # call binmode on binary files for portability across platforms such
   # as MS flavor OS family

   binmode $fh if -B $clean_name;

   # call binmode on the filehandle if it was requested or UTF-8
   if ( $in->{binmode} )
   {
      if ( lc $in->{binmode} eq 'utf8' )
      {
         if ( $HAVE_UU )
         {
            binmode $fh, ':unix:encoding(UTF-8)';
         }
         else
         {
            close $fh;

            return $this->_throw( 'no unicode' => $in );
         }
      }
      elsif ( $in->{binmode} == 1 )
      {
         binmode $fh;
      }
      else
      {
         binmode $fh, $in->{binmode} # apply user-specified IO layer(s)
      }
   }

   # assign the content of the file to this lexically scoped scalar variable
   # (memory for *that* variable will be freed when execution leaves this
   # method / sub

   $content = <$fh>;

   if ( $in->{no_lock} || $this->{opts}->{no_lock} ) {

      # if execution gets here, you used the 'no_lock' option, and you
      # are probably inefficient

      close $fh or return $this->_throw(
         'bad close',
         {
            filename  => $clean_name,
            mode      => $mode,
            exception => $!,
            opts      => $in,
         }
      );
   }
   else {
      # release shadow-ed locks on the file
      $this->_release( $fh, $in );

      close $fh or return $this->_throw(
         'bad close',
         {
            filename  => $clean_name,
            mode      => $mode,
            exception => $!,
            opts      => $in,
         }
      );
   }

   # return an array of all lines in the file if the call to this method/
   # subroutine asked for an array eg- my @file = load_file('file');
   # otherwise, return a scalar value containing all of the file's content
   return split /$NL|\r|\n/o, $content
      if $in->{as_lines};

   return $content;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::write_file()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub write_file {
   my $this     = shift @_;
   my $in       = $this->_parse_in( @_ );
   my $content  = '';
   my $raw_name = '';
   my $file     = '';
   my $mode     = $in->{mode}     || 'write';
   my $bitmask  = $in->{bitmask}  || oct 777;
   my $write_fh; # will be the lexical file handle local to this block
   my ( $root, $path, $clean_name, @dirs ) =
      ( '',    '',    '',          ()    );

   # get name of file when passed in as a name/value pair...

   $file =
      exists  $in->{filename} &&
      defined $in->{filename} &&
      length  $in->{filename}
         ? $in->{filename}
         : exists  $in->{file} &&
           defined $in->{file} &&
           length  $in->{file}
            ? $in->{file}
            : '';

   # ...or fall back to support of two-argument form of invocation

   my $maybe_file    = shift @_; $maybe_file    = '' if !defined $maybe_file;
   my $maybe_content = shift @_; $maybe_content = '' if !defined $maybe_content;

   $file    = $maybe_file if !ref $maybe_file && $file eq '';
   $content =
      !ref $maybe_content &&
      !exists $in->{content}
         ? $maybe_content
         : $in->{content};

   my ( $winroot ) = $file =~ /^($WINROOT)/;

   $file =~ s/^($WINROOT)//;
   $file =~ s/$DIRSPLIT{2,}/$SL/o;
   $file =~ s/$DIRSPLIT+$//o unless $file eq SL;
   $file =  $winroot . $file if $winroot;

   $raw_name = $file; # preserve original filename input before line below:

   ( $root, $path, $file ) = atomize_path( $file );

   $mode = 'trunc' if $mode eq 'truncate';
   $content = '' if $mode eq 'trunc';

   # if the call to this method didn't include a filename to which the caller
   # wants us to write, then complain about it
   return $this->_throw(
      'no input' => {
         meth    => 'write_file',
         missing => 'a file name to create, write, or append',
         opts    => $in,
      }
   ) unless length $file;

   # if the call to this method didn't include any data which the caller
   # wants us to write or append to the file, then complain about it
   return $this->_throw(
      'no input' => {
         meth    => 'write_file',
         missing => 'the content you want to write or append',
         opts    => $in,
      }
   ) if (
     ( !defined $content ||
         length $content == 0 )
         &&
      $mode ne 'trunc'
         &&
      !$EMPTY_WRITES_OK
         &&
      !$in->{empty_writes_OK}
         &&
      !$in->{empty_writes_ok}
   );

   # check if file already exists in the form of a directory
   return $this->_throw(
      'cant write_file on a dir' => {
         filename => $raw_name,
         opts     => $in,
      }
   ) if -d $raw_name;

   # determine existance of the file path, make directory(ies) for the
   # path if the full directory path doesn't exist
   @dirs = split /$DIRSPLIT/, $path;

   # if prospective file name has illegal chars then complain
   foreach ( @dirs ) {

      return $this->_throw(
         'bad chars' => {
            string   => $_,
            purpose  => 'the name of a file or directory',
            opts     => $in,
         }
      ) if !$this->valid_filename( $_ );
   }

   # do this AFTER the above check!!
   unshift @dirs, $root if $root;

   # make sure that open mode is a valid mode
   unless ( $mode eq 'write' || $mode eq 'append' || $mode eq 'trunc' ) {

      return $this->_throw(
         'bad openmode popen' => {
            meth     => 'write_file',
            filename => $raw_name,
            badmode  => $mode,
            opts     => $in,
         }
      )
   }

