File Coverage

blib/lib/Chemistry/OpenSMILES/Stereo.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	182	210	86.6
branch	62	102	60.7
condition	22	57	38.6
subroutine	16	19	84.2
pod	0	6	0.0
total	282	394	71.5

package Chemistry::OpenSMILES::Stereo;

use strict;
use warnings;

# ABSTRACT: Stereochemistry handling routines
our $VERSION = '0.8.4'; # VERSION

require Exporter;
our @ISA = qw( Exporter );
our @EXPORT_OK = qw(
    chirality_to_pseudograph
    cis_trans_to_pseudoedges
    mark_all_double_bonds
    mark_cis_trans
);

use Chemistry::OpenSMILES qw(
    is_cis_trans_bond
    is_double_bond
    is_ring_bond
    is_single_bond
    toggle_cistrans
);
use Chemistry::OpenSMILES::Writer qw( write_SMILES );
use Graph::Traversal::BFS;
use Graph::Undirected;
use List::Util qw( all any max min sum sum0 );

sub mark_all_double_bonds
{
    my( $graph, $setting_sub, $order_sub ) = @_;

    # By default, whenever there is a choice between atoms, the one with
    # lowest position in the input SMILES is chosen:
    $order_sub = sub { return $_[0]->{number} } unless $order_sub;

    # Select non-ring double bonds
    my @double_bonds = grep { is_double_bond( $graph, @$_ ) &&
                              !is_ring_bond( $graph, @$_ ) &&
                              !is_unimportant_double_bond( $graph, @$_ ) }
                            $graph->edges;

    # Construct a double bond incidence graph. Vertices are double bonds
    # and edges are between those double bonds that separated by a single
    # single ('-') bond. Interestingly, incidence graph for SMILES C=C(C)=C
    # is connected, but for C=C=C not. This is because allenal systems
    # cannot be represented yet.
    my $bond_graph = Graph::Undirected->new;
    my %incident_double_bonds;
    for my $bond (@double_bonds) {
        $bond_graph->add_vertex( join '', sort @$bond );
        push @{$incident_double_bonds{$bond->[0]}}, $bond;
        push @{$incident_double_bonds{$bond->[1]}}, $bond;
    }
    for my $bond ($graph->edges) {
        next unless is_single_bond( $graph, @$bond );
        my @adjacent_bonds;
        if( $incident_double_bonds{$bond->[0]} ) {
            push @adjacent_bonds,
                 @{$incident_double_bonds{$bond->[0]}};
        }
        if( $incident_double_bonds{$bond->[1]} ) {
            push @adjacent_bonds,
                 @{$incident_double_bonds{$bond->[1]}};
        }
        for my $bond1 (@adjacent_bonds) {
            for my $bond2 (@adjacent_bonds) {
                next if $bond1 == $bond2;
                $bond_graph->add_edge( join( '', sort @$bond1 ),
                                       join( '', sort @$bond2 ) );
            }
        }
    }

    # In principle, bond graph could be splitted into separate components
    # to reduce the number of cycles needed by Morgan algorithm, but I do
    # not think there is a failure case because of keeping them together.

    # Set up initial invariants
    my %invariants;
    for ($bond_graph->vertices) {
        $invariants{$_} = $bond_graph->degree( $_ );
    }
    my %distinct_invariants = map { $_ => 1 } values %invariants;

    # Perform Morgan algorithm
    while( 1 ) {
        my %invariants_now;
        for ($bond_graph->vertices) {
            $invariants_now{$_} = sum0 map { $invariants{$_} }
                                           $bond_graph->neighbours( $_ );
        }

        my %distinct_invariants_now = map { $_ => 1 } values %invariants_now;
        last if %distinct_invariants_now <= %distinct_invariants;

        %invariants = %invariants_now;
        %distinct_invariants = %distinct_invariants_now;
    }

