File Coverage

lib/Beekeeper/MQTT.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	523	854	61.2
branch	132	368	35.8
condition	13	38	34.2
subroutine	71	97	73.2
pod	9	17	52.9
total	748	1374	54.4

package Beekeeper::MQTT;

use strict;
use warnings;

our $VERSION = '0.08';

use AnyEvent;
use AnyEvent::Handle;
use Time::HiRes;
use List::Util 'shuffle';
use Scalar::Util 'weaken';
use Exporter 'import';
use Carp;

our @EXPORT_OK;
our %EXPORT_TAGS;

our $DEBUG = 0;

EXPORT: {
    my (@const, @encode);
    foreach (keys %{Beekeeper::MQTT::}) {
        push @const, $_ if m/^MQTT_/;
        push @encode, $_ if m/^_(en|de)code/;
    }
    @EXPORT_OK = (@const, @encode);
    $EXPORT_TAGS{'const'} = \@const;
    $EXPORT_TAGS{'decode'} = \@encode;
}

# 2.1.2  Control Packet type

use constant MQTT_CONNECT     => 0x01;
use constant MQTT_CONNACK     => 0x02;
use constant MQTT_PUBLISH     => 0x03;
use constant MQTT_PUBACK      => 0x04;
use constant MQTT_PUBREC      => 0x05;
use constant MQTT_PUBREL      => 0x06;
use constant MQTT_PUBCOMP     => 0x07;
use constant MQTT_SUBSCRIBE   => 0x08;
use constant MQTT_SUBACK      => 0x09;
use constant MQTT_UNSUBSCRIBE => 0x0A;
use constant MQTT_UNSUBACK    => 0x0B;
use constant MQTT_PINGREQ     => 0x0C;
use constant MQTT_PINGRESP    => 0x0D;
use constant MQTT_DISCONNECT  => 0x0E;
use constant MQTT_AUTH        => 0x0F;

# 2.2.2.2  Properties

use constant MQTT_PAYLOAD_FORMAT_INDICATOR           => 0x01;  # byte           PUBLISH, Will Properties
use constant MQTT_MESSAGE_EXPIRY_INTERVAL            => 0x02;  # long int       PUBLISH, Will Properties
use constant MQTT_CONTENT_TYPE                       => 0x03;  # utf8 string    PUBLISH, Will Properties
use constant MQTT_RESPONSE_TOPIC                     => 0x08;  # utf8 string    PUBLISH, Will Properties
use constant MQTT_CORRELATION_DATA                   => 0x09;  # binary data    PUBLISH, Will Properties
use constant MQTT_SUBSCRIPTION_IDENTIFIER            => 0x0B;  # variable int   PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE
use constant MQTT_SESSION_EXPIRY_INTERVAL            => 0x11;  # long int       CONNECT, CONNACK, DISCONNECT
use constant MQTT_ASSIGNED_CLIENT_IDENTIFIER         => 0x12;  # utf8 string    CONNACK
use constant MQTT_SERVER_KEEP_ALIVE                  => 0x13;  # short int      CONNACK
use constant MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD              => 0x15;  # utf8 string    CONNECT, CONNACK, AUTH
use constant MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_DATA                => 0x16;  # binary data    CONNECT, CONNACK, AUTH
use constant MQTT_REQUEST_PROBLEM_INFORMATION        => 0x17;  # byte           CONNECT
use constant MQTT_WILL_DELAY_INTERVAL                => 0x18;  # long int       Will Properties
use constant MQTT_REQUEST_RESPONSE_INFORMATION       => 0x19;  # byte           CONNECT
use constant MQTT_RESPONSE_INFORMATION               => 0x1A;  # utf8 string    CONNACK
use constant MQTT_SERVER_REFERENCE                   => 0x1C;  # utf8 string    CONNACK, DISCONNECT
use constant MQTT_REASON_STRING                      => 0x1F;  # utf8 string    CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, PUBREL, PUBCOMP, SUBACK, UNSUBACK, DISCONNECT, AUTH
use constant MQTT_RECEIVE_MAXIMUM                    => 0x21;  # short int      CONNECT, CONNACK
use constant MQTT_TOPIC_ALIAS_MAXIMUM                => 0x22;  # short int      CONNECT, CONNACK
use constant MQTT_TOPIC_ALIAS                        => 0x23;  # short int      PUBLISH
use constant MQTT_MAXIMUM_QOS                        => 0x24;  # byte           CONNACK
use constant MQTT_RETAIN_AVAILABLE                   => 0x25;  # byte           CONNACK
use constant MQTT_USER_PROPERTY                      => 0x26;  # utf8 pair      CONNECT, CONNACK, PUBLISH, Will Properties, PUBACK, PUBREC, PUBREL, PUBCOMP, SUBSCRIBE, SUBACK, UNSUBSCRIBE, UNSUBACK, DISCONNECT, AUTH
use constant MQTT_MAXIMUM_PACKET_SIZE                => 0x27;  # long int       CONNECT, CONNACK
use constant MQTT_WILDCARD_SUBSCRIPTION_AVAILABLE    => 0x28;  # byte           CONNACK
use constant MQTT_SUBSCRIPTION_IDENTIFIER_AVAILABLE  => 0x29;  # byte           CONNACK
use constant MQTT_SHARED_SUBSCRIPTION_AVAILABLE      => 0x2A;  # byte           CONNACK

# 2.4  Reason Code

my %Reason_code = (
    0x00 => 'Success',                                # CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, PUBREL, PUBCOMP, UNSUBACK, AUTH
  # 0x00 => 'Normal disconnection',                   # DISCONNECT
  # 0x00 => 'Granted QoS 0',                          # SUBACK
  # 0x01 => 'Granted QoS 1',                          # SUBACK
  # 0x02 => 'Granted QoS 2',                          # SUBACK
    0x04 => 'Disconnect with Will Message',           # DISCONNECT
    0x10 => 'No matching subscribers',                # PUBACK, PUBREC
    0x11 => 'No subscription existed',                # UNSUBACK
    0x18 => 'Continue authentication',                # AUTH
    0x19 => 'Re-authenticate',                        # AUTH
    0x80 => 'Unspecified error',                      # CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, SUBACK, UNSUBACK, DISCONNECT
    0x81 => 'Malformed Packet',                       # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x82 => 'Protocol Error',                         # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x83 => 'Implementation specific error',          # CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, SUBACK, UNSUBACK, DISCONNECT
    0x84 => 'Unsupported Protocol Version',           # CONNACK
    0x85 => 'Client Identifier not valid',            # CONNACK
    0x86 => 'Bad User Name or Password',              # CONNACK
    0x87 => 'Not authorized',                         # CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, SUBACK, UNSUBACK, DISCONNECT
    0x88 => 'Server unavailable',                     # CONNACK
    0x89 => 'Server busy',                            # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x8A => 'Banned',                                 # CONNACK
    0x8B => 'Server shutting down',                   # DISCONNECT
    0x8C => 'Bad authentication method',              # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x8D => 'Keep Alive timeout',                     # DISCONNECT
    0x8E => 'Session taken over',                     # DISCONNECT
    0x8F => 'Topic Filter invalid',                   # SUBACK, UNSUBACK, DISCONNECT
    0x90 => 'Topic Name invalid',                     # CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, DISCONNECT
    0x91 => 'Packet Identifier in use',               # PUBACK, PUBREC, SUBACK, UNSUBACK
    0x92 => 'Packet Identifier not found',            # PUBREL, PUBCOMP
    0x93 => 'Receive Maximum exceeded',               # DISCONNECT
    0x94 => 'Topic Alias invalid',                    # DISCONNECT
    0x95 => 'Packet too large',                       # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x96 => 'Message rate too high',                  # DISCONNECT
    0x97 => 'Quota exceeded',                         # CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, SUBACK, DISCONNECT
    0x98 => 'Administrative action',                  # DISCONNECT
    0x99 => 'Payload format invalid',                 # CONNACK, PUBACK, PUBREC, DISCONNECT
    0x9A => 'Retain not supported',                   # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x9B => 'QoS not supported',                      # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x9C => 'Use another server',                     # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x9D => 'Server moved',                           # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0x9E => 'Shared Subscriptions not supported',     # SUBACK, DISCONNECT
    0x9F => 'Connection rate exceeded',               # CONNACK, DISCONNECT
    0xA0 => 'Maximum connect time',                   # DISCONNECT
    0xA1 => 'Subscription Identifiers not supported', # SUBACK, DISCONNECT
    0xA2 => 'Wildcard Subscriptions not supported',   # SUBACK, DISCONNECT
);