   # cleanup file name - if path is relative, normalize it
   #    - /foo/bar/baz.txt stays as /foo/bar/baz.txt
   #    - foo/bar/baz.txt  becomes ./foo/bar/baz.txt
   #    - baz.txt          stays as baz.txt
   if ( !length $root && !length $path ) {

      $path = '.' . SL;
   }
   else { # otherwise path normalized at end

      $path .= SL;
   }

   # final clean filename assembled
   $clean_name = $root . $path . $file;

   # create path preceding file if path doesn't exist
   if ( !-e $root . $path ) {

      my $make_dir_ok = 1;

      my $make_dir_return = $this->make_dir(
         $root . $path,
         exists $in->{dbitmask} &&
         defined $in->{dbitmask}
            ? $in->{dbitmask}
            : oct 777,
            {
               diag   => $in->{diag},
               onfail => sub {
                  my ( $err, $trace ) = @_;

                  return $in->{onfail}
                     if ref $in->{onfail} &&
                        ref $in->{onfail} eq 'CODE';

                  $make_dir_ok = 0;

                  return $err . $trace;
               }
            }
      );

      die $make_dir_return unless $make_dir_ok;
   }

   # if file already exists, check if we can write to it
   if ( -e $clean_name ) {

      return $this->_throw(
         'cant fwrite' => {
            filename   => $clean_name,
            dirname    => $root . $path,
            opts       => $in,
         }
      ) unless -w $clean_name;
   }
   else {

      # if file doesn't exist, see if we can create it
      return $this->_throw(
         'cant fcreate' => {
            filename    => $clean_name,
            dirname     => $root . $path,
            opts        => $in,
         }
      ) unless -w $root . $path;
   }

   # if you use the no_lock option, please consider the risks

   if ( $in->{no_lock} || !$USE_FLOCK ) {

      # only non-existent files get bitmask arguments
      if ( -e $clean_name )
      {
         # you can't use UTF8 'mode' on system IO, so if a user requests
         # UTF8, we have to use PerlIO
         if ( $in->{binmode} && lc $in->{binmode} eq 'utf8' )
         {
            open
               $write_fh,
               $$MODES{popen}{ $mode },
               $clean_name
            or return $this->_throw(
               'bad open'   => {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  opts      => $in,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => $mode . $clean_name,
               }
            );
         }
         else
         {
            sysopen
               $write_fh,
               $clean_name,
               $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode }
            or return $this->_throw(
               'bad open'   => {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  opts      => $in,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => qq($clean_name, $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode }),
               }
            );
         }
      }
      else
      {
         sysopen
            $write_fh,
            $clean_name,
            $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode },
            $bitmask
         or return $this->_throw(
            'bad open'   => {
               filename  => $clean_name,
               mode      => $mode,
               exception => $!,
               cmd       => qq($clean_name, $$MODES{sysopen}{$mode}, $bitmask),
               opts      => $in,
            }
         );
      }
   }
   else
   {
      # open read-only first to safely check if we can get a lock.
      if ( -e $clean_name )
      {
         open $write_fh, '<', $clean_name
         or return $this->_throw(
            'bad open'   => {
               filename  => $clean_name,
               mode      => 'read',
               exception => $!,
               cmd       => $mode . $clean_name,
               opts      => $in,
            }
         );

         # lock file before I/O on platforms that support it
         my $lockstat = $this->_seize( $clean_name, $write_fh, $in );

         return unless $lockstat;

         # you can't use UTF8 'mode' on system IO, so if a user requests
         # UTF8, we have to use PerlIO
         if ( $in->{binmode} && lc $in->{binmode} eq 'utf8' )
         {
            open
               $write_fh,
               $$MODES{popen}{ $mode },
               $clean_name
            or return $this->_throw(
               'bad open'   => {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  opts      => $in,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => $mode . $clean_name,
               }
            );
         }
         else
         {
            sysopen
               $write_fh,
               $clean_name,
               $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode }
            or return $this->_throw(
               'bad open'   => {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  opts      => $in,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => qq($clean_name, $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode }),
               }
            );
         }
      }
      else { # only non-existent files get bitmask arguments
             # ...unless doing utf8 business, in which case it's irrelevant

         # you can't use UTF8 'mode' on system IO, so if a user requests
         # UTF8, we have to use PerlIO
         if ( $in->{binmode} && lc $in->{binmode} eq 'utf8' )
         {
            open
               $write_fh,
               $$MODES{popen}{ $mode },
               $clean_name
            or return $this->_throw(
               'bad open'   => {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  opts      => $in,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => $mode . $clean_name,
               }
            );
         }
         else
         {
            sysopen
               $write_fh,
               $clean_name,
               $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode },
               $bitmask
            or return $this->_throw(
               'bad open'   => {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  opts      => $in,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => qq($clean_name, $$MODES{sysopen}{$mode}, $bitmask),
               }
            );
         }