    # Establish a deterministic order favouring bonds with higher invariants.
    # If invariants are equal, order bonds by their atom numbers.
    @double_bonds = sort { $invariants{join '', sort @$b} <=>
                           $invariants{join '', sort @$a} ||
                           (min map { $order_sub->($_) } @$a) <=>
                           (min map { $order_sub->($_) } @$b) ||
                           (max map { $order_sub->($_) } @$a) <=>
                           (max map { $order_sub->($_) } @$b) } @double_bonds;

    for (@double_bonds) {
        mark_cis_trans( $graph, @$_, $setting_sub, $order_sub );
    }
}

# Requires double bonds in input. Does not check whether a bond belongs
# to a ring or not.
sub mark_cis_trans
{
    my( $graph, $atom2, $atom3, $setting_sub, $order_sub ) = @_;

    # By default, whenever there is a choice between atoms, the one with
    # lowest position in the input SMILES is chosen:
    $order_sub = sub { return $_[0]->{number} } unless $order_sub;

    my @neighbours2 = $graph->neighbours( $atom2 );
    my @neighbours3 = $graph->neighbours( $atom3 );
    return if @neighbours2 < 2 || @neighbours3 < 2;

    # TODO: Currently we are choosing either a pair of
    # neighbouring atoms which have no cis/trans markers or
    # a pair of which a single atom has a cis/trans marker.
    # The latter case allows to accommodate adjacent double
    # bonds. However, there may be a situation where both
    # atoms already have cis/trans markers, but could still
    # be reconciled.

    my @cistrans_bonds2 =
        grep { is_cis_trans_bond( $graph, $atom2, $_ ) } @neighbours2;
    my @cistrans_bonds3 =
        grep { is_cis_trans_bond( $graph, $atom3, $_ ) } @neighbours3;

    if( @cistrans_bonds2 + @cistrans_bonds3 > 1 ) {
        warn 'cannot represent cis/trans bond between atoms ' .
             join( ' and ', sort map { $_->{number} } $atom2, $atom3 ) .
             ' as there are other cis/trans bonds nearby' . "\n";
        return;
    }

    if( (@neighbours2 == 2 && !@cistrans_bonds2 &&
         !any { is_single_bond( $graph, $atom2, $_ ) } @neighbours2) ||
        (@neighbours3 == 2 && !@cistrans_bonds3 &&
         !any { is_single_bond( $graph, $atom3, $_ ) } @neighbours3) ) {
        # Azide group (N=N#N) or conjugated allene-like systems (=C=)
        warn 'atoms ' .
             join( ' and ', sort map { $_->{number} } $atom2, $atom3 ) .
             ' are part of conjugated double/triple bond system, thus ' .
             'cis/trans setting of their bond is impossible to represent ' .
             '(not supported yet)' . "\n";
        return;
    }

    # Making the $atom2 be the one which has a defined cis/trans bond.
    # Also, a deterministic ordering of atoms in bond is achieved here.
    if(   @cistrans_bonds3 ||
        (!@cistrans_bonds2 && $order_sub->($atom2) > $order_sub->($atom3)) ) {
        ( $atom2, $atom3 ) = ( $atom3, $atom2 );
        @neighbours2 = $graph->neighbours( $atom2 );
        @neighbours3 = $graph->neighbours( $atom3 );

        @cistrans_bonds2 = @cistrans_bonds3;
        @cistrans_bonds3 = ();
    }

    # Establishing the canonical order
    @neighbours2 = sort { $order_sub->($a) <=> $order_sub->($b) }
                   grep { is_single_bond( $graph, $atom2, $_ ) } @neighbours2;
    @neighbours3 = sort { $order_sub->($a) <=> $order_sub->($b) }
                   grep { is_single_bond( $graph, $atom3, $_ ) } @neighbours3;