# 3.9.3  Subscribe Reason Codes

my %Subscribe_reason_code = (
    %Reason_code,
    0x00 => 'Granted QoS 0',
    0x01 => 'Granted QoS 1',
    0x02 => 'Granted QoS 2',
);

# 3.14.2.1  Disconnect Reason Code

my %Disconnect_reason_code = (
    %Reason_code,
    0x00 => 'Normal disconnection',
);

sub _decode_byte {
    my ($packet, $offs) = @_;

    my $byte = unpack("C", substr($$packet, $$offs, 1));
    $$offs += 1;

    return $byte;
}

sub _decode_int_16 {
    my ($packet, $offs) = @_;

    my $int = unpack("n", substr($$packet, $$offs, 2));
    $$offs += 2;

    return $int;
}

sub _decode_int_32 {
    my ($packet, $offs) = @_;

    my $int = unpack("N", substr($$packet, $$offs, 4));
    $$offs += 4;

    return $int;
}

sub _decode_utf8_str {
    my ($packet, $offs) = @_;

    my $str = unpack("n/a", substr($$packet, $$offs));
    $$offs += 2 + length($str);
    utf8::decode($str);

    return $str;
}

sub _decode_binary_data {
    my ($packet, $offs) = @_;

    my $data = unpack("n/a", substr($$packet, $$offs));
    $$offs += 2 + length($data);

    return $data;
}

sub _decode_var_int {
    my ($packet, $offs) = @_;

    my $int = 0;
    my $mult = 1;
    my $byte;

    do {
        $byte = unpack("C", substr($$packet, $$offs, 1));
        $int += ($byte & 0x7F) * $mult;
        $mult *= 128;
        $$offs++;
    } while ($byte & 0x80);

    return $int;
}

sub _encode_var_int {
    return pack("C", $_[0]) if ($_[0] < 128);
    my @a = unpack("C*", pack("w", $_[0]));
    $a[0]  &= 0x7F;
    $a[-1] |= 0x80;
    return pack("C*", reverse @a);
}


sub new {
    my ($class, %args) = @_;

    my $self = {
        bus_id          => undef,
        bus_role        => undef,
        handle          => undef,    # the socket
        hosts           => undef,    # list of all hosts in cluster
        is_connected    => undef,    # true once connected
        try_hosts       => undef,    # list of hosts to try to connect
        connect_err     => undef,    # count of connection errors
        timeout_tmr     => undef,    # timer used for connection timeout
        reconnect_tmr   => undef,    # timer used for connection retry
        connack_cb      => undef,    # connack callback
        error_cb        => undef,    # error callback
        client_id       => undef,    # client id
        server_prop     => {},       # server properties
        server_alias    => {},       # server topic aliases
        client_alias    => {},       # client topic aliases
        subscriptions   => {},       # topic subscriptions
        subscr_cb       => {},       # subscription callbacks
        packet_cb       => {},       # packet callbacks
        buffers         => {},       # raw mqtt buffers
        packet_seq      => 1,        # sequence used for packet ids
        subscr_seq      => 1,        # sequence used for subscription ids
        alias_seq       => 1,        # sequence used for topic alias ids
        use_alias       => 0,        # topic alias enabled
        config          => \%args,
    };

    $self->{bus_id}   = delete $args{'bus_id'};
    $self->{bus_role} = delete $args{'bus_role'} || $self->{bus_id};
    $self->{error_cb} = delete $args{'on_error'};

    bless $self, $class;
    return $self;
}

sub bus_id   { $_[0]->{bus_id}   }
sub bus_role { $_[0]->{bus_role} }

sub _fatal {
    my ($self, $errstr) = @_;
    die "(" . __PACKAGE__ . ") $errstr\n" unless $self->{error_cb};
    $self->{error_cb}->($errstr);
}

our $BUSY_SINCE = undef;
our $BUSY_TIME  = 0;

sub connect {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    $self->{connack_cb} = $args{'on_connack'};
    $self->{connect_cv} = AnyEvent->condvar;

    $self->_connect;

    $self->{connect_cv}->recv if $args{'blocking'};
    $self->{connect_cv} = undef;

    return $args{'blocking'} ? $self->{is_connected} : 1;
}

sub _connect {
    my ($self) = @_;
    weaken($self);

    my $config = $self->{config};

    my $timeout = $config->{'timeout'};
    $timeout = 30 unless defined $timeout;

    # Ensure that timeout is set properly when the event loop was blocked
    AnyEvent->now_update;

    # Connection timeout handler
    if ($timeout && !$self->{timeout_tmr}) {
        $self->{timeout_tmr} = AnyEvent->timer( after => $timeout, cb => sub {
            $self->_reset_connection;
            $self->{connect_cv}->send;
            $self->_fatal("Could not connect to MQTT broker after $timeout seconds");
        });
    }

    unless ($self->{hosts}) {
        # Initialize the list of cluster hosts
        my $hosts = $config->{'host'} || 'localhost';
        my @hosts = (ref $hosts eq 'ARRAY') ? @$hosts : ( $hosts );
        $self->{hosts} = [ shuffle @hosts ];
    }

    # Determine next host of cluster to connect to
    my $try_hosts = $self->{try_hosts} ||= [];
    @$try_hosts = @{$self->{hosts}} unless @$try_hosts;

    # TCP connection args
    my $host = shift @$try_hosts;
    my $tls  = $config->{'tls'}  || 0;
    my $port = $config->{'port'} || ( $tls ? 8883 : 1883 );

    ($host) = ($host =~ m/^([a-zA-Z0-9\-\.]+)$/s); # untaint
    ($port) = ($port =~ m/^([0-9]+)$/s);