         # lock file before I/O on platforms that support it
         my $lockstat = $this->_seize( $clean_name, $write_fh, $in );

         return unless $lockstat;
      }

      # now truncate
      if ( $mode ne 'append' ) {

         truncate( $write_fh, 0 ) or return $this->_throw(
            'bad systrunc' => {
               filename    => $clean_name,
               exception   => $!,
               opts        => $in,
            }
         );
      }
   }

   if ( $in->{binmode} )
   {
      if ( lc $in->{binmode} eq 'utf8' )
      {
         if ( $HAVE_UU )
         {
            binmode $write_fh, ':unix:encoding(UTF-8)';

            print $write_fh $content; # utf8 filehandles use PerlIO
         }
         else
         {
            close $write_fh;

            return $this->_throw( 'no unicode' => $in );
         }
      }
      elsif ( $in->{binmode} == 1 )
      {
         binmode $write_fh;

         syswrite( $write_fh, $content );
      }
      else
      {
         binmode $write_fh, $in->{binmode}; # apply user-specified IO layer(s)

         syswrite( $write_fh, $content );
      }
   }
   else
   {
      syswrite( $write_fh, $content );
   }

   # release lock on the file

   $this->_release( $write_fh, $in ) unless $$in{no_lock} || !$USE_FLOCK;

   close $write_fh or
      return $this->_throw(
         'bad close'  => {
            filename  => $clean_name,
            mode      => $mode,
            exception => $!,
            opts      => $in,
         }
      );

   return 1;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_seize()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _seize {
   my ( $this, $file, $fh, $opts ) = @_;

   return $this->_throw( 'no handle passed to _seize.' => $opts )
      unless $fh;

   $file = defined $file ? $file : ''; # yes, even files named "0" are allowed

   return $this->_throw( 'no file name passed to _seize.' => $opts )
      unless length $file;

   # forget seizing if system can't flock
   return $fh if !$CAN_FLOCK;

   my @policy = @ONLOCKFAIL;

   # seize filehandle, return it if lock is successful

   while ( @policy ) {

      my $fh = &{ $_LOCKS->{ shift @policy } }( $this, $file, $fh, $opts );

      return $fh if $fh || !scalar @policy;
   }

   return $fh;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::_release()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub _release {

   my ( $this, $fh, $opts ) = @_;

   return $this->_throw(
      'not a filehandle.' => { opts => $opts, argtype => ref $fh } )
      unless $fh && ref $fh eq 'GLOB';

   if ( $CAN_FLOCK ) { flock $fh, &Fcntl::LOCK_UN }
   return 1;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::valid_filename()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub valid_filename {
   my $f = _myargs( @_ );

   $f =~ s/$WINROOT//; # windows abs paths would throw this off

   $f !~ /$ILLEGAL_CHR/ ? 1 : undef;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::strip_path()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub strip_path {
   my $arg = _myargs( @_ );

   my ( $stripped ) = $arg =~ /^.*$DIRSPLIT(.+)/o;

   return $stripped if defined $stripped;

   return $arg;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::atomize_path()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub atomize_path {
   my $fqfn = _myargs( @_ );

   $fqfn =~ m/$ATOMIZER/o;

   # root = $1
   # path = $2
   # file = $3

   return( $1||'', $2||'', $3||'' );
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::split_path()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub split_path {
   my $path = _myargs( @_ );

   # find root of tree (if path was absolute)
   my ( $root, $branch, $leaf ) = atomize_path( $path );

   my @path_dirs = split /$DIRSPLIT/o, $branch;

   unshift @path_dirs, $root if $root;
   push    @path_dirs, $leaf if $leaf;

   return @path_dirs;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::line_count()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub line_count {
   my( $this, $file ) = @_;
   my $buff  = '';
   my $lines = 0;
   my $cmd   = '<' . $file;

   open my $fh, '<', $file or
      return $this->_throw(
         'bad open',
         {
            'filename'  => $file,
            'mode'      => 'read',
            'exception' => $!,
            'cmd'       => $cmd,
         }
      );

   while ( sysread( $fh, $buff, 4096 ) ) {

      $lines += $buff =~ tr/\n//;

      $buff  = '';
   }

   close $fh;

   return $lines;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::bitmask()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub bitmask {
   my $f = _myargs( @_ );

   defined $f and -e $f ? sprintf('%04o',(stat($f))[2] & oct 777) : undef
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::can_flock()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub can_flock { $CAN_FLOCK }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::can_utf8()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub can_utf8 { $HAVE_UU }


# File::Util::--------------------------------------------
# is_readable(), is_writable() -- was: can_read(), can_write()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub is_readable { my $f = _myargs( @_ ); defined $f ? -r $f : undef }
sub is_writable { my $f = _myargs( @_ ); defined $f ? -w $f : undef }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::created()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub created {
   my $f = _myargs( @_ );

   defined $f and -e $f ? $^T - ((-M $f) * 60 * 60 * 24) : undef
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::ebcdic()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub ebcdic { $EBCDIC }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::escape_filename()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub escape_filename {
   my( $file, $escape, $also ) = _myargs( @_ );

   return '' unless defined $file;

   $escape = '_' if !defined $escape;

   if ( $also ) { $file =~ s/\Q$also\E/$escape/g }

   $file =~ s/$ILLEGAL_CHR/$escape/g;
   $file =~ s/$DIRSPLIT/$escape/g;

   $file
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::existent()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub existent { my $f = _myargs( @_ ); defined $f ? -e $f : undef }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::touch()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub touch {
   my $this = shift @_;
   my $file = shift @_ || '';
   my $opts = $this->_remove_opts( \@_ );
   my $path;

   return $this->_throw(
      'no input',
      {
         meth    => 'touch',
         missing => 'a file name or file handle reference',
         opts    => $opts,
      }
   ) unless defined $file && length $file;

   $path = $this->return_path( $file );

   # see if the file exists already and is a directory
   return $this->_throw(
      'cant touch on a dir',
      {
         filename => $file,
         dirname  => $path,
         opts     => $opts,
      }
   ) if -e $file && -d $file;

   # it's good to know beforehand whether or not we have permission to open
   # and read from this file allowing us to handle such an exception before
   # it handles us.