    # Check if there is a chance to have anything marked
    my $bond_will_be_marked;
    for my $atom1 (@cistrans_bonds2, @neighbours2) {
        for my $atom4 (@neighbours3) {
            my $setting = $setting_sub->( $atom1, $atom2, $atom3, $atom4 );
            if( $setting ) {
                $bond_will_be_marked = 1;
                last;
            }
        }
    }

    if( !$bond_will_be_marked ) {
        warn 'cannot represent cis/trans bond between atoms ' .
             join( ' and ', sort map { $_->{number} } $atom2, $atom3 ) .
             ' as there are no eligible single bonds nearby' . "\n";
        return;
    }

    # If there is an atom with cis/trans bond, then this is this one
    my( $first_atom ) = @cistrans_bonds2 ? @cistrans_bonds2 : @neighbours2;
    if( !@cistrans_bonds2 ) {
        $graph->set_edge_attribute( $first_atom, $atom2, 'bond', '/' );
    }

    my $atom4_marked;
    for my $atom4 (@neighbours3) {
        my $atom1 = $first_atom;
        my $setting = $setting_sub->( $atom1, $atom2, $atom3, $atom4 );
        next unless $setting;
        my $other = $graph->get_edge_attribute( $atom1, $atom2, 'bond' );
        $other = toggle_cistrans $other if $setting eq 'cis';
        $other = toggle_cistrans $other if $atom1->{number} > $atom2->{number};
        $other = toggle_cistrans $other if $atom4->{number} < $atom3->{number};
        $graph->set_edge_attribute( $atom3, $atom4, 'bond', $other );
        $atom4_marked = $atom4 unless $atom4_marked;
    }

    for my $atom1 (@neighbours2) {
        next if $atom1 eq $first_atom; # Marked already
        my $atom4 = $atom4_marked;
        my $setting = $setting_sub->( $atom1, $atom2, $atom3, $atom4 );
        next unless $setting;
        my $other = $graph->get_edge_attribute( $atom3, $atom4, 'bond' );
        $other = toggle_cistrans $other if $setting eq 'cis';
        $other = toggle_cistrans $other if $atom1->{number} > $atom2->{number};
        $other = toggle_cistrans $other if $atom4->{number} < $atom3->{number};
        $graph->set_edge_attribute( $atom1, $atom2, 'bond', $other );
    }
}

# Store the tetrahedral chirality character as additional pseudo vertices
# and edges.
sub chirality_to_pseudograph
{
    my( $moiety ) = @_;

    for my $atom ($moiety->vertices) {
        next unless Chemistry::OpenSMILES::is_chiral_tetrahedral( $atom );
        next unless @{$atom->{chirality_neighbours}} >= 3 &&
                    @{$atom->{chirality_neighbours}} <= 4;

        my @chirality_neighbours = @{$atom->{chirality_neighbours}};
        if( @chirality_neighbours == 3 ) {
            @chirality_neighbours = ( $chirality_neighbours[0],
                                      {}, # marking the lone pair
                                      @chirality_neighbours[1..2] );
        }
        if( $atom->{chirality} eq '@' ) {
            # Reverse the order if counter-clockwise
            @chirality_neighbours = ( $chirality_neighbours[0],
                                      reverse @chirality_neighbours[1..3] );
        }

        for my $i (0..3) {
            my $neighbour = $chirality_neighbours[$i];
            my @chirality_neighbours_now = @chirality_neighbours;

            if( $i % 2 ) {
                # Reverse the order due to projected atom change
                @chirality_neighbours_now = ( $chirality_neighbours_now[0],
                                              reverse @chirality_neighbours_now[1..3] );
            }

            my @other = grep { $_ != $neighbour } @chirality_neighbours_now;
            for my $offset (0..2) {
                my $connector = {};
                $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $neighbour, $connector, 'chiral', 'from' );
                $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $atom, $connector, 'chiral', 'to' );

                $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $connector, $other[0], 'chiral', 1 );
                $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $connector, $other[1], 'chiral', 2 );
                $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $connector, $other[2], 'chiral', 3 );

                push @other, shift @other;
            }
        }
    }
}

sub cis_trans_to_pseudoedges
{
    my( $moiety ) = @_;