    $self->{handle} = AnyEvent::Handle->new(
        connect    => [ $host, $port ],
        tls        => $tls ? 'connect' : undef,
        keepalive  => 1,
        no_delay   => 1,
        on_connect => sub {
            my ($fh, $host, $port) = @_;
            # Send CONNECT packet
            $self->{server_prop}->{host} = $host;
            $self->{server_prop}->{port} = $port;
            $self->_send_connect;
        },
        on_connect_error => sub {
            my ($fh, $errmsg) = @_;
            # Some error occurred while connection, such as an unresolved hostname
            # or connection refused. Try next host of cluster immediately, or retry
            # in few seconds if all hosts of the cluster are unresponsive
            $self->{connect_err}++;
            warn "Could not connect to MQTT broker at $host:$port: $errmsg\n" if ($self->{connect_err} <= @{$self->{hosts}});
            my $delay = @{$self->{try_hosts}} ? 0 : $self->{connect_err} / @{$self->{hosts}};
            $self->{reconnect_tmr} = AnyEvent->timer(
                after => ($delay < 10 ? $delay : 10),
                cb    => sub { $self->_connect },
            );
        },
        on_error => sub {
            my ($fh, $fatal, $errmsg) = @_;
            # Some error occurred, such as a read error
            $self->_reset_connection;
            $self->_fatal("Error on connection to MQTT broker at $host:$port: $errmsg");
        },
        on_eof => sub {
            my ($fh) = @_;
            # The server has closed the connection without sending DISCONNECT
            $self->_reset_connection;
            $self->_fatal("MQTT broker at $host:$port has gone away");
        },
        on_read => sub {
            my ($fh) = @_;

            my $packet_type;
            my $packet_flags;

            my $rbuff_len;
            my $packet_len;

            my $mult;
            my $offs;
            my $byte;

            my $timing_packets;

            unless (defined $BUSY_SINCE) {
                # Measure time elapsed while processing incoming packets
                $BUSY_SINCE = Time::HiRes::time;
                $timing_packets = 1;
            }

            PARSE_PACKET: {

                $rbuff_len = length $fh->{rbuf};

                last PARSE_PACKET unless $rbuff_len >= 2;

                unless ($packet_type) {

                    $packet_len = 0;
                    $mult = 1;
                    $offs = 1;

                    PARSE_LEN: {
                        $byte = unpack "C", substr( $fh->{rbuf}, $offs++, 1 );
                        $packet_len += ($byte & 0x7f) * $mult;
                        last unless ($byte & 0x80);
                        last PARSE_PACKET if ($offs >= $rbuff_len); # Not enough data
                        $mult *= 128;
                        redo if ($offs < 5);
                    }

                    #TODO: Check max packet size

                    $byte = unpack('C', substr( $fh->{rbuf}, 0, 1 ));
                    $packet_type  = $byte >> 4;
                    $packet_flags = $byte & 0x0F;
                }

                if ($rbuff_len < ($offs + $packet_len)) {
                    # Not enough data
                    last PARSE_PACKET;
                }

                # Consume packet from buffer
                my $packet = substr($fh->{rbuf}, 0, ($offs + $packet_len), '');

                # Trim fixed header from packet
                substr($packet, 0, $offs, '');

                if ($packet_type == MQTT_PUBLISH) {

                    $self->_receive_publish(\$packet, $packet_flags);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_PUBACK) {

                    $self->_receive_puback(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_PUBREC) {

                    $self->_receive_pubrec(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_PUBREL) {

                    $self->_receive_pubrel(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_PUBCOMP) {

                    $self->_receive_pubcomp(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_PINGREQ) {

                    $self->pingresp;
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_PINGRESP) {

                    # Client takes no action on receiving PINGRESP
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_SUBACK) {

                    $self->_receive_suback(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_UNSUBACK) {

                    $self->_receive_unsuback(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_CONNACK) {

                    $self->_receive_connack(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_DISCONNECT) {

                    $self->_receive_disconnect(\$packet);
                }
                elsif ($packet_type == MQTT_AUTH) {

                    $self->_receive_auth(\$packet);
                }
                else {
                    # Protocol error
                    $self->_fatal("Received packet with unknown type $packet_type");
                }

                # Prepare for next frame
                undef $packet_type;

                # Handle could have been destroyed at this point
                redo PARSE_PACKET if defined $fh->{rbuf};
            }

            if (defined $timing_packets) {
                $BUSY_TIME += Time::HiRes::time - $BUSY_SINCE;
                undef $BUSY_SINCE;
            }
        },
    );

    1;
}

sub _send_connect {
    my ($self) = @_;

    my %prop = %{$self->{config}};

    my $username    = delete $prop{'username'};
    my $password    = delete $prop{'password'};
    my $client_id   = delete $prop{'client_id'};
    my $clean_start = delete $prop{'clean_start'};
    my $keep_alive  = delete $prop{'keep_alive'};
    my $will        = delete $prop{'will'};

    unless ($client_id) {
        $client_id = '';
        $client_id .= ('0'..'9','a'..'z','A'..'Z')[rand 62] for (1..22);
    }

    $self->{client_id} = $client_id;


    # 3.1.2.11  Properties

    my $raw_prop = '';

    if (exists $prop{'session_expiry_interval'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.2  Session Expiry Interval  (long int)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C N", MQTT_SESSION_EXPIRY_INTERVAL, delete $prop{'session_expiry_interval'});
    }

    if (exists $prop{'receive_maximum'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.3  Receive Maximum  (short int)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n", MQTT_RECEIVE_MAXIMUM, delete $prop{'receive_maximum'});
    }

    if (exists $prop{'maximum_packet_size'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.4  Maximum Packet Size  (long int)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C N", MQTT_MAXIMUM_PACKET_SIZE, delete $prop{'maximum_packet_size'});
    }

    if (exists $prop{'topic_alias_maximum'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.5  Topic Alias Maximum  (short int)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n", MQTT_TOPIC_ALIAS_MAXIMUM, delete $prop{'topic_alias_maximum'});
    }

    if (exists $prop{'request_response_information'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.6  Request Response Information  (byte)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C C", MQTT_REQUEST_RESPONSE_INFORMATION, delete $prop{'request_response_information'});
    }

    if (exists $prop{'request_problem_information'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.7  Request Problem Information  (byte)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C C", MQTT_REQUEST_PROBLEM_INFORMATION, delete $prop{'request_problem_information'});
    }

    if (exists $prop{'authentication_method'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.9  Authentication Method  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $prop{'authentication_method'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD, delete $prop{'authentication_method'});
    }

    if (exists $prop{'authentication_data'}) {
        # 3.1.2.11.10  Authentication Data  (binary data)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n", MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_DATA, delete $prop{'authentication_data'});
    }

    foreach my $key (keys %prop) {
        # 3.1.2.11.8  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
        my $val = $prop{$key};
        next unless defined $val;
        utf8::encode( $key );
        utf8::encode( $val );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a* n/a*", MQTT_USER_PROPERTY, $key, $val);
    }


    # 3.1.2  Variable Header

    # 3.1.2.1  Protocol Name  (utf8 string)
    my $raw_mqtt = pack("n/a*", "MQTT");

    # 3.1.2.2  Protocol Version  (byte)
    $raw_mqtt .= pack("C", 5);

    # 3.1.2.3  Connect Flags  (byte)
    my $flags = 0;
    $flags |= 0x02 if $clean_start;           # 3.1.2.4  Clean Start
    $flags |= 0x80 if defined $username;      # 3.1.2.8  User Name Flag
    $flags |= 0x40 if defined $password;      # 3.1.2.9  Password Flag

    if ($will) {
        $flags |= 0x04;                       # 3.1.2.5  Will Flag
        $flags |= $will->{'qos'} << 3;        # 3.1.2.6  Will QoS
        $flags |= 0x20 if $will->{'retain'};  # 3.1.2.7  Will Retain
    }