   # first check the readability of the file's housing dir
   return $this->_throw(
      'cant dread',
      {
         filename => $file,
         dirname  => $path,
         opts     => $opts,
      }
   ) if ( -e $path && !-r $path );

   $this->make_dir( $path ) unless -e $path;

   # create the file if it doesn't exist (like the *nix touch command does)
   # except we'll create it in binmode or with UTF-8 encoding if requested
   $this->write_file(
      $file => '' => { empty_writes_OK => 1, binmode => $opts->{binmode} }
   ) unless -e $file;

   my $now = time();

   # return
   return utime $now, $now, $file;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::file_type()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub file_type {
   my $f = _myargs( @_ );

   return unless defined $f and -e $f;

   my @ret;

   push @ret, 'PLAIN'     if -f $f;   push @ret, 'TEXT'      if -T $f;
   push @ret, 'BINARY'    if -B $f;   push @ret, 'DIRECTORY' if -d $f;
   push @ret, 'SYMLINK'   if -l $f;   push @ret, 'PIPE'      if -p $f;
   push @ret, 'SOCKET'    if -S $f;   push @ret, 'BLOCK'     if -b $f;
   push @ret, 'CHARACTER' if -c $f;

   ## no critic
   push @ret, 'TTY'       if -t $f;
   ## use critic

   push @ret, 'ERROR: Cannot determine file type' unless scalar @ret;

   return @ret;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::flock_rules()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub flock_rules {
   my $this   = shift(@_);
   my @rules  = _myargs( @_ );

   return @ONLOCKFAIL unless scalar @rules;

   my %valid = qw/
      NOBLOCKEX   NOBLOCKEX
      NOBLOCKSH   NOBLOCKSH
      BLOCKEX     BLOCKEX
      BLOCKSH     BLOCKSH
      FAIL        FAIL
      WARN        WARN
      IGNORE      IGNORE
      UNDEF       UNDEF
      ZERO        ZERO /;

   map {
      return $this->_throw('bad flock rules', { 'bad' => $_, 'all' => \@rules })
      unless exists $valid{ $_ }
   } @rules;

   @ONLOCKFAIL = @rules;

   @ONLOCKFAIL
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::is_bin()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub is_bin { my $f = _myargs( @_ ); defined $f ? -B $f : undef }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::last_access()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub last_access {
   my $f = _myargs( @_ ); $f ||= '';

   return unless -e $f;

   # return the last accessed time of $f
   $^T - ((-A $f) * 60 * 60 * 24)
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::last_modified()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub last_modified {
   my $f = _myargs( @_ ); $f ||= '';

   return unless -e $f;

   # return the last modified time of $f
   $^T - ((-M $f) * 60 * 60 * 24)
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::last_changed()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub last_changed {
   my $f = _myargs( @_ ); $f ||= '';

   return unless -e $f;

   # return the last changed time of $f
   $^T - ((-C $f) * 60 * 60 * 24)
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::load_dir()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub load_dir {
   my $this = shift @_;
   my $opts = $this->_remove_opts( \@_ );
   my $dir  = shift @_;

   my @files    = ( );
   my $dir_hash = { };
   my $dir_list = [ ];

   $dir ||= '';

   return $this->_throw(
      'no input' => {
         meth    => 'load_dir',
         missing => 'a directory name',
         opts    => $opts,
      }
   ) unless length $dir;

   @files = $this->list_dir( $dir => { files_only => 1 } );

   # map the content of each file into a hash key-value element where the
   # key name for each file is the name of the file
   if ( !$opts->{as_list} && !$opts->{as_listref} ) {

      foreach ( @files ) {

         $dir_hash->{ $_ } = $this->load_file( $dir . SL . $_ );
      }

      return $dir_hash;
   }
   else {

      foreach ( @files ) {

         push @$dir_list, $this->load_file( $dir . SL . $_ );
      }

      return $dir_list if $opts->{as_listref};

      return @$dir_list;
   }

   return $dir_hash;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::make_dir()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub make_dir {
   my $this = shift @_;
   my $opts = $this->_remove_opts( \@_ );
   my( $dir, $bitmask ) = @_;

   $bitmask = defined $bitmask ? $bitmask : $opts->{bitmask};
   $bitmask ||= oct 777;