    # Select non-ring double bonds
    my @double_bonds =
        grep {  is_double_bond( $moiety, @$_ ) &&
               !is_ring_bond( $moiety, @$_ ) &&
               !is_unimportant_double_bond( $moiety, @$_ ) } $moiety->edges;

    # Connect cis/trans atoms in double bonds with pseudo-edges
    for my $bond (@double_bonds) {
        my( $atom2, $atom3 ) = @$bond;
        my @atom2_neighbours = grep { !is_pseudoedge( $moiety, $atom2, $_ ) }
                                    $moiety->neighbours( $atom2 );
        my @atom3_neighbours = grep { !is_pseudoedge( $moiety, $atom3, $_ ) }
                                    $moiety->neighbours( $atom3 );
        next if @atom2_neighbours < 2 || @atom2_neighbours > 3 ||
                @atom3_neighbours < 2 || @atom3_neighbours > 3;

        my( $atom1 ) = grep { is_cis_trans_bond( $moiety, $atom2, $_ ) }
                            @atom2_neighbours;
        my( $atom4 ) = grep { is_cis_trans_bond( $moiety, $atom3, $_ ) }
                            @atom3_neighbours;
        next unless $atom1 && $atom4;

        my( $atom1_para ) = grep { $_ != $atom1 && $_ != $atom3 } @atom2_neighbours;
        my( $atom4_para ) = grep { $_ != $atom4 && $_ != $atom2 } @atom3_neighbours;

        my $is_cis = $moiety->get_edge_attribute( $atom1, $atom2, 'bond' ) ne
                     $moiety->get_edge_attribute( $atom3, $atom4, 'bond' );

        $is_cis = !$is_cis if $atom1->{number} > $atom2->{number};
        $is_cis = !$is_cis if $atom3->{number} > $atom4->{number};

        $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $atom1, $atom4, 'pseudo',
                                     $is_cis ? 'cis' : 'trans' );
        if( $atom1_para ) {
            $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $atom1_para, $atom4, 'pseudo',
                                         $is_cis ? 'trans' : 'cis' );
        }
        if( $atom4_para ) {
            $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $atom1, $atom4_para, 'pseudo',
                                         $is_cis ? 'trans' : 'cis' );
        }
        if( $atom1_para && $atom4_para ) {
            $moiety->set_edge_attribute( $atom1_para, $atom4_para, 'pseudo',
                                         $is_cis ? 'cis' : 'trans' );
        }
    }

    # Unset cis/trans bond markers during second pass
    for my $bond ($moiety->edges) {
        next unless is_cis_trans_bond( $moiety, @$bond );
        $moiety->delete_edge_attribute( @$bond, 'bond' );
    }
}

sub is_pseudoedge
{
    my( $moiety, $a, $b ) = @_;
    return $moiety->has_edge_attribute( $a, $b, 'pseudo' );
}

# An "unimportant" double bond is one which has leaf atoms on one of its
# sides and both of these atoms are identical.
sub is_unimportant_double_bond
{
    my( $moiety, $a, $b ) = @_;
    my @a_neighbours = grep { $_ != $b } $moiety->neighbours( $a );
    my @b_neighbours = grep { $_ != $a } $moiety->neighbours( $b );

    if( @a_neighbours == 2 &&
        all { $moiety->degree( $_ ) == 1 } @a_neighbours ) {
        return 1 if write_SMILES( $a_neighbours[0] ) eq
                    write_SMILES( $a_neighbours[1] );
    }

    if( @b_neighbours == 2 &&
        all { $moiety->degree( $_ ) == 1 } @b_neighbours ) {
        return 1 if write_SMILES( $b_neighbours[0] ) eq
                    write_SMILES( $b_neighbours[1] );
    }

    return;
}

1;