    $raw_mqtt .= pack("C", $flags);

    # 3.1.2.10  Keep Alive  (short int)
    $raw_mqtt .= pack("n", $keep_alive || 0);

    # 3.1.2.11  Properties
    $raw_mqtt .= _encode_var_int(length $raw_prop);
    $raw_mqtt .= $raw_prop;


    # 3.1.3  Payload

    # 3.1.3.1  Client Identifier  (utf8 string)
    $raw_mqtt .= pack("n/a*", $client_id);

    if ($will) {

        #TODO: 3.1.3.2  Will Properties
        my $will_prop = '';

        $raw_mqtt .= _encode_var_int(length $will_prop);
        $raw_mqtt .= $will_prop;

        # 3.1.3.3  Will Topic  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $will->{'topic'});
        $raw_mqtt .= pack("n/a*", $will->{'topic'});

        # 3.1.3.4  Will Payload  (binary data)
        $raw_mqtt .= pack("n/a*", $will->{'payload'});
    }

    if (defined $username) {
        # 3.1.3.5  Username  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $username );
        $raw_mqtt .= pack("n/a*", $username);
    }

    if (defined $password) {
        # 3.1.3.6  Password  (binary data)
        $raw_mqtt .= pack("n/a*", $password);
    }

    $self->{handle}->push_write(
        pack("C", MQTT_CONNECT << 4)      .  # 3.1.1  Packet type
        _encode_var_int(length $raw_mqtt) .  # 3.1.1  Packet length
        $raw_mqtt
    );
}

sub _receive_connack {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    my $prop = $self->{server_prop};
    my $offs = 0;

    # 3.2.2.1  Acknowledge flags  (byte)
    my $ack_flags = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
    $prop->{'session_present'} = $ack_flags & 0x01;

    # 3.2.2.2  Reason code  (byte)
    my $reason_code = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
    $prop->{'reason_code'} = $reason_code;
    $prop->{'reason'} = $Reason_code{$reason_code};

    # 3.2.2.3.1  Properties Length  (variable length int)
    my $prop_len = _decode_var_int($packet, \$offs);
    my $prop_end = $offs + $prop_len;

    while ($offs < $prop_end) {

        my $prop_id = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);

        if ($prop_id == MQTT_SESSION_EXPIRY_INTERVAL) {
            # 3.2.2.3.2  Session Expiry Interval  (long int)
            $prop->{'session_expiry_interval'} = _decode_int_32($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_RECEIVE_MAXIMUM) {
            # 3.2.2.3.3  Receive Maximum  (short int)
            $prop->{'receive_maximum'} = _decode_int_16($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_MAXIMUM_QOS) {
            # 3.2.2.3.4  Maximum QoS  (byte)
            $prop->{'maximum_qos'} = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_RETAIN_AVAILABLE) {
            # 3.2.2.3.5  Retain Available  (byte)
            $prop->{'retain_available'} = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_MAXIMUM_PACKET_SIZE) {
            # 3.2.2.3.6  Maximum Packet Size  (long int)
            $prop->{'maximum_packet_size'} = _decode_int_32($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_ASSIGNED_CLIENT_IDENTIFIER) {
            # 3.2.2.3.7  Assigned Client Identifier  (utf8 string)
            $prop->{'assigned_client_identifier'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_TOPIC_ALIAS_MAXIMUM) {
            # 3.2.2.3.8  Topic Alias Maximum  (short int)
            $prop->{'topic_alias_maximum'} = _decode_int_16($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_REASON_STRING) {
            # 3.2.2.3.9  Reason String  (utf8 string)
            $prop->{'reason_string'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_USER_PROPERTY) {
            # 3.2.2.3.10  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
            my $key = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            my $val = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            $prop->{$key} = $val;
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_WILDCARD_SUBSCRIPTION_AVAILABLE) {
            # 3.2.2.3.11  Wildcard Subscription Available  (byte)
            $prop->{'wildcard_subscription_available'} = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_SUBSCRIPTION_IDENTIFIER_AVAILABLE) {
            # 3.2.2.3.12  Subscription Identifiers Available  (byte)
            $prop->{'subscription_identifier_available'} = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_SHARED_SUBSCRIPTION_AVAILABLE) {
            # 3.2.2.3.13  Shared Subscription Available  (byte)
            $prop->{'shared_subscription_available'} = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_SERVER_KEEP_ALIVE) {
            # 3.2.2.3.14  Server Keep Alive  (short int)
            $prop->{'server_keep_alive'} = _decode_int_16($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_RESPONSE_INFORMATION) {
            # 3.2.2.3.15  Response Information  (utf8 string)
            $prop->{'response_information'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_SERVER_REFERENCE) {
            # 3.2.2.3.16  Server Reference  (utf8 string)
            $prop->{'server_reference'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD) {
            # 3.2.2.3.17  Authentication Method  (utf8 string)
            $prop->{'authentication_method'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_DATA) {
            # 3.2.2.3.18 Authentication Data  (binary data)
            $prop->{'authentication_data'} = _decode_binary_data($packet, \$offs);
        }
        else {
            # Protocol error
            $self->_fatal("Received CONNACK with unknown property $prop_id");
        }
    }

    my $success = ($reason_code == 0x00);

    unless ( $success ) {
        # Server will close the connection
        # warn "Served refused CONNACK: $reason";
        #TODO: handle
    }

    $self->{is_connected}  = 1;
    $self->{timeout_tmr}   = undef;
    $self->{reconnect_tmr} = undef;
    $self->{connect_err}   = undef;

    #TODO: ... blocking connection
    $self->{connect_cv}->send if $self->{connect_cv};

    # Execute CONNACK callback
    my $connack_cb = $self->{connack_cb};
    $connack_cb->($success, $prop) if $connack_cb;
}


sub disconnect {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    unless (defined $self->{handle}) {
        carp "Already disconnected from MQTT broker";
        return;
    }

    my $reason_code = delete $args{'reason_code'};

    # 3.14.2.2  Properties

    my $raw_prop = '';

    if (exists $args{'session_expiry_interval'}) {
        # 3.14.2.2.2  Session Expiry Interval  (long int)
        utf8::encode( $args{'session_expiry_interval'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_SESSION_EXPIRY_INTERVAL, delete $args{'session_expiry_interval'});
    }

    if (exists $args{'reason_string'}) {
        # 3.14.2.2.3  Reason String  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $args{'reason_string'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_REASON_STRING, delete $args{'reason_string'});
    }

    if (exists $args{'server_reference'}) {
        # 3.14.2.2.5  Server Reference  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $args{'server_reference'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_SERVER_REFERENCE, delete $args{'server_reference'});
    }

    foreach my $key (keys %args) {
        # 3.14.2.2.4  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
        my $val = $args{$key};
        next unless defined $val;
        utf8::encode( $key );
        utf8::encode( $val );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a* n/a*", MQTT_USER_PROPERTY, $key, $val);
    }

    # 3.14.2  Variable Header

    # 3.14.2.1  Disconnect Reason Code  (byte)
    my $raw_mqtt = pack("C", $reason_code || 0);

    # 3.14.2.2  Properties
    $raw_mqtt .= _encode_var_int(length $raw_prop);
    $raw_mqtt .= $raw_prop;

    $self->{handle}->push_write(
        pack("C", MQTT_DISCONNECT << 4)   .  # 3.14.1  Packet type
        _encode_var_int(length $raw_mqtt) .  # 3.14.1  Packet length
        $raw_mqtt
    );