   # if the call to this method didn't include a directory name to create,
   # then complain about it
   return $this->_throw(
      'no input',
      {
         meth    => 'make_dir',
         missing => 'a directory name',
         opts    => $opts,
      }
   ) unless defined $dir && length $dir;

   if ( $opts->{if_not_exists} ) {

      if ( -e $dir ) {

         return $dir if -d $dir;

         return $this->_throw(
            'called mkdir on a file',
            {
               filename => $dir,
               dirname  => join( SL, split /$DIRSPLIT/, $dir ) . SL,
               opts     => $opts,
            }
         );
      }
   }
   else {

      if ( -e $dir ) {

         return $this->_throw(
            'called mkdir on a file',
            {
               filename => $dir,
               dirname  => join( SL, split /$DIRSPLIT/, $dir ) . SL,
               opts     => $opts,
            }
         ) unless -d $dir;

         return $this->_throw(
            'make_dir target exists',
            {
               dirname  => $dir,
               filetype => [ $this->file_type( $dir ) ],
               opts     => $opts,
            }
         );
      }
   }

   my ( $winroot ) = $dir =~ /^($WINROOT)/;

   $dir =~ s/^($WINROOT)//;
   $dir =~ s/$DIRSPLIT{2,}/$SL/o;
   $dir =~ s/$DIRSPLIT+$//o unless $dir eq SL;
   $dir =  $winroot . $dir if $winroot;

   my ( $root, $path ) = atomize_path( $dir . SL );

   my @dirs_in_path = split /$DIRSPLIT/, $path;

   # if prospective file name has illegal chars then complain
   foreach ( @dirs_in_path ) {

      return $this->_throw(
         'bad chars',
         {
            string  => $_,
            purpose => 'the name of a file or directory',
            opts    => $opts,
         }
      ) if !$this->valid_filename( $_ );
   }

   # do this AFTER the above check!!
   unshift @dirs_in_path, $root if $root;

   # qualify each subdir in @dirs_in_path by prepending its preceeding dir
   # names to it. Above, "/foo/bar/baz" becomes ("/", "foo", "bar", "baz")
   # and below it becomes ("/", "/foo", "/foo/bar", "/foo/bar/baz")

   if ( @dirs_in_path > 1 ) {
      for ( my $depth = 1; $depth < @dirs_in_path; ++$depth ) {

         if ( $dirs_in_path[ $depth-1 ] eq SL ) {

            $dirs_in_path[ $depth ] = SL . $dirs_in_path[ $depth ]
         }
         else {

            $dirs_in_path[ $depth ] =
               join SL, @dirs_in_path[ ( $depth - 1 ) .. $depth ]
         }
      }
   }

   my $i = 0;

   foreach ( @dirs_in_path ) {
      my $dir = $_;
      my $up  = ( $i > 0 ) ? $dirs_in_path[ $i - 1 ] : '..';

      ++$i;

      if ( -e $dir && !-d $dir ) {

         return $this->_throw(
            'called mkdir on a file',
            {
               filename => $dir,
               dirname  => $up . SL,
               opts     => $opts,
            }
         );
      }

      next if -e $dir;

      # it's good to know beforehand whether or not we have permission to
      # create dirs here, which allows us to handle such an exception
      # before it handles us.
      return $this->_throw(
         'cant dcreate',
         {
            dirname  => $dir,
            parentd  => $up,
            opts     => $opts,
         }
      ) unless -w $up;

      mkdir( $dir, $bitmask ) or
         return $this->_throw(
            'bad make_dir',
            {
               exception => $!,
               dirname   => $dir,
               bitmask   => $bitmask,
               opts      => $opts,
            }
         );
   }

   return $dir;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::abort_depth()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub abort_depth {
   my $arg  = _myargs( @_ );
   my $this = shift @_;

   if ( defined $arg ) {

      return File::Util->new->_throw( 'bad abort_depth' => { bad => $arg } )
         if $arg =~ /\D/;

      $ABORT_DEPTH = $arg;

      $this->{opts}->{abort_depth} = $arg
         if blessed $this && $this->{opts};
   }

   return $ABORT_DEPTH;
}

# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::onfail()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub onfail {
   my ( $this, $arg ) = @_;

   return unless blessed $this;

   $this->{opts}->{onfail} = $arg if $arg;

   return $this->{opts}->{onfail};
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::read_limit()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub read_limit {
   my $arg  = _myargs( @_ );
   my $this = shift @_;

   if ( defined $arg ) {

      return File::Util->new->_throw ( 'bad read_limit' => { bad => $arg } )
         if $arg =~ /\D/;

      $READ_LIMIT = $arg;

      $this->{opts}->{read_limit} = $arg
         if blessed $this && $this->{opts};
   }

   return $READ_LIMIT;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::diagnostic()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub diagnostic {
   my $arg  = _myargs( @_ );
   my $this = shift @_;

   if ( defined $arg ) {

      $WANT_DIAGNOSTICS = $arg ? 1 : 0;

      $this->{opts}->{diag} = $arg ? 1 : 0
         if blessed $this && $this->{opts};
   }

   return $WANT_DIAGNOSTICS;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::needs_binmode()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub needs_binmode { $NEEDS_BINMODE }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::open_handle()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub open_handle {
   my $this     = shift @_;
   my $in       = $this->_parse_in( @_ );
   my $file     = '';
   my $mode     = '';
   my $bitmask  = $in->{bitmask} || oct 777;
   my $raw_name = $file;
   my $fh; # will be the lexical file handle scoped to this method
   my ( $root, $path, $clean_name, @dirs ) =
      ( '',    '',    '',          ()    );

   # get name of file when passed in as a name/value pair...

   $file =
      exists  $in->{filename} &&
      defined $in->{filename} &&
      length  $in->{filename}
         ? $in->{filename}
         : exists  $in->{file} &&
           defined $in->{file} &&
           length  $in->{file}
            ? $in->{file}
            : '';

   # ...or fall back to support of two-argument form of invocation

   my $maybe_file = shift @_; $maybe_file = '' if !defined $maybe_file;
   my $maybe_mode = shift @_; $maybe_mode = '' if !defined $maybe_mode;

   $file = $maybe_file if !ref $maybe_file && $file eq '';
   $mode =
      !ref $maybe_mode &&
      !exists $in->{mode}
         ? $maybe_mode
         : $in->{mode};

   $mode ||= 'read';


   my ( $winroot ) = $file =~ /^($WINROOT)/;

   $file =~ s/^($WINROOT)//;
   $file =~ s/$DIRSPLIT{2,}/$SL/o;
   $file =~ s/$DIRSPLIT+$//o unless $file eq SL;
   $file =  $winroot . $file if $winroot;

   $raw_name = $file; # preserve original filename input before line below:

   ( $root, $path, $file ) = atomize_path( $file );

   # begin user input validation/sanitation sequence

   # if the call to this method didn't include a filename to which the caller
   # wants us to write, then complain about it
   return $this->_throw(
      'no input',
      {
         meth    => 'open_handle',
         missing => 'a file name to create, write, read/write, or append',
         opts    => $in,
      }
   ) unless length $file;

   if ( $mode eq 'read' && !-e $raw_name ) {

      # if the file doesn't exist, send back an error
      return $this->_throw(
         'no such file',
         {
            filename => $raw_name,
            opts     => $in,
         }
      ) unless -e $clean_name;
   }

   # if prospective filename contains 2+ dir separators in sequence then
   # this is a syntax error we need to whine about
   {
      my $try_filename = $raw_name;

      $try_filename =~ s/$WINROOT//; # windows abs paths would throw this off

      return $this->_throw(
         'bad chars',
         {
            string  => $raw_name,
            purpose => 'the name of a file or directory',
            opts    => $in,
         }
      ) if $try_filename =~ /(?:$DIRSPLIT){2,}/;
   }

   # determine existance of the file path, make directory(ies) for the
   # path if the full directory path doesn't exist
   @dirs = split /$DIRSPLIT/, $path;

   # if prospective file name has illegal chars then complain
   foreach ( @dirs ) {

      return $this->_throw(
         'bad chars',
         {
            string  => $_,
            purpose => 'the name of a file or directory',
            opts    => $in,
         }
      ) if !$this->valid_filename( $_ );
   }

   # do this AFTER the above check!!
   unshift @dirs, $root if $root;

   # make sure that open mode is a valid mode
   if (
      !exists $in->{use_sysopen} &&
      !defined $in->{use_sysopen}
   ) {
      # native Perl open modes
      unless (
         exists $$MODES{popen}{ $mode } &&
         defined $$MODES{popen}{ $mode }
      ) {
         return $this->_throw(
            'bad openmode popen',
            {
               meth     => 'open_handle',
               filename => $raw_name,
               badmode  => $mode,
               opts     => $in,
            }
         )
      }
   }
   else {
      # system open modes
      unless (
         exists $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode } &&
         defined $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode }
      ) {
         return $this->_throw(
            'bad openmode sysopen',
            {
               meth     => 'open_handle',
               filename => $raw_name,
               badmode  => $mode,
               opts     => $in,
            }
         )
      }
   }

   # cleanup file name - if path is relative, normalize it
   #    - /foo/bar/baz.txt stays as /foo/bar/baz.txt
   #    - foo/bar/baz.txt  becomes ./foo/bar/baz.txt
   #    - baz.txt          stays as baz.txt
   if ( !length $root && !length $path ) {

      $path = '.' . SL;
   }
   else { # otherwise path normalized at end

      $path .= SL;
   }

   # final clean filename assembled
   $clean_name = $root . $path . $file;

   # create path preceding file if path doesn't exist and not in read mode
   if ( $mode ne 'read' && !-e $root . $path ) {

      my $make_dir_ok = 1;

      my $make_dir_return = $this->make_dir(
         $root . $path,
         exists $in->{dbitmask} &&
         defined $in->{dbitmask}
            ? $in->{dbitmask}
            : oct 777,
            {
               diag   => $in->{diag},
               onfail => sub {
                  my ( $err, $trace ) = @_;

                  return $in->{onfail}
                     if ref $in->{onfail} &&
                        ref $in->{onfail} eq 'CODE';

                  $make_dir_ok = 0;

                  return $err . $trace;
               }
            }
      );

      die $make_dir_return unless $make_dir_ok;
   }

   # sanity checks based on requested mode
   if (
         $mode eq 'write'     ||
         $mode eq 'append'    ||
         $mode eq 'rwcreate'  ||
         $mode eq 'rwclobber' ||
         $mode eq 'rwappend'
   ) {
      # Check whether or not we have permission to open and perform writes
      # on this file.