    $self->_reset_connection;
}

sub _reset_connection {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{handle} = undef;

    $self->{is_connected}  = undef;
    $self->{reconnect_tmr} = undef;
    $self->{timeout_tmr}   = undef;
    $self->{connect_err}   = undef;

    $self->{server_prop}   = {};
    $self->{server_alias}  = {};
    $self->{client_alias}  = {};
    $self->{subscriptions} = {};
    $self->{subscr_cb}     = {};
    $self->{packet_cb}     = {};
    $self->{buffers}       = {};
    $self->{packet_seq}    = 1;
    $self->{subscr_seq}    = 1;
    $self->{alias_seq}     = 1;
    $self->{use_alias}     = 0;
}

sub _receive_disconnect {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    # Handle abbreviated packet
    $$packet = "\x00\x00" if (length $$packet == 0);

    # 3.14.2.1  Reason Code  (byte)
    my $offs = 0;
    my $reason_code = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
    my $reason = $Disconnect_reason_code{$reason_code};

    # 3.14.2.2.1  Property Length  (variable length int)
    my $prop_len = _decode_var_int($packet, \$offs);
    my $prop_end = $offs + $prop_len;

    my %prop = (
        'reason_code' => $reason_code,
        'reason'      => $reason,
    );

    while ($offs < $prop_end) {

        my $prop_id = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);

        if ($prop_id == MQTT_SESSION_EXPIRY_INTERVAL) {
            # 3.14.2.2.2  Session Expiry Interval  (long int)
            $prop{'session_expiry_interval'} = _decode_int_32($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_REASON_STRING) {
            # 3.14.2.2.3  Reason String  (utf8 string)
            $prop{'reason_string'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_USER_PROPERTY) {
            # 3.14.2.2.4  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
            my $key = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            my $val = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            $prop{$key} = $val;
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_SERVER_REFERENCE) {
            # 3.14.2.2.5  Server Reference  (utf8 string)
            $prop{'server_reference'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        else {
            # Protocol error
            $self->_fatal("Received DISCONNECT with unknown property $prop_id");
        }
    }

    $self->_reset_connection;

    my $disconn_cb = $self->{disconn_cb};

    if ($disconn_cb) {
        $disconn_cb->(\%prop);
    }
    else {
        $self->_fatal("Disconnected from MQTT broker: $prop{reason}");
    }
}


sub pingreq {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{handle}->push_write(
        pack( "C C",
            MQTT_PINGREQ << 4,  # 3.12.1  Packet type
            0,                  # 3.12.1  Remaining length
        )
    );
}

sub pingresp {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{handle}->push_write(
        pack( "C C",
            MQTT_PINGRESP << 4,  # 3.13.1  Packet type
            0,                   # 3.13.1  Remaining length
        )
    );
}


sub subscribe {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    my $topic      = delete $args{'topic'};
    my $topics     = delete $args{'topics'};
    my $subscr_cb  = delete $args{'on_publish'};
    my $suback_cb  = delete $args{'on_suback'};
    my $max_qos    = delete $args{'maximum_qos'};
    my $no_local   = delete $args{'no_local'};
    my $retain_asp = delete $args{'retain_as_published'};
    my $retain_hdl = delete $args{'retain_handling'};

    $topics = [] unless defined $topics;
    push (@$topics, $topic) if defined $topic;

    croak "Subscription topics were not specified" unless @$topics;
    croak "on_publish callback is required" unless $subscr_cb;

    foreach my $topic (@$topics) {
        croak "Undefined subscription topic" unless defined $topic;
        croak "Empty subscription topic" unless length $topic;
    }

    my $packet_id = $self->{packet_seq}++;
    $self->{packet_seq} = 1 if $packet_id == 0xFFFF;

    # Set callback for incomings PUBLISH
    my $subscr_id = $self->{subscr_seq}++;
    $self->{subscr_cb}->{$subscr_id} = $subscr_cb;

    # Parameters for expected SUBACK
    $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id} = {
        topics    => [ @$topics ], # copy
        subscr_id => $subscr_id,
        suback_cb => $suback_cb,
    };

    # 3.8.2.1.2  Subscription Identifier  (variable len int)
    my $raw_prop = pack("C", MQTT_SUBSCRIPTION_IDENTIFIER) .
                   _encode_var_int($subscr_id);

    # 3.8.2.1.3  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
    foreach my $key (keys %args) {
        my $val = $args{$key};
        next unless defined $val;
        utf8::encode( $key );
        utf8::encode( $val );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a* n/a*", MQTT_USER_PROPERTY, $key, $val);
    }

    my $raw_mqtt = pack("n", $packet_id)             .  # 3.8.2   Packet identifier
                   _encode_var_int(length $raw_prop) .  # 3.8.2.1 Properties Length
                   $raw_prop;                           # 3.8.2.1 Properties

    # 3.8.3.1  Subscription Options
    my $options = 0;
    $options |= ($max_qos & 0x03)         if $max_qos;     # Maximum QoS
    $options |=  0x04                     if $no_local;    # No Local
    $options |=  0x08                     if $retain_asp;  # Retain As Published
    $options |= ($retain_hdl & 0x03) << 4 if $retain_hdl;  # Retain Handling

    # 3.8.3  Payload
    foreach my $topic (@$topics) {
        utf8::encode( $topic );
        $raw_mqtt .= pack("n/a* C", $topic, $options);
    }

    $self->{handle}->push_write(
        pack("C", MQTT_SUBSCRIBE << 4 | 0x02) .  # 3.8.1 Packet type
        _encode_var_int(length $raw_mqtt)     .  # 3.8.1 Packet length
        $raw_mqtt
    );

    1;
}

sub _receive_suback {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    # 3.9.2  Packet id  (short int)
    my $offs = 0;
    my $packet_id = _decode_int_16($packet, \$offs);

    # 3.9.2.1.1  Property Length  (variable length int)
    my $prop_len = _decode_var_int($packet, \$offs);
    my $prop_end = $offs + $prop_len;
    my %prop;

    while ($offs < $prop_end) {

        my $prop_id = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);

        if ($prop_id == MQTT_REASON_STRING) {
            # 3.9.2.1.2  Reason String  (utf8 string)
            $prop{'reason_string'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_USER_PROPERTY) {
            # 3.9.2.1.3  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
            my $key = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            my $val = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            $prop{$key} = $val;
        }
        else {
            # Protocol error
            $self->_fatal("Received SUBACK with unexpected property $prop_id");
        }
    }

    # 3.9.3  Payload
    my @reason_codes = unpack("C*", substr($$packet, $offs));

    my $packet_cb = delete $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id};
    $self->_fatal("Received unexpected SUBACK") unless $packet_cb;

    my $topics    = $packet_cb->{topics};
    my $suback_cb = $packet_cb->{suback_cb};
    my $subscr_id = $packet_cb->{subscr_id};

    my $success = 1;
    my @properties;

    foreach my $code (@reason_codes) {

        my $topic = shift @$topics;
        my $reason = $Subscribe_reason_code{$code};
        my $granted_qos;

        if ($code <= 2) {
            # Success
            $granted_qos = $code;
            $self->{subscriptions}->{$topic} = $subscr_id;
        }
        else {
            # Failure
            $success = 0;
            $granted_qos = undef;
            unless ($suback_cb) {
                $self->_fatal("Subscription to topic '$topic' failed: $reason");
            }
        }

        $DEBUG && warn "Subscribed to: $topic\n";

        push @properties, {
            topic       => $topic,
            reason_code => $code,
            granted_qos => $granted_qos,
            reason      => $reason,
            %prop
        };
    }

    $suback_cb->($success, @properties) if $suback_cb;
}


sub unsubscribe {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    my $topic       = delete $args{'topic'};
    my $topics      = delete $args{'topics'};
    my $unsuback_cb = delete $args{'on_unsuback'};

    $topics = [] unless defined $topics;
    push (@$topics, $topic) if defined $topic;

    croak "Unsubscription topics were not specified" unless @$topics;
    croak "on_unsuback callback is required" unless $unsuback_cb;

    foreach my $topic (@$topics) {
        croak "Undefined unsubscription topic" unless defined $topic;
        croak "Empty unsubscription topic" unless length $topic;
    }

    my $packet_id = $self->{packet_seq}++;
    $self->{packet_seq} = 1 if $packet_id == 0xFFFF;

    # Set callback for UNSUBACK
    $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id} = {
        topics      => [ @$topics ], # copy
        unsuback_cb => $unsuback_cb,
    };

    # 3.10.2.1.2  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
    my $raw_prop = '';
    foreach my $key (keys %args) {
        my $val = $args{$key};
        next unless defined $val;
        utf8::encode( $key );
        utf8::encode( $val );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a* n/a*", MQTT_USER_PROPERTY, $key, $val);
    }

    my $raw_mqtt = pack("n", $packet_id)             .  # 3.10.2    Packet identifier
                   _encode_var_int(length $raw_prop) .  # 3.10.2.1  Property Length
                   $raw_prop;                           # 3.10.2.1  Properties

    # 3.10.3  Payload
    foreach my $topic (@$topics) {
        utf8::encode($topic);
        $raw_mqtt .= pack("n/a*", $topic);
    }

    $self->{handle}->push_write(
        pack("C", MQTT_UNSUBSCRIBE << 4 | 0x02) .  # 3.10.1 Packet type
        _encode_var_int(length $raw_mqtt)       .  # 3.10.1 Packet length
        $raw_mqtt
    );

    1;
}

sub _receive_unsuback {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;
    weaken($self);

    # 3.11.2  Packet id  (short int)
    my $offs = 0;
    my $packet_id = _decode_int_16($packet, \$offs);

    # 3.11.2.1.1  Property Length  (variable length int)
    my $prop_len = _decode_var_int($packet, \$offs);
    my $prop_end = $offs + $prop_len;
    my %prop;

    while ($offs < $prop_end) {

        my $prop_id = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);

        if ($prop_id == MQTT_REASON_STRING) {
            # 3.11.2.1.2  Reason String  (utf8 string)
            $prop{'reason_string'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_USER_PROPERTY) {
            # 3.11.2.1.3  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
            my $key = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            my $val = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            $prop{$key} = $val;
        }
        else {
            # Protocol error
            $self->_fatal("Received UNSUBACK with unexpected property $prop_id");
        }
    }

    # 3.11.3  Payload
    my @reason_codes = unpack("C*", substr($$packet, $offs));

    my $packet_cb = delete $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id};
    $self->_fatal("Received unexpected UNSUBACK") unless $packet_cb;

    my $topics = $packet_cb->{topics};
    my $unsuback_cb = $packet_cb->{unsuback_cb};

    my $success = 1;
    my @properties;

    foreach my $code (@reason_codes) {

        my $topic = shift @$topics;
        my $reason = $Reason_code{$code};

        if ($code == 0) {
            # Success
            my $subs = $self->{subscriptions};
            my $subscr_id = delete $subs->{$topic};
            if ($subscr_id) {
                # Free on_publish callback if not used by another subscription
                my @still_used = grep { $subs->{$_} == $subscr_id } keys %$subs;
                unless (@still_used) {
                    # But not right now, as broker may send some messages *after* unsubscription
                    $self->{_timers}->{"unsub-$subscr_id"} = AnyEvent->timer( after => 60, cb => sub {
                        delete $self->{_timers}->{"unsub-$subscr_id"};
                        delete $self->{subscr_cb}->{$subscr_id};
                    });
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            # Failure
            $success = 0;
            unless ($unsuback_cb) {
                $self->_fatal("Unsubscription to topic '$topic' failed: $reason");
            }
        }

        push @properties, {
            topic       => $topic,
            reason_code => $code,
            reason      => $reason,
            %prop
        };
    }

    $unsuback_cb->($success, @properties) if $unsuback_cb;
}

our $AE_WAITING;

sub publish {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    my $topic     = delete $args{'topic'};
    my $payload   = delete $args{'payload'};
    my $qos       = delete $args{'qos'};
    my $dup       = delete $args{'duplicate'};
    my $retain    = delete $args{'retain'};
    my $on_puback = delete $args{'on_puback'};
    my $buffer_id = delete $args{'buffer_id'};

    croak "Message topic was not specified" unless defined $topic;

    $DEBUG && warn "Sent message to: $topic\n";

    $payload = '' unless defined $payload;
    my $payload_ref = (ref $payload eq 'SCALAR') ? $payload : \$payload;

    # 3.3.2.3.4  Topic Alias
    my $topic_alias;
    if ($self->{use_alias}) {
        $topic_alias = $self->{client_alias}->{$topic};
        if ($topic_alias) {
            # Send topic alias only
            $topic = '';
        }
        elsif ($self->{server_prop}->{'topic_alias_maximum'}) {
            #TODO: Honor maximum
            $topic_alias = $self->{alias_seq}++;
            $self->{client_alias}->{$topic} = $topic_alias;
        }
    }

    # 3.3.1.2  QoS level
    my $flags = 0;
    $flags |= $qos << 1 if $qos;
    $flags |= 0x04      if $dup;
    $flags |= 0x01      if $retain;

    my $packet_id;
    if ($qos) {
        $packet_id = $self->{packet_seq}++;
        $self->{packet_seq} = 1 if $packet_id == 0xFFFF;
    }

    my $raw_prop = '';

    if (utf8::is_utf8( $$payload_ref )) {
        # 3.3.2.3.2  Payload Format Indicator  (byte)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C C", MQTT_PAYLOAD_FORMAT_INDICATOR, 0x01);
        utf8::encode( $$payload_ref );
    }

    if (exists $args{'message_expiry_interval'}) {
        # 3.3.2.3.3  Message Expiry Interval  (long int)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C N", MQTT_MESSAGE_EXPIRY_INTERVAL, delete $args{'message_expiry_interval'});
    }

    if ($topic_alias) {
        # 3.3.2.3.4  Topic Alias  (short int)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n", MQTT_TOPIC_ALIAS, $topic_alias);
    }

    if (exists $args{'response_topic'}) {
        # 3.3.2.3.5  Response Topic  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $args{'response_topic'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_RESPONSE_TOPIC, delete $args{'response_topic'});
    }

    if (exists $args{'correlation_data'}) {
        # 3.3.2.3.6  Correlation Data  (binary data)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_CORRELATION_DATA, delete $args{'correlation_data'});
    }