      if ( -e $clean_name ) {

         return $this->_throw(
            'cant fwrite',
            {
               filename => $clean_name,
               dirname  => $root . $path,
               opts     => $in,
            }
         ) unless -w $clean_name;
      }
      else {
         # If file doesn't exist and the path isn't writable, the error is
         # one of unallowed creation.
         return $this->_throw(
            'cant fcreate',
            {
               filename => $clean_name,
               dirname  => $root . $path,
               opts     => $in,
            }
         ) unless -w $root . $path;
      }
   }
   elsif ( $mode eq 'read' || $mode eq 'rwupdate' ) {
      # Check whether or not we have permission to open and perform reads
      # on this file, starting with file's housing directory.
      return $this->_throw(
         'cant dread',
         {
            filename => $clean_name,
            dirname  => $root . $path,
            opts     => $in,
         }
      ) unless -r $root . $path;

      # Seems obvious, but we can't read non-existent files
      return $this->_throw(
         'cant fread not found',
         {
            filename => $clean_name,
            dirname  => $root . $path,
            opts     => $in,
         }
      ) unless -e $clean_name;

      # Check the readability of the file itself
      return $this->_throw(
         'cant fread',
         {
            filename => $clean_name,
            dirname  => $root . $path,
            opts     => $in,
         }
      ) unless -r $clean_name;
   }
   else {
      return $this->_throw(
         'no input',
         {
            meth    => 'open_handle',
            missing => q{a valid IO mode. (eg- 'read', 'write'...)},
            opts    => $in,
         }
      );
   }

   # Final bit of input validation made necessary by the would-be perils
   # of IO encoding while using sys(open,read,write,seek,tell,etc) -
   # Basically, using :utf8 encoding with syswrite is deprecated
   if
   (
      ( exists $in->{use_sysopen} && defined $in->{use_sysopen} ) &&
      ( $in->{binmode} && lc $in->{binmode} eq 'utf8' )
   )
   {
      return $this->_throw(
         'bad binmode',
         {
            meth    => 'open_handle',
            filename => $clean_name,
            dirname  => $root . $path,
            opts     => $in,
         }
      );
   }

   # input validation sequence finished

   if ( $$in{no_lock} || !$USE_FLOCK ) {
      if (
         !exists $in->{use_sysopen} &&
         !defined $in->{use_sysopen}
      ) { # perl open
         # get open mode
         $mode = $$MODES{popen}{ $mode };

         open $fh, $mode, $clean_name or
            return $this->_throw(
               'bad open',
               {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => $mode . $clean_name,
                  opts      => $in,
               }
            );
      }
      else { # sysopen
         # get open mode
         $mode = $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode };

         sysopen( $fh, $clean_name, $mode ) or
            return $this->_throw(
               'bad open',
               {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => qq($clean_name, $mode),
                  opts      => $in,
               }
            );
      }
   }
   else {
      if (
         !exists $in->{use_sysopen} &&
         !defined $in->{use_sysopen}
      ) { # perl open
         # open read-only first to safely check if we can get a lock.
         if ( -e $clean_name ) {

            open $fh, '<', $clean_name or
               return $this->_throw(
                  'bad open',
                  {
                     filename  => $clean_name,
                     mode      => 'read',
                     exception => $!,
                     cmd       => $mode . $clean_name,
                     opts      => $in,
                  }
               );

            # lock file before I/O on platforms that support it
            my $lockstat = $this->_seize( $clean_name, $fh, $in );

            warn "returning $lockstat" && return $lockstat unless fileno $lockstat;

            if ( $mode ne 'read' ) {

               open $fh, $$MODES{popen}{ $mode }, $clean_name or
                  return $this->_throw(
                     'bad open',
                     {
                        exception => $!,
                        filename  => $clean_name,
                        mode      => $mode,
                        opts      => $in,
                        cmd       => $$MODES{popen}{ $mode } . $clean_name,
                     }
                  );
            }
         }
         else {
            open $fh, $$MODES{popen}{ $mode }, $clean_name or
               return $this->_throw(
                  'bad open',
                  {
                     exception => $!,
                     filename  => $clean_name,
                     mode      => $mode,
                     opts      => $in,
                     cmd       => $$MODES{popen}{ $mode } . $clean_name,
                  }
               );

            # lock file before I/O on platforms that support it
            my $lockstat = $this->_seize( $clean_name, $fh, $in );

            return $lockstat unless $lockstat;
         }
      }
      else { # sysopen
         # open read-only first to safely check if we can get a lock.
         if ( -e $clean_name ) {

            open $fh, '<', $clean_name or
               return $this->_throw(
                  'bad open',
                  {
                     filename  => $clean_name,
                     mode      => 'read',
                     exception => $!,
                     cmd       => $mode . $clean_name,
                     opts      => $in,
                  }
               );

            # lock file before I/O on platforms that support it
            my $lockstat = $this->_seize( $clean_name, $fh, $in );

            return $lockstat unless $lockstat;

            sysopen( $fh, $clean_name, $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode } )
               or return $this->_throw(
                  'bad open',
                  {
                     filename  => $clean_name,
                     mode      => $mode,
                     opts      => $in,
                     exception => $!,
                     cmd       => qq($clean_name, $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode }),
                  }
               );
         }
         else { # only non-existent files get bitmask arguments
            sysopen(
               $fh,
               $clean_name,
               $$MODES{sysopen}{ $mode },
               $bitmask
            ) or return $this->_throw(
               'bad open',
               {
                  filename  => $clean_name,
                  mode      => $mode,
                  opts      => $in,
                  exception => $!,
                  cmd       => qq($clean_name, $$MODES{sysopen}{$mode}, $bitmask),
               }
            );