    # if (exists $args{'subscription_identifier'}) {
    #     # 3.3.2.3.8  Subscription Identifier  (variable int)
    #     my $id = delete $args{'subscription_identifier'};
    #     $raw_prop .= pack("C", MQTT_SUBSCRIPTION_IDENTIFIER) . _encode_var_int($id);
    # }

    if (exists $args{'content_type'}) {
        # 3.3.2.3.9  Content Type  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $args{'content_type'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_CONTENT_TYPE, delete $args{'content_type'});
    }

    foreach my $key (keys %args) {
        # 3.3.2.3.7  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
        my $val = $args{$key};
        next unless defined $val;
        utf8::encode( $key );
        utf8::encode( $val );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a* n/a*", MQTT_USER_PROPERTY, $key, $val);
    }

    # 3.3.2.1  Topic name  (utf8 string)
    utf8::encode( $topic );
    my $raw_mqtt = pack("n/a*", $topic);

    # 3.3.2.2  Packet identifier  (short int)
    $raw_mqtt .= pack("n", $packet_id) if $packet_id;

    # 3.3.2.3  Properties
    $raw_mqtt .= _encode_var_int(length $raw_prop);
    $raw_mqtt .= $raw_prop;

    # 3.3.3  Payload
    $raw_mqtt .= $$payload_ref;

    $raw_mqtt = pack("C", MQTT_PUBLISH << 4 | $flags) .  # 3.3.1  Packet type
                _encode_var_int(length $raw_mqtt)     .  # 3.3.1  Packet length
                $raw_mqtt;

    if ($qos && $on_puback) {
         # Set PUBACK callback
        $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id} = $on_puback;
    }

    if ($buffer_id) {
        # Do not send right now, wait until flush_buffer
        my $buffer = $self->{buffers}->{$buffer_id} ||= {};
        $buffer->{raw_mqtt} .= $raw_mqtt;
        $buffer->{packets}->{$packet_id} = 1 if $packet_id;
        return 1;
    }

    $self->{handle}->push_write( $raw_mqtt );

    if (defined $self->{handle}->{wbuf} && length $self->{handle}->{wbuf} > 0) {
        # push_write could not send all data to the handle because the kernel
        # write buffer is full. The size of kernel write bufer (which can be
        # queried with 'sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_wmem') is choosed by the kernel
        # based on available memory, and is 4MB in known production servers.
        # This will happen after sending more that 4MB of data very quickly.
        # As client may be syncronous, wait until entire message is sent.

        # Make AnyEvent allow one level of recursive condvar blocking
        $AE_WAITING && Carp::confess "Recursive condvar blocking wait attempted";
        local $AE_WAITING = 1;
        local $AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::WAITING = 0;

        my $flushed = AnyEvent->condvar;
        $self->{handle}->on_drain( $flushed );
        $flushed->recv;
        $self->{handle}->on_drain(); # clear
    }
}

sub _receive_publish {
    my ($self, $packet, $flags) = @_;

    # 3.3.2.1  Topic Name  (utf8 str)
    my $topic = unpack("n/a", $$packet);
    my $offs = 2 + length $topic;
    utf8::decode($topic);

    $DEBUG && warn "Got message from: $topic\n";

    my %prop = (
        'topic' => $topic,
        'qos'   => ($flags & 0x6) >> 1,
        'dup'   => ($flags & 0x8) >> 3,
    );

    # 3.3.2.2  Packet Identifier  (short int)
    if ($prop{'qos'} > 0) {
        $prop{'packet_id'} = unpack("n", substr($$packet, $offs, 2));
        $offs += 2;
    }

    # 3.3.2.3.1  Properties Length  (variable length int)
    my $prop_len = _decode_var_int($packet, \$offs);
    my $prop_end = $offs + $prop_len;

    my @subscr_ids;
    my $prop_id;

    while ($offs < $prop_end) {

        $prop_id = unpack("C", substr($$packet, $offs, 1));
        $offs += 1;

        if ($prop_id == MQTT_PAYLOAD_FORMAT_INDICATOR) {
            # 3.3.2.3.2  Payload Format Indicator  (byte)
            $prop{'payload_format'} = unpack("C", substr($$packet, $offs, 1));
            $offs += 1;
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_MESSAGE_EXPIRY_INTERVAL) {
            # 3.3.2.3.3  Message Expiry Interval  (long int)
            $prop{'message_expiry_interval'} = unpack("N", substr($$packet, $offs, 4));
            $offs += 4;
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_TOPIC_ALIAS) {
            # 3.3.2.3.4  Topic Alias  (short int)
            my $alias = unpack("n", substr($$packet, $offs, 2));
            $offs += 2;
            if (length $topic) {
                $self->{server_alias}->{$alias} = $topic;
            }
            else {
                $prop{'topic'} = $self->{server_alias}->{$alias};
            }
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_RESPONSE_TOPIC) {
            # 3.3.2.3.5  Response Topic  (utf8 string)
            my $resp_topic = unpack("n/a", substr($$packet, $offs));
            $offs += 2 + length $resp_topic;
            utf8::decode( $resp_topic );
            $prop{'response_topic'} = $resp_topic;
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_CORRELATION_DATA) {
            # 3.3.2.3.6  Correlation Data  (binary data)
            $prop{'correlation_data'} = unpack("n/a", substr($$packet, $offs));
            $offs += 2 + length $prop{'correlation_data'};
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_USER_PROPERTY) {
            # 3.3.2.3.7  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
            my ($key, $val) = unpack("n/a n/a", substr($$packet, $offs));
            $offs += 4 + length($key) + length($val);
            utf8::decode( $key );
            utf8::decode( $val );
            $prop{$key} = $val;
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_SUBSCRIPTION_IDENTIFIER) {
            # 3.3.2.3.8  Subscription Identifier  (variable int)
            push @subscr_ids, _decode_var_int($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_CONTENT_TYPE) {
            # 3.3.2.3.9  Content Type  (utf8 string)
            my $content_type = unpack("n/a", substr($$packet, $offs));
            $offs += 2 + length $content_type;
            utf8::decode( $content_type );
            $prop{'content_type'} = $content_type;
        }
        else {
            # Protocol error
            $self->_fatal("Received PUBLISH with unknown property $prop_id");
        }
    }

    # Trim variable header from packet, the remaining is the payload
    substr($$packet, 0, $prop_end, '');

    if ($prop{'payload_format'}) {
        # Payload is UTF-8 Encoded Character Data
        utf8::decode( $$packet );
    }

    foreach (@subscr_ids) {
        # Execute subscriptions callbacks

        $self->{subscr_cb}->{$_}->($packet, \%prop);
    }
}


sub puback {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    croak "Missing packet_id" unless $args{'packet_id'};

    my $raw_mqtt = pack(
        "C C n C",
        MQTT_PUBACK << 4,           # 3.4.1    Packet type
        3,                          # 3.4.1    Remaining length
        $args{'packet_id'},         # 3.4.2    Packet identifier
        $args{'reason_code'} || 0,  # 3.4.2.1  Reason code
    );

    if ($args{'buffer_id'}) {
        # Do not send right now, wait until flush_buffer
        $self->{buffers}->{$args{'buffer_id'}}->{raw_mqtt} .= $raw_mqtt;
        return 1;
    }

    $self->{handle}->push_write( $raw_mqtt );

    1;
}

sub _receive_puback {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    my ($packet_id, $reason_code) = unpack("n C", $$packet);
    $reason_code = 0 unless defined $reason_code;

    #TODO: 3.5.2.2  Properties

    my $puback_cb = delete $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id};
    return unless defined $puback_cb;

    $puback_cb->($reason_code);
}

sub pubrec {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    croak "Missing packet_id" unless $args{'packet_id'};

    my $raw_mqtt = pack(
        "C C n C",
        MQTT_PUBREC << 4,           # 3.5.1    Packet type
        3,                          # 3.5.1    Remaining length
        $args{'packet_id'},         # 3.5.2    Packet identifier
        $args{'reason_code'} || 0,  # 3.5.2.1  Reason code
    );

    #TODO: set PUBREL callback

    $self->{handle}->push_write( $raw_mqtt );

    1;
}

sub _receive_pubrec {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    my ($packet_id, $reason_code) = unpack("n C", $$packet);
    $reason_code = 0 unless defined $reason_code;

    #TODO: 3.5.2.2  Properties

    my $pubrec_cb = delete $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id};
    return unless defined $pubrec_cb;

    $pubrec_cb->($packet_id, $reason_code);
}

sub pubrel {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    croak "Missing packet_id" unless $args{'packet_id'};

    my $raw_mqtt = pack(
        "C C n C",
        MQTT_PUBREL << 4,           # 3.6.1    Packet type
        3,                          # 3.6.1    Remaining length
        $args{'packet_id'},         # 3.6.2    Packet identifier
        $args{'reason_code'} || 0,  # 3.6.2.1  Reason code
    );

    #TODO: set PUBREC callback

    $self->{handle}->push_write( $raw_mqtt );

    1;
}

sub _receive_pubrel {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    my ($packet_id, $reason_code) = unpack("n C", $$packet);
    $reason_code = 0 unless defined $reason_code;

    #TODO: 3.6.2.2  Properties

    my $pubrel_cb = delete $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id};
    return unless defined $pubrel_cb;

    $pubrel_cb->($packet_id, $reason_code);
}

sub pubcomp {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    croak "Missing packet_id" unless $args{'packet_id'};

    my $raw_mqtt = pack(
        "C C n C",
        MQTT_PUBCOMP << 4,          # 3.7.1    Packet type
        3,                          # 3.7.1    Remaining length
        $args{'packet_id'},         # 3.7.2    Packet identifier
        $args{'reason_code'} || 0,  # 3.7.2.1  Reason code
    );

    $self->{handle}->push_write( $raw_mqtt );

    1;
}

sub _receive_pubcomp {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    my ($packet_id, $reason_code) = unpack("n C", $$packet);
    $reason_code = 0 unless defined $reason_code;

    #TODO: 3.7.2.2  Properties

    my $pubcomp_cb = delete $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id};
    return unless defined $pubcomp_cb;

    $pubcomp_cb->($reason_code);
}


sub auth {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    my $reason_code = delete $args{'reason_code'};
    my $auth_cb     = delete $args{'on_auth'};

    # Set callback to be executed when the server answers with an AUTH packet
    $self->{packet_cb}->{'auth'} = $auth_cb if $auth_cb;

    my $raw_prop = '';

    if (exists $args{'authentication_method'}) {
        # 3.15.2.2.2  Authentication Method  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $args{'authentication_method'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD, delete $args{'authentication_method'});
    }

    if (exists $args{'authentication_data'}) {
        # 3.15.2.2.3  Authentication Data  (binary data)
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_DATA, delete $args{'authentication_data'});
    }

    if (exists $args{'reason_string'}) {
        # 3.15.2.2.4  Reason String  (utf8 string)
        utf8::encode( $args{'reason_string'} );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a*", MQTT_REASON_STRING, delete $args{'reason_string'});
    }

    foreach my $key (keys %args) {
        # 3.15.2.2.5  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
        my $val = $args{$key};
        next unless defined $val;
        utf8::encode( $key );
        utf8::encode( $val );
        $raw_prop .= pack("C n/a* n/a*", MQTT_USER_PROPERTY, $key, $val);
    }

    # 3.15.2.1  Authenticate Reason Code  (byte)
    my $raw_mqtt = pack("C", $reason_code);

    # 3.15.2.2  Properties
    $raw_mqtt .= _encode_var_int(length $raw_prop);
    $raw_mqtt .= $raw_prop;

    $self->{handle}->push_write(
        pack("C", MQTT_AUTH << 4)         .  # 3.15.1  Packet type
        _encode_var_int(length $raw_mqtt) .  # 3.15.1  Packet length
        $raw_mqtt
    );

    1;
}

sub _receive_auth {
    my ($self, $packet) = @_;

    # Handle abbreviated packet
    $$packet = "\x00\x00" if (length $$packet == 0);

    # 3.15.2.1  Authenticate Reason Code  (byte)
    my $offs = 0;
    my $reason_code = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);
    my $reason = $Reason_code{$reason_code};

    # 3.15.2.2.1  Property Length  (variable length int)
    my $prop_len = _decode_var_int($packet, \$offs);
    my $prop_end = $offs + $prop_len;

    my %prop = (
        reason_code => $reason_code,
        reason      => $reason,
    );

    while ($offs < $prop_end) {

        my $prop_id = _decode_byte($packet, \$offs);

        if ($prop_id == MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_METHOD) {
            # 3.15.2.2.2  Authentication Method  (utf8 string)
            $prop{'authentication_method'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_AUTHENTICATION_DATA) {
            # 3.15.2.2.3  Authentication Data  (binary data)
            $prop{'authentication_data'} = _decode_binary_data($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_REASON_STRING) {
            # 3.15.2.2.4  Reason String  (utf8 string)
            $prop{'reason_string'} = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
        }
        elsif ($prop_id == MQTT_USER_PROPERTY) {
            # 3.15.2.2.5  User Property  (utf8 string pair)
            my $key = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            my $val = _decode_utf8_str($packet, \$offs);
            $prop{$key} = $val;
        }
        else {
            # Protocol error
            $self->_fatal("Received AUTH with unexpected property $prop_id");
        }
    }

    my $auth_cb = delete $self->{packet_cb}->{'auth'};

    $auth_cb->(\%prop) if $auth_cb;
}


sub flush_buffer {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    my $buffer = delete $self->{buffers}->{$args{'buffer_id'}};

    # Nothing to do if nothing was buffered
    return unless $buffer;

    $self->{handle}->push_write( $buffer->{raw_mqtt} );

    if (defined $self->{handle}->{wbuf} && length $self->{handle}->{wbuf} > 0) {

        # Kernel write buffer is full, see publish() above

        # Make AnyEvent allow one level of recursive condvar blocking
        $AE_WAITING && Carp::confess "Recursive condvar blocking wait attempted";
        local $AE_WAITING = 1;
        local $AnyEvent::CondVar::Base::WAITING = 0;

        my $flushed = AnyEvent->condvar;
        $self->{handle}->on_drain( $flushed );
        $flushed->recv;
        $self->{handle}->on_drain(); # clear
    }

    1;
}

sub discard_buffer {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;

    my $buffer = delete $self->{buffers}->{$args{'buffer_id'}};

    # Nothing to do if nothing was buffered
    return unless $buffer;

    # Remove all pending puback callbacks, as those will never be executed
    foreach my $packet_id (keys %{$buffer->{packet_ids}}) {
        delete $self->{packet_cb}->{$packet_id};
    }

    1;
}


sub DESTROY {
    my $self = shift;
    # Disconnect gracefully from server if already connected
    return unless defined $self->{handle};
    $self->disconnect;
}

1;

__END__