            # lock file before I/O on platforms that support it
            my $lockstat = $this->_seize( $clean_name, $fh, $in );

            return $lockstat unless $lockstat;
         }
      }
   }

   # call binmode on the filehandle if it was requested or UTF-8
   if ( $in->{binmode} )
   {
      if ( lc $in->{binmode} eq 'utf8' )
      {
         if ( $HAVE_UU )
         {
            binmode $fh, ':unix:encoding(UTF-8)';
         }
         else
         {
            close $fh;

            return $this->_throw( 'no unicode' => $in );
         }
      }
      elsif ( $in->{binmode} == 1 )
      {
         binmode $fh;
      }
      else
      {
         binmode $fh, $in->{binmode} # apply user-specified IO layer(s)
      }
   }

   # return file handle reference to the caller
   return $fh;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::unlock_open_handle()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub unlock_open_handle {
   my( $this, $fh ) = @_;

   return 1 unless $USE_FLOCK;

   return $this->_throw(
      'not a filehandle' => {
         opts    => $this->_remove_opts( \@_ ),
         argtype => ref $fh,
      }
   ) unless $fh && fileno $fh;

   return flock( $fh, &Fcntl::LOCK_UN ) if $CAN_FLOCK;

   return 0;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::return_path()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub return_path { my $f = _myargs( @_ ); $f =~ s/(^.*)$DIRSPLIT.*/$1/; $f }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::strict_path()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub strict_path
{
   my $path = _myargs( @_ );
   my $copy = $path;

   ( $path ) = $path =~ /(^.*$DIRSPLIT)/;

   ( $path ) = $copy =~ /(^\.{1,2}$)/ if !defined $path;

   return unless defined $path;

   $path .= SL unless substr $path, -1, 1 =~ /$DIRSPLIT/;

   return $path =~ /$DIRSPLIT/ ? $path : undef;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::default_path()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub default_path
{
   my ( $path, $dflt ) = _myargs( @_ );

   $dflt = defined $dflt ? $dflt : '.' . SL;

   $path = strict_path( $path );

   return defined $path ? $path : $dflt;
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::size()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub size { my $f = _myargs( @_ ); $f ||= ''; return unless -e $f; -s $f }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::trunc()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub trunc { $_[0]->write_file( { mode => trunc => file => $_[1] } ) }


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::use_flock()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub use_flock {
   my $arg = _myargs( @_ );

   $USE_FLOCK = !!$arg if defined $arg;

   return $USE_FLOCK;
}

# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::AUTOLOAD()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub AUTOLOAD {

   # The main purpose of using autoload here is to avoid compiling in
   # copious amounts of error handling code at compile time, when in
   # the majority of cases and in production code-- such errors should
   # have already been debugged and the error handling mechanism will
   # end up getting invoked seldom if ever.  There's no reason to pay
   # the performance penalty when it's not necessary.
   # The other purpose is to support legacy method names.

   ( my $name = our $AUTOLOAD ) =~ s/.*:://;

   # These are legacy method names, and their current replacements.  In order
   # to future-proof things, this hashref is used as a dispatch table further
   # down in the code in lieu of potentially-growing if/else block, which
   # would ugly to maintain

   my $redirect_methods = {
      can_write => \&is_writable,
      can_read  => \&is_readable,
      isbin     => \&is_bin,
      readlimit => \&read_limit,
      max_dives => \&abort_depth,
   };

   if ( $name eq '_throw' )
   {
      *_throw = sub
      {
         my $this = shift @_;
         my $in   = $this->_parse_in( @_ ) || { };
         my $error_class;

         # direct input can override object-global diag default, otherwise
         # the object's "want diagnostics" setting is inherited

         $in->{diag} = defined $in->{diag} && !$in->{diag}
            ? 0
            : $in->{diag}
               ? $in->{diag}
               : $this->{opts}->{diag};

         if
         (
            $in->{diag} ||
            (      $in->{opts}           &&
               ref $in->{opts}           &&
               ref $in->{opts} eq 'HASH' &&
               $in->{opts}->{diag}
            )
         )
         {
            require File::Util::Exception::Diagnostic;

            $error_class = 'File::Util::Exception::Diagnostic';

            unshift @_, $this, $error_class;

            goto \&File::Util::Exception::Diagnostic::_throw;
         }
         else
         {
            require File::Util::Exception::Standard;

            $error_class = 'File::Util::Exception::Standard';

            unshift @_, $this, $error_class;

            goto \&File::Util::Exception::Standard::_throw;

         }
      };

      goto \&_throw;
   }
   elsif ( exists $redirect_methods->{ $name } ) {

      { no strict 'refs'; *{ $name } = $redirect_methods->{ $name } }

      goto \&$name;
   }

   die qq(Unknown method: File::Util::$name\n);
}


# --------------------------------------------------------
# File::Util::DESTROY()
# --------------------------------------------------------
sub DESTROY { }

1;


__